• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.21 no.11
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• pp.385-397
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• 2020

This study examined the reproductive health-related experiences of North Korean women defectors and their sexual knowledge, sexual attitudes, and reproductive health promotion behavior. Convergent parallel mixed methods were used. From April to July 2020, 8 North Korean women defectors in Seoul metropolitan area were recruited by snowball sampling. In addition, 175 participants in the Seoul metropolitan area, Chungcheong, and Gyeongsang Province were recruited. Content analysis was conducted to analyze qualitative data, and the SPSS 23.0 program was used. Three themes were derived: scared of sex due to ignorance', 'the embarrassing and annoying sex only for duty', and had to manage myself for sex under the limited situation.'. The subject's sexual knowledge was higher in the older and married groups, and the sexual attitude was more liberal in the younger group. Reproductive health promotion behavior was more active in the high economic level, and sexual knowledge and sexual attitude showed a positive correlation. Therefore, it is necessary to provide support systems and resources from the community to encourage reproductive health promotion activities. In addition, in terms of humanitarian aid, prioritization of the reproductive health of North Korean women is required.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.744-754
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• 2015

Buddhist temple construction at East Asia is considered one of the most important architecture activities together with the capital city and palace, where the pagoda is positioned at the center of a Buddhist temple as the most important element of Buddhist architecture enshrining Buddha's Sary. Accordingly, this study was performed to examine the procedure of how to build brick pagodas through the stone pagoda's internal structure between $7^{th}{\sim}9^{th}$ century while disassembling and repairing Andong Jotap-ri five-story brick pagoda. As a result, as the brick pagoda destruction phenomenon, there was a slip phenomenon by side forces, member's plastic temperature, and mixed material differences. Second, like a stone pagoda, brick pagoda is classified and constructed by the design and structural parts. According to the analysis, the design part is formed by the most edge brick, and the structure part places stone material at the buffer zone in the design brick from most edge brick and intra-center, i.e., at the space to support a side force while the top weight is vertically led. When building a brick pagoda, putting a wood pole at inside center plays the role as holding parts. In addition, the center axis is connected to the bottom of the steel pole hole, A steel pole hole has holes to safely settle down and decide the position. Because of them, the steel pole is self-loaded, which may be installed by wood rather than immovable steel.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.125-132
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• 2017

Objective: Along with increasing livestock products via intensive rearing, the accumulation of livestock manure has become a serious issue due to the fact that there is finite land for livestock manure recycling via composting. The nutrients from livestock manure accumulate on agricultural land and the excess disembogues into streams causing eutrophication. In order to systematically manage nutrient loading on agricultural land, quantifying the amount of nutrients according to their respective sources is very important. However, there is a lack of research concerning nutrient loss from livestock manure during composting or storage on farms. Therefore, in the present study we quantified the nutrients from dairy cattle manure that were imparted onto agricultural land. Methods: Through investigation of 41 dairy farms, weight reduction and volatile solids (VS), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP) changes of dairy cattle manure during the storage and composting periods were analyzed. In order to support the direct investigation and survey on site, the three cases of weight reduction during the storing and composting periods were developed according to i) experiment, ii) reference, and iii) theoretical changes in phosphorus content (${\Delta}P=0$). Results: The data revealed the nutrient loading coefficients (NLCs) of VS, TN, and TP on agricultural land were 1.48, 0.60, and 0.66, respectively. These values indicated that the loss of nitrogen and phosphorus was 40% and 34%, respectively, and that there was an increase of VS since bedding materials were mixed with excretion in the barn. Conclusion: As result of nutrient-footprint analyses, the amounts of TN and TP particularly entered on arable land have been overestimated if applying the nutrient amount in fresh manure. The NLCs obtained in this study may assist in the development of a database to assess the accurate level of manure nutrient loading on soil and facilitate systematic nutrient management.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.365-370
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• 2009

For the production of diglyceride (DG) containing medium chain fatty acid, which could be utilized as a substrate to structured lipid production, monoglyceride (MG) and caprylic acid were reacted in the presence of lipase. The reaction system was well mixed homogeneously without using any organic solvent. Among the lipases investigated, Lipozyme RM IM and Novozym 435 were selected on the basis of equilibrium DG yields from the medium chain fatty acid and MG. And reaction conditions such as addition of molecular sieve, water content of immobilized lipase, reaction temperature, and mole ratio of MG/caprylic acid are optimized to increase DG production by using Lipozyme RM IM. DG content of reaction mixture showed 8% increase by adding molecular sieve to reaction mixture. Removal of water from the immobilized lipase could affect seriously equilibrium content of DG. More than 2.8%(w/w) removal of water from the support could make 44% of DG. Optimum temperature was found to $60^{\circ}C$. Temperature shift from $60^{\circ}C$ to $25^{\circ}C$ resulted in increase of free fatty acid (FFA) content. The equilibrium DG yield was not seriously affected by on MG/caprylic acid molar ratio. However, at the stoichiometric ratio of 1:1 the highest DG yield was obtained. Increasing MG/caprylic acid ratio from 0.3 to 1.8 decreased FFA content from 34% to 13%, while MG content increased from 27% to 50%.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.893-921
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• 2005

In this study, we try to find out the effect of private companies' environmental protection activities on the labor demand of companies in Korea manufacturing industries with empirical practice from 1992 to 2002. One of the main difficulties in this empirical work is to identify the effect of environmental protection activities on the labor demand, because the effect can be mixed with the effect of traditional production technologies on the labor demand. We follow the suggestion of Morgenstern et al. (2002) to identify the effect but which is not enough because of endogeneity between the production technology improvement and pollution reduction. So we propose a Fixed-effect Instrumental Variable estimation method as an estimation strategy. The estimation results support the positive relationship between the labor demand increase and the increase in pollution abatement costs. Therefore, we can conclude that the environmental protection activites of Korea manufacturing industries from 1992 to 2002 can help job creation without making a big burden for business activities when we consider the share of pollution abatement costs among total production costs is around 1% during that time.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.19 no.7
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• pp.423-442
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• 2018

This study observes the psychological changes of unemployed people according to their unemployment period. With this what psychological changes they face according to their unemployment period and what psychological characteristics they show, whether if psychological changes and job hunting activities are in relation, and whether if psychological changes affect job hunting activities. The study subjects received unemployment wage and were divided according to before employment, 1~3 months unemployed, and 4 months or more unemployed. An in-depth research of 8 people was conducted within the period of 2017.05~08. The psychological characteristics of people, in the period from when they first sense unemployment possibilities until three months of unemployment, are anger, anxiety, fear, which is a mixed characteristic that does not disappear but continues deepening. In study there was no significant difference in depression, anxiety, anger, social phobia, alcohol, religion factors, low self-esteem, and low self-efficacy in before employment, 1~3 months unemployed, and 4 months or more unemployed. However, the average levels of anger anxiety, depression, and social phobia were higher when the unemployment period was longer and the results of low self-esteem and low self-efficacy support further research.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.253-269
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• 1996

This descriptive study was done to investigate the proportion of mothers breast feeding and identify factors which influence breast feeding. The subjects were 320 mother who child under five years of age, living in WonJu and their children who numbered 530. Data collection was conducted at various places in the WonJu area using survey questionnaire. The results were as follows : 1. The proportion of children receiving breast feeding was 23.3%, mixed feeding 31.7%, milk feeding 45.1%. The most frequent duration for breast feeding was one month, the mean duration was six months. 2. The major reasons for breast feeding were for the health of the child 52.5%, for emotional attachment with the child 34.2%, and as the expected way of feeding 29.5%. 3. The major reasons for interrupting breast feeding were jobs 26.1%, illness of the child or mother 16.1% abnormality of the breast of nipple 12.7% others 31%. 4. The major reasons for quitting breast feeding were insufficient breast milk 34.5%, job 19.6%, diarrhea in the child 9.9%. 5. The factors influencing breast feeding were educational status and the presence of a job. 6. The husband's attitude to breast feeding was very positive 82.3% and the subjects were supported by their mothers and husbands. But the major information sources about breast feeding were the mass media 30.4% and relatives 22.0%. 7. The breast feeding mother reported experiencing positive and satisfactory feelings, but the milk feeding mother reported experiencing negative and guilt feelings. Also the breast feeding mothers perceived their children as very healthy with a stable emotional status. The results showed the breast feeding ratio in WonJu to be very low and problematic and the subject mothers strongly need information about breast feeding and support while breast feeding. Therefore it is recommended that an education program for community women and other people, like husbands, and grandmothers, be developed along with an education program for university students and other young people to provide them with preparatory information as they begin to think about marriage and families.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.1672-1683
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• 2012

The purpose of this descriptive survey was to investigate the duration of exclusive breastfeeding practice and its related factors of married immigrant Vietnamese women. And to provide baseline information necessary to develop education programs for the promotion of exclusive breastfeeding practice among them. 125 married immigrant Vietnamese women with a child between 6 months and 60 months old were conveniently recruited in two Multi-cultural Family Support Center in Chungcheong area. Data were collected through interviews using a structured questionnaire of Korean and Vietnamese versions. The data were analyzed using frequencies, t-test, ANOVA, Stepwise multiple regression with SPSS 18.0 program. The results were as follows; 1) The mean duration of exclusive breastfeeding of the subjects was 15.9 weeks. 2) As the infants grows older, the rate of formula feeding and mixed feeding were markedly increased. 3) Stepwise multiple regression analysis indicated that breastfeeding education and family type were significant determinants of the duration of exclusive breastfeeding practice. This model accounted for 30.8% of the duration of exclusive breastfeeding practice. Based on these results, we recommend to develop systematic breastfeeding education program in order to promote the duration of exclusive breastfeeding practice among married immigrant Vietnamese women.

• The Journal of Industrial Distribution & Business
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.27-36
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• 2019

Purpose - Naver has emerged as a new leader in the open market. While existing open markets such as Gmarket, 11th Street, and so on are suffering from profitability deterioration, Naver is attracting sellers based on low commission and powerful search engine. We would like to analyze the impact of Naver shopping on the national economy, especially on employment, in a situation where the market reaction to Naver's strength as a leader in online shopping is mixed. Research Design, Data, and Methodology - Through the demand inducing inter-industry analysis, we estimate the employment inducement effect by Naver shopping from its shopping transaction. In turn, through the supply inducing inter-industry analysis, we estimate the employment inducement effect by Naver shopping from its low commission and powerful search engine. For the purpose of inter-industry analysis, as of 2018, the most recently announced 2014 inter-industry table (extension table) from the Bank of Korea is used. Results - The results of this study are as follows. First, Naver Shopping is expected to generate 7.8 trillion won's trade in 2018, resulting in 244,225 of job inducement, and 158,598 of employment inducement. In addition, Naver Shopping is estimated to benefit KRW 213 billion to its sellers due to low commission and powerful search function, resulting in 8,667 of job inducement, and 5,655 of employment inducement. Second, in terms of job inducement and employment inducement due to Naver Shopping's trade, transportation, business support service, information and communication, broadcasting, restaurants and lodging were ranked. Third, in terms of job inducement and employment inducement due to Naver Shopping's low commission and powerful search function, restaurants and hospitality, f/b and cigarette manufacturing, construction, and transportation equipment manufacturing were ranked. Conclusions - The number of job inducement resulting from low commission and powerful search engine of Naver shopping in 2018 was 8,667 (3.7% of 244,225, which was caused by transaction in Naver shopping in 2018), and employment inducement was 5,655 (3.7% of 158,598, which was caused by transaction in Naver shopping in 2018), which can be considered as additional employment impacts of Naver Shopping compared to the other online shopping operators.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.207-222
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• 2018

In this study, light absorption of carbonaceous species in $PM_{2.5}$ was investigated using a dual-spot 7-wavelength Aethalometer(model AE33) with 1-min time interval between January 01 and September 30, 2017 at an urban site of Gwangju. During the study period, two Asian dust (AD) events occurred in April (AD I) and May (AD II), respectively, during which light absorption in total suspended particles was observed. Black carbon (BC) was the dominant light absorbing aerosol component at all wavelengths over the study period. Light absorption coefficients by aerosol particles were found to have 2.7~3.3 times higher at 370 nm than at 880 nm. This would be attributed to light absorbing organic aerosols, which is called brown carbon (BrC), as well as BC as absorbing agents of aerosol particles. Monthly average absorption ${{\AA}}ngstr{\ddot{o}}m$ exponent ($AAE_{370-950nm}$) calculated over wavelength range of 370~950 nm ranged from 1.10 to 1.35, which was lower than the $AAE_{370-520nm}$ values ranging from 1.19~1.68 that was enhanced due to the presence of BrC. The estimated $AAE_{370-660nm}$ of BrC ranged from 2.2 to 7.5 with an average of 4.22, which was fairly consistent to the values reported by previous studies. The BrC absorption at 370 nm contributed 10.4~28.4% to the total aerosol absorption, with higher contribution in winter and spring and lower in summer. Average $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$ concentrations were $108{\pm}36$ and $24{\pm}14{\mu}g/m^3$ during AD I, respectively, and $164{\pm}66$ and $43{\pm}26{\mu}g/m^3$ during AD II, respectively, implying the greater contribution of local pollution and/or regional pollution to $PM_{2.5}$ during the AD II. BC concentration and aerosol light absorption at 370 nm were relatively high in AD II, compared to those in AD I. Strong spectral dependence of aerosol light absorption was clearly found during the two AD events. $AAE_{370-660nm}$ of both light absorbing organic aerosols and dust particles during the AD I and II was $4.8{\pm}0.5$ and $6.2{\pm}0.7$, respectively. Higher AAE value during the AD II could be attributed to mixed enhanced urban pollution and dust aerosols. Absorption contribution by the light absorbing organic and dust aerosols estimated at 370 nm to the total light absorption was approximately 19% before and after the AD events, but it increased to 32.9~35.0% during the AD events. In conclusion, results from this study support enhancement of the aerosol light absorption due to Asian dust particles observed at the site.