• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.1529-1547
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• 2015

Establishment of trust is important in wireless sensor networks for security enhancement and successful collaboration. Basically, a node establishes trust with other nodes by estimating a trust value based on monitored behavior of the other nodes. Since a malicious/misbehaving node might launch different attack strategies and might demonstrate random misbehavior, a trust estimation method should be robust against such attacks and misbehavior. Otherwise, the operation of trust establishment will be meaningless, and performance of an application that runs on top of trust establishment will degrade. In this paper, we propose a robust and novel trust estimation method. Unlike traditional trust estimation methods, we consider not only the weight of misbehavior but also the frequency of misbehavior. The frequency-of-misbehavior component explicitly demonstrates how frequently a node misbehaves during a certain observed time period, and it tracks the behavior of nodes more efficiently, which is a main factor in deriving an accurate trust value. In addition, the weight of misbehavior is comprehensively measured to mitigate the effect of an on-off attack. Frequency and weight of misbehavior are comprehensively combined to obtain the trust value. Evaluation results show that the proposed method outperforms other trust estimation methods under different attacks and types of misbehavior.

• Journal of Communications and Networks
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• 제18권6호
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• pp.938-947
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• 2016

A mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is a collection of mobile nodes communicating in an infrastructure-less environment without the aid of a central administrating authority. Such networks entail greater dependency on synergy amongst the nodes to execute fundamental network operations. The scarcity of resources makes it economically logical for nodes to misbehave to preserve their resources which makes secure routing difficult to achieve. To ensure secure routing a mechanism is required to discourage misbehavior and maintain the synergy in the network. The proposed scheme employs a partially distributed dynamic model at each node for enhancing the security of the network. Supplementary information regarding misbehavior in the network is partially distributed among the nodes during route establishment which is used as a cautionary measure to ensure secure routing. The proposed scheme contemplates the real world scenario where a node may exhibit different kinds of misbehavior at different times. Thus, it provides a dynamic decision making procedure to deal with nodes exhibiting varying misbehaviors in accordance to their severity. Simulations conducted to evaluate the performance of the model demonstrate its effectiveness in dealing with misbehaving nodes.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제13권11호
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• pp.5354-5369
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• 2019

Sensor networks are deployed in unheeded environment to monitor the situation. In view of the unheeded environment and by the nature of their communication channel sensor nodes are vulnerable to various attacks most commonly malicious packet dropping attacks namely blackhole, grayhole attack and sinkhole attack. In each of these attacks, the attackers capture the sensor nodes to inject fake details, to deceive other sensor nodes and to interrupt the network traffic by packet dropping. In all such attacks, the compromised node advertises itself with fake routing facts to draw its neighbor traffic and to plunge the data packets. False routing advertisement play vital role in deceiving genuine node in network. In this paper, behavior based routing misbehavior detection (BRMD) is designed in wireless sensor networks to detect false advertiser node in the network. Herein the sensor nodes are monitored by its neighbor. The node which attracts more neighbor traffic by fake routing advertisement and involves the malicious activities such as packet dropping, selective packet dropping and tampering data are detected by its various behaviors and isolated from the network. To estimate the effectiveness of the proposed technique, Network Simulator 2.34 is used. In addition packet delivery ratio, throughput and end-to-end delay of BRMD are compared with other existing routing protocols and as a consequence it is shown that BRMD performs better. The outcome also demonstrates that BRMD yields lesser false positive (less than 6%) and false negative (less than 4%) encountered in various attack detection.

• Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology
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• 제13권6호
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• pp.2447-2455
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• 2018

Security is more important in many sensor applications. The node replication attack is a major issue on sensor networks. The replicated node can capture all node details. Node Replication attacks use its secret cryptographic key to successfully produce the networks with clone nodes and also it creates duplicate nodes to build up various attacks. The replication attacks will affect in routing, more energy consumption, packet loss, misbehavior detection, etc. In this paper, a Secure-Efficient Centralized approach is proposed for detecting a Node Replication Attacks in Wireless Sensor Networks for Static Networks. The proposed system easily detects the replication attacks in an effective manner. In this approach Secure Cluster Election is used to prevent from node replication attack and Secure Efficient Centralized Approach is used to detect if any replicated node present in the network. When comparing with the existing approach the detection ratio, energy consumption performs better.

• 정보보호학회논문지
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• 제19권5호
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• pp.71-80
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• 2009

애드혹 네트워크는 통신에 참여하는 모든 노드가 서로간에 서비스를 제공하는 모바일 노드들로 구성된 네트워크이다. 하지만 네트워크에 일부 비정상행위 노드가 존재한다면 많은 위협에 직면하게 된다. 그러므로 애드혹 네트워크의 안전성을 보장하기위해 비정상행위 노드의 탐지 및 배제가 필요하다. 이 문제를 해결하기 위해, 본 논문에서는 지역내 각 노드의 가중치를 관리하는 노드 가중치 관리 서버를 사용한다. 노드 가중치 관리서버는 비정상행위 노드가 발견되었을 경우 해당 노드의 가중치를 증가시키고, 가중치가 임계치를 초과하였을 경우, 네트워크내에서 이를 고립시키기 위해 해당 노드의 정보를 전파한다. 이 방법은 매우 효율적이고, 다수의 비정상행위 노드를 신뢰성 있게 탐지함을 보여준다.

• Journal of Communications and Networks
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.40-46
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• 2015

In a mobile ad hoc network (MANET), communication between mobile nodes occurs without centralized control. In this environment the mobility of a node is unpredictable; this is considered as a characteristic of wireless networks. Because of faulty or malicious nodes, the network is vulnerable to routing misbehavior. The resource constrained characteristics of MANETs leads to increased query delay at the time of data access. In this paper, AntHocNet+ Security (ANTSEC) framework is proposed that includes an enhanced cooperative caching scheme embedded with artificial immune system. This framework improves security by injecting immunity into the data packets, improves the packet delivery ratio and reduces end-to-end delay using cross layer design. The issues of node failure and node malfunction are addressed in the cache management.

• 한국지능시스템학회논문지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.12-21
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• 2012

IEEE 802.11 표준 무선 네트워크에서 사용되는 DCF(CSMA/CA) 방식의 MAC 프로토콜은 노드들 사이에서 공평한 채널 접근 확률을 보장하도록 설계되었다. 하지만 최근 급속히 확산되고 있는 무선 환경에서 다른 노드들보다 인위적으로 더 많은 데이터를 전송하는 노드가 존재하는 것이 사실이다. 이들 오동작 노드들은 더 많은 데이터를 보내기 위해서 자신의 MAC 프로토콜 동작을 변형시키거나 다른 노드들의 MAC 동작을 방해한다. 이러한 문제는 이기적(Selfish) 노드 문제라고 정의되어 왔으며, 지금까지의 대부분 연구들에서는 무선 랜 내부의 MAC 프로토콜 동작을 프레임 단위로 분석하여 이기적인 노드를 검색하는 방법을 제안하였으나 모든 종류의 이기적인 노드들을 효과적으로 검출할 수는 없었다. 이러한 단점을 보안하기 위해서 본 논문에서는 통계적 기법 중 하나인 뜨살리스-엔트로피(Tsallis-Entropy)를 사용하여 이기적인 노드 탐색 알고리즘을 제안한다. 뜨살리스-엔트로피는 확률 분포의 밀집도 혹은 분산정도를 효과적으로 나타낼 수 있는 척도이다. 제안한 알고리즘은 무선 랜을 구성하는 AP노드에서 동작하도록 설계되었으며, 무선 노드별로 데이터 간격에 대한 확률 분포를 추출해서 뜨살리스-엔트로피를 계산한 후 임계치와 비교하는 방법으로 이기적인 노드를 검출한다. 논문에서 제안한 이기적 노드 검출 알고리즘의 성능을 평가하기 위하여 다양한 무선 랜 환경(혼잡도, 이기적 노드 동작방법, 임계치)을 고려하여 시뮬레이션을 수행한다. 시뮬레이터는 ns2를 사용하였으며, 실험결과 제안한 방법의 이기적인 노드 검출률 이 매우 높음을 알 수 있다.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제9권12호
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• pp.5150-5169
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• 2015

Mobile Ad hoc NETworks (MANETs) are the best choice when mobility, scalability, and decentralized network infrastructure are needed. Because of critical mission applications of MANETs, network security is the vital requirement. Most routing protocols in MANETs assume that every node in the network is trustworthy. However, due to the open medium, the wide distribution, and the lack of nodes' physical protection, attackers can easily compromise MANETs by inserting misbehaving nodes into the network that make blackhole attacks. Previous research to detect the misbehaving nodes in MANETs used the overhearing methods, or additional ACKnowledgement (ACK) packets to confirm the reception of data packets. In this paper a special lightweight acknowledgement-based method is developed that, contrary to existing methods, it uses ACK packets of MAC layer instead of adding new ACK packets to the network layer for confirmations. In fact, this novel method, named PIGACK, uses ACK packets of MAC 802.11 to piggyback confirmations from a receiver to a sender in the same transmission duration that the sender sends a data packet to the receiver. Analytical and simulation results show that the proposed method considerably decreases the network overhead and increases the packet delivery ratio compared to the well-known method (2ACK).

• 한국통신학회논문지
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• 제35권3B호
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• pp.408-420
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• 2010

MANET(Mobile Ad hoc NETwork)은 고정된 네트워크 구조의 부재로 원거리 노드들 간의 통신은 다중 홉 경로를 통해 이루어지기 때문에 종단 노드 사이에 존재하는 노드들의 비정상적 행위를 탐지하고 예방하기가 어렵다. 그러므로 MANET의 성능과 보안 유지를 위해서는 비정상적 행위를 하는 중간노드들과 그에 오염된 노드를 찾아내기 위한 기법들이 필요하다. 그러나 기존에 제안된 기법들은 MANET를 구성하는 노드들이 우호적이며 상호 협력적인 관계라고 가정하고 비정상적 행위를 하는 노드를 식별하는 방법들만 제시해 왔고, 큰 규모의 MANET에 적용할 경우 많은 오버헤드가 발생한다. 따라서 이 논문에서는 MANET에서 구성요소간 안전한 통신을 제공하고 비정상 노드를 효율적으로 탐지 관리할 수 있는 Secure Cluster-based MANET(SecCBM)을 제안하였다. SecCBM은 동적인증을 통한 클러스터 기반 계층적 제어 구조를 이용하여 비정상 노드들을 MANET 구성 과정에서 식별하는 예방 단계와 네트워크를 구성하고 있는 노드들간 통신과정에서 발생하는 비정상 노드들을 FC 테이블과 MN 테이블을 이용해 탐지 관리하는 사후 단계로 구성하였다. 이를 통하여 MANET의 통신 안전성과 효율성을 향상시켰으며 시뮬레이션을 통한 성능평가에서 MANET에 적합한 기법임을 확인 할 수 있었다.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.536-564
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• 2019

Soft faults are inherent in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) due to external and internal errors. The failure of processes in a protocol stack are caused by errors on various layers. In this work, impact of errors and channel misbehavior on process execution is investigated to provide an error classification mechanism. Considering implementation of WSN protocol stack, inter-process correlations of stacked and peer layer processes are modeled. The proposed model is realized through local and global decision trees for fault diagnosis. A hybrid framework is proposed to implement local decision tree on sensor nodes and global decision tree on diagnostic cluster head. Local decision tree is employed to diagnose critical failures due to errors in stacked processes at node level. Global decision tree, diagnoses critical failures due to errors in peer layer processes at network level. The proposed model has been analyzed using fault tree analysis. The framework implementation has been done in Castalia. Simulation results validate the inter-process correlation model-based fault diagnosis. The hybrid framework distributes processing load on sensor nodes and diagnostic cluster head in a decentralized way, reducing communication overhead.