• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
• /
• 제16권13호
• /
• pp.5579-5582
• /
• 2015

Background: Sale of single cigarettes is an important factor for early experimentation, initiation and persistence of tobacco use and a vital factor in the smoking epidemic in India as it is globally. Single cigarettes also promote the sale of illicit cigarettes and neutralises the effect of pack warnings and effective taxation, making tobacco more accessible and affordable to minors. This is the first study to our knowledge which estimates the size of the single stick market in India. Materials and Methods: In February 2014, a 10 jurisdiction survey was conducted across India to estimate the sale of cigarettes in packs and sticks, by brands and price over a full business day. Results: We estimate that nearly 75% of all cigarettes are sold as single sticks annually, which translates to nearly half a billion US dollars or 30 percent of the India's excise revenues from all cigarettes. This is the price which the consumers pay but is not captured through tax and therefore pervades into an informal economy. Conclusions: Tracking the retail price of single cigarettes is an efficient way to determine the willingness to pay by cigarette smokers and is a possible method to determine the tax rates in the absence of any other rationale.

• 고려인삼학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 고려인삼학회 1998년도 Advances in Ginseng Research - Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on Ginseng -
• /
• pp.146-159
• /
• 1998

A new processed ginseng with fortified activity is developed. The process comprise with the heat treatment of fresh or white ginseng at higher temperature and pressure than those used for the preparation of red ginseng. This new processed ginseng showed 7 times higher antioxidant activity and more than 30 times stronger vasodilating activity than those shown in raw ginseng. Other activities found in the new processed ginseng include cancer chemoprevention, antinephrotoxic, and antineurotoxic activities. Less polar ginsenosides isolated from processed ginseng exhibited anti-platelet aggregation activity and anti-cancer activity. Many ginsenosides were isolated from this new processed ginseng, namely 20(S)-$Rg_3$,20(R)-$Rg_3$, $Rg_5$, $Rg_6$, $F_4$, $Rh_4$,20(S)-$Rg_3$,20(R)-$Rg_3$ and $Rg_4$. In addition to these known compounds, seven new ginsenosides, named as gisenoside $Rk_1$, $Rk_2$, $Rk_3$, $Rs_4$, $Rs_5$, $Rs_6$, and $Rs_7$ were isolated. The major constituents of new processed ginseng were 20(S)-$Rg_3$,20(R)-$Rg_3$, $Rk_1$ and $Rg_5$ which are minors in red ginseng. Since the chemical constituents and biological activities of this new processed ginseng are quite different from those of white or red ginseng, we designated it as $'$sun ginseng (仙蔘)$'$.s;$.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
• /
• 제29권1호
• /
• pp.68-75
• /
• 2000

Optimum processing conditions for vinegar fermentation using fig, pear and persimmon were determined. Alcohol contents in the fermentatio broth of crushed fruits of fig, pear and persimmon were 7.5%, 5.1% and 6.8%, respectively. Alcohol contents increased up to 14.3~15.1% by adding 24% of sugar to the fruit juices. The total acidity of 7.04%, 3.30% and 3.66% were obtained for fig, pear and persimmon, respectively, through acetic acid fermentation of fruit juices containing 8% ethanol. Acetic acid yield increased by shaking during fermentation for pear and persimmon broth. Acetic acid yield increased 1.80~1.92 times by adding 0.5% of yeast extract to the fermentation broth of pear and persimmon. After fermentation, each fruit vinegar was clarified up to 93.1~97.4 of light transmittance by using 0.6% of kaki shibu for 4 days at 1$0^{\circ}C$. After aging for 60 days at 1$0^{\circ}C$, the acidity of fruit vinegar decreased slightly. Tannin content of persimmon vineger was remarkably higher than the other, while light absorbance of pear vinegar was higher than the other vinegars. Acetic acid was identified as the main volatile organic acid in the fruit vinegars, while propionic, isobutyric and isovaleric acids were identified as the minors. The content of non-volatile organic acids in the pear vinegar was higher than that in the persimmon vinegar. Sensory evaluation results indicate that the fig vinegar was preferred to the pear vinegar in the aspects of color, flavor and overall acceptability, but the fig vinegar had a strong background taste. Sensory scores of the persimmon vinegar increased significantly by pasteurization, but those of the fig and pear vinegars did not by pasteurization.

• 한국광학회지
• /
• 제11권5호
• /
• pp.360-364
• /
• 2000

반도체 포화 흡수거울 (Semiconductor Saturable Absorber Mirror:SESAM)을 이용하여 Cr:LiSAF 레이저를 제작하고 이를 모드록킹 시켰다. 펌핑 레이저는 파장이 667 nm이고, 출력이 500mW인 두 대의 고출력 레이저(Coherent S-67-500C-100-H)가 사용되었으며, 레이저 결정은 Brewster-Brewster 모양인 $Cr^{+3}$의 농도가 1.5%이고 길이가 6mm인 것을 사용하였다. 공진기는 X-형 구조로, 곡률반경이 10cmdls 오목거울과, 군속도 보상을 위한 SF10 프리즘, 투과율이 1%의 출력거울을 사용하였다. 포화흡수체로 사용되는 SESAM의 구조는 맨위층에 10nm의 $AlAs/Al_{0.15}Ga_{0.85}As$ 양자우물과 30쌍의 $AlAs/Al_{0.15}Ga_{0.85}As/GaAs/Al_{0.15}Ga_{0.85}As$반사경으로 구성되어 있다. 펌핑 레이저의 출력이 800mWdlfEo 레이저 출력은 3mW였고, 중심파장은 833nm이었으며 스펙트럼 대역폭은 4nm, 레이저 펄스폭은 220fs 였다.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
• /
• 제14권3호
• /
• pp.221-230
• /
• 2012

Purpose: Quality of nursing research should be evaluated before it is applied as an evidence for evidence-based nursing practice. This study attempted to analyze and to compare tools for the quality assessment and reporting standards of nursing research using CONSORT and STROBE checklist by types of research design. Methods: We searched the tools for quality assessment in nursing research based on the National Evidence-based Healthcare Collaborating Agency (NECA) publication. Then, we analysed and compared the tools for quality evaluation by types of research design. Results: According to the analysis using CONSORT checklist, ROB shows coherence in 17 items, Jadad shows coherence in 3 items, SIGN (for RCT) shows coherence in 26 items, and Downs & Black shows coherence in 24 items. According to the analysis using STROBE checklist, MINORS shows coherence in 25 items, NOS shows coherence in 21 items, SIGN (for Cohort studies & Case-control studies) shows coherence in 29 items, and RoBANS shows coherence in 21 items. Conclusion: Based on our analysis, we recommend that nursing researchers should report according to the reporting standards of tools for quality evaluation. We hope that our analysis can be helpful to develop evidence-based nursing.

• 한국컴퓨터정보학회논문지
• /
• 제26권10호
• /
• pp.109-116
• /
• 2021

이 연구에서는 조리 전공과 로봇 기술을 융합함으로써 소프트웨어 분야가 아닌 조리 전공 학생의 코딩 능력을 기를 수 있는 융합부전공 교육 모델을 제안한다. 이 교육 모델은 4차산업혁명 기술 발전 추세를 따르는 것이고, 비전공 학생을 소프트웨어 전문가로 성장시키는 기능이 있어 그 의미가 크다고 할 수 있다. 그러나, 조리 전공과 로봇 기술은 기술적으로 거리가 있기 때문에 융합부전공 설계에 어려움이 있다. 이 어려움을 극복하기 위하여 로봇을 이용한 조리, 디저트 제작, 바리스터 작업, 자동 서빙 등의 교육 주제를 체계적으로 구성해서 조리 전공 학생들이 전공적 흥미를 유지할 수 있도록 연계부전공을 설계하였다. 또한, 실질적인 코딩 능력을 기를 수 있게 여러 로봇을 사용하는 실습 과정이 포함되도록 하였다. 기존의 다른 분야 융합부전공과 비교하여 평가하여보니, 20%정도 개선된 교육 효과가 있는 우수한 모델로서 판단된다.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
• /
• 제54권5호
• /
• pp.330-339
• /
• 2021

Objectives: Tobacco control in Indonesia is very lenient compared to international standards. This study explored the perspectives of tobacco control stakeholders (TCSs) on the likelihood of advancing tobacco marketing regulation in Indonesia. Methods: Data were collected from TCSs who were members of the Indonesia Tobacco Control Network group in a modified Delphi study. We collected the data in 2 waves using a questionnaire that comprised a set of closed and open-ended questions. For this paper, we analysed 2 of the 3 sections of the questionnaire: (1) tobacco advertising, promotions, and sponsorship (TAPS) bans, and (2) marketing and retailing regulations. We conducted a descriptive analysis of the scores using Stata/IC.13 and summarised the comments for each item. Results: The TCSs viewed the measures/strategies across all aspects of TAPS and tobacco marketing regulation as highly desirable, but provided varied responses on their feasibility. They rated political feasibility lower than technical feasibility for most measures. Advancing TAPS measures and prohibition of selling to minors were considered more attainable by sub-national governments, while prohibition of tobacco corporate social responsibility was considered as the least feasible measure in the next 5 years. Conclusions: Despite little optimism for substantial national-level change, there is a positive expectation that sub-national governments will strengthen their tobacco control regulation. It is paramount that the government reduce tobacco industry leverage by implementing Article 5.3 of the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. Extending advocacy networks beyond tobacco control groups and framing tobacco control more effectively are necessary steps.

• 한국치위생학회지
• /
• 제21권4호
• /
• pp.427-440
• /
• 2021

Objectives: We classified items required for dental hygienists' ethics training by domains. We administered a survey on experts using the Delphi method to collect opinions for guiding future trainings. Methods: 33 participants were selected and analyzed using the Delphi method thrice. Results: For relationships with patients, the item "1.3.1.1 I can keep the confidentiality of the information obtained from patients, including mature minors, related to their specific disease and treatment during medical care as well as other personal information of the patients." had the highest mean value (mean=4.88). For medical and social relations, "2.3.2.2 I can understand how staff provide dental services as a team and explain a dental hygienist's roles and responsibilities that enable a team to function effectively." had the highest mean value (mean=4.85). For individual specialized fields, "3.1.1.1 I can explain the roles and responsibilities in public health of individuals, the public, the state and professional dental hygienist." showed the highest mean value (mean=4.82). Conclusions: We identified 3 categories, 14 sub-categories, and 53 items on the scope of training and standards for ethical competencies for practical applications in professional ethics training of dental hygienists.

• 벤처창업연구
• /
• 제8권3호
• /
• pp.85-96
• /
• 2013

창업교육이 우리나라 대학에서 증가되고 있지만 여전히 경영학의 틀에서 벗어나지 못하는 한계가 있다. 창업교육이 대학에서 갖는 의미는 학제적, 실천적인 교육이라는 점이다. 창업교육을 시행함에 있어 국내 창업교육은 대학문화, 교수, 커리큘럼, 지역과의 연계 등에서 아직 초보단계에 있다. 본 연구는 이러한 창업교육의 한계를 극복하기 위해 외국의 창업프로그램 사례를 통해 대학 내 창업교육 활성화를 촉진하는데 목적이 있다. 미국 사례대학들과 카우프만 캠퍼스를 중심으로 창업교육의 핵심성공요인을 살펴본 결과 11가지의 특성들이 나타났다. 이 특성들에 견주어 몇 가지의 창업교육의 핵심 성공요인들을 도출하였다. 그 중에서 무엇보다도 창업교육의 핵심은 기업가정신을 함양하는데 있으므로 창업교육은 기존의 경영학전공자는 물론 예술, 과학 그리고 공학의 전공자들을 대상으로 확대되어야 한다. 창업교육은 학제적 접근이 필요하며 교양교과목에서부터 개설되는 것이 요구된다. 재학기간 내내 체계적으로 지속되기 위해서는 대학차원의 리더십과 지원이 필요하고, 창업교육 문화도 형성되어야 한다. 별도의 창업전공은 물론 다양한 전공자들을 위한 특성화된 창업교육 부전공 트랙을 마련을 검토해야 한다. 창업교육의 경험이 일천한 우리나라로서는 창업교육 동기요인의 제공, 필요한 교수진의 양성을 위한 박사과정, 창업교육 의사소통 네트워크 형성과 지역사회의 멘토링 시스템도 선결요건이다. 프로그램의 시작을 위해서는 초기에 가능한 많은 양질의 교육콘텐츠 개발이 필요하다. 교육방법의 측면에서는 프로젝트 중심의 4년 교육프로그램이 추천된다. 이를 위해서는 신입생이 졸업할 때까지 일관성 있게 프로젝트를 추진하면서 필요한 팀 강의와 멘토링 그리고 학제적 협력을 받을 수 있는 제도와 방안이 마련되어야 한다. 마지막으로 창업교육이 또 다른 하나의 경영교육이라는 편견에서 벗어나고 대학교육의 문화로 자리 잡게 하기 위해서는 창업교육센터를 설립하여 운영하는 것이 바람직하다.

• 간호행정학회지
• /
• 제4권2호
• /
• pp.475-487
• /
• 1998

This is a study to search for the ethical basis for valid informed consent of organ donors. It is an admirable action that a person give his own body part or organ as a gift to another person. The organ for transplantation can be removed only when the donor consents voluntarily to donation. It is recently proposed as the need for organ transplantation is increased that organs can be harvested although the consent of deceased cannot be obtained. This may raise many moral issues because human beings all have an unalienable right to control their own bodies. The principle of autonomy is usually regarded as an ethical basis for informed consent. However, some people criticize that the principle of autonomy requires a person and his decision to be autonomous (but there are many patients who aren't autonomous due to their confusion or unconscious condition in a clinical situation). or this principle can foster indifference to patients needing help: thus respect for principles of care and beneficence is necessary. When we consider the complexity of making a decision about organ donation. the principle of autonomy should be replaced by the principle of respect for individual autonomy. as expressed by Childress (1990). This principle requires the care givers to respect the client's individual decisions. The elements of informed consent are threshold elements: competence to understand and decide. voluntariness in deciding: information elements: disclosure of material information. recommendation of a plan. understanding of disclosure and recommendation: and consent elements: decision in favor of a plan. authorization of the chosen plan. In cases of living donors. the elements of competence and voluntariness are more important than the others. So only an adult can give a recipient his own body part. but it should be forbidden to harvest from minors or protected adults (i.e. developmentally disabled person However. when organs are removed from a cadaver donor. we ought to respect the donor's decision. So we ought to try to seek donor cards or any documents expressing the donor's opinion about organ transplant. All health care givers ought to disclose donor information about organ transplantation clearly enough for the donor to understand it and to be able to weigh the harms and benefits. We are going to propose 'the subjective standard' as the ethical standard of disclosure. This standard will assure that patients have enough information to be able to decide autonomously from their own position. Care givers have to consider the method of disclosure because donors can be influenced by it positively or negatively, Establishment of the Hospital Committee is recommended. because medical professionals will have a chance to discuss the procedure of decision and the validity of harvesting a organ from a person.