• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.138.2-138.2
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• 2011

Astronomical data such as calendar day and time of rising/setting of the sun and onset of twilight are essential in our daily lives. Knowing the calendar day of the past is particularly crucial for studying the history of a clan or a nation. To verify previous studies on the calendar day of the Joseon dynasty (1392 - 1910), we also investigated the sexagenary cycle of the new moon day (i.e., the first day in a lunar month) using different sources: results of the calculation by the Datong calendar (a Chinese Calendar of the Ming Dynasty) and data of Baekjungryeok (a Perpetual Calendar - literally, a one hundred-year almanac). Compared with the study of Ahn et al., we have found that as many as 17 sexagenary cycles show discrepancies. In the case of nine discrepancies, we found that the sexagenary cycles of this study are identical to those of the almanacs at that time. In addition, we study six sexagenary cycles by using the historical accounts of Joseon Wangjo Sillok (Annals of the Joseon Dynasty), Seungjeongwon Ilgi (Daily Records of Royal Secretariat), Chungung Ilgi (Logs of Crown Prince), and so forth. We present historical materials supporting the results of this study for the remainder. In conclusion, we think that this study will greatly contribute to the comparison between luni-solar calendar days during the Joseon dynasty and those in the modern (i.e., Gregorian) calendar.

• Publications of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.61-69
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• 2012

The Ganui (簡儀, simplified armillary sphere) is a representative of astronomical instruments in Joseon Dynasty of Korea, as well as Yuan Dynasty and Ming Dynasty of China. In early 15th century, Joseon's scientists and engineers uniquely developed the Soganui (小簡儀, small simplified armillary sphere) and the Ilseongjeongsiui (日星定時儀, sun-and-star time determining instrument) from the structural characteristic of Ganui. These two astronomical instruments had a new design by the miniaturization and felt convinced a similar performance of Ganui in the harmony with Korean Astronomy and Astrology Cultures. Since mid-18th century after the enforcement of shixian-li (時憲曆), the Soganui and Ilseongjeongsiui handed over the Jeokdogyeongwiui (赤道經緯儀, equatorial armilla) by a change of the observational framework such as the time and angle measures. The Jeokdogyeongwiui made by Gwansanggam (觀象監, Bureau of Astronomy in Joseon Dynasty) adopted the new observational framework. We studied the structural characteristics and scientific values of these 3 astronomical instruments with theirs observation methods.

• The Journal of Korean Medical History
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.3-10
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• 2002

Acupuncture and moxibustion of theory had begun in the "Nei-Jing" and "Nan-Jing". But definite acupuncture needling techniques had been investigated after Jin and Yuan Dynasty. After Ming Dynasty, much more scholars had studied about definite acupuncture needling techniques. So various techniques and theorys about how to select and operate needling points appeared in print. "Zi-Wu-Liu-Zhu-Zhen-Jing", "Zhen-Jing-Zhi-Nan", "Shen-Ying-Jing", "Zhen-Jiu-Da-Quan" and so forth are representative books. But these books include mutually different techniques, so then scholars would be thrown into confusion. So I have analysed acupuncture and moxibustion of theory into Ki(vital energy)-blood's circulation, disease region, time, sex, restorative and restrictive techniques. As a result, I have known that every restorative and restrictive techniques and theories are connected with Ki(vital energy)-blood's circulation and practical application methods are decided by sex, time, disease region, pathogenic energy.

• Korean Journal of Oriental Medicine
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.33-44
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• 2010

Pulse diagnosis is considered one of the most important diagnostic methods in traditional Korean medicine. Nonetheless, there have been troubles of using pulse diagnosis practically, for the lack of its differential standards and standardized terminology. Rapid pulse belongs to the several traditional pulse types. Rapid pulse was first mentioned in the chinese medical book Haungdineijin that matched it to the fever as well as yang in the human body. Meanwhile, chinese doctors in Ming Ching dynasty of China suggested that rapid pulse meant more of the yin, cold-related reaction than yang and fever. In this study, we organized the past arguments of the rapid pulse and went back tracking what biological activities could be possibly linked to the rapid pulse. Thus, we figured out that the inflammatory mechanism has a close connection with the rapid pulse. The definition of the rapid pulse in Haungdineijin was indicating the acute inflammatory response, while in Ming Ching dynasty, it indicated the chronic inflammation. This is the deficiency-excess pattern of the rapid pulse. Furthermore, we discussed the nonexpression pattern of the rapid pulse which could be happened in case of the heat stroke, etc.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.85-99
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• 2014

Objectives : Junsaengpaljeon(遵生八牋), a book specialized in curing was published during Ming Dynasty, addressing the significance on food through Eumchanboksikjeon(飮饌服食牋). Therefore, the objective of this study is to investigate the importance and utilization of food in curing from the perspective of author Goryum(高濂). Methods : Junsaengpaljeon released by InMinWiSaeng publisher was used in this study. The author and reference books were investigated, as well as the composition and contents of Eumchanboksikjeon. This study also focused on the utilization of food cure in Eumchanboksikjeon. Results : Volume 11 to 13 in Junsaengpaljeon is about Eumchanboksikjeon. Volume 11 is composed of Seokojaeron(序古諸論), Darchunyu(茶泉類), Tangpoomyu(湯品類), Sooksuyu(熟水類), Jukmiryu(粥糜類), Kwacillbunmiunyu(果實粉麵類), Pojaryu(脯鮓類) and Chisicryubeopjoerye(治食有法條例), whereas volume 12 is composed of Gasoyu(家蔬類), Yasoryu(野蔬類), Onjoryu(醞造類) and Kookryu(麯類). Volume 13 is composed of Chumsikyu (甛食類), Beopjeyakpumryu(法製藥品類), Boxsicbongyu(服食方類) and Gojaronbangjungyakmuljihae(高子論房中藥物之害). Especially volume 11 proposed the recipe and efficacy of Tangpoomyu(湯品類), Sooksuyu(熟水類), Jukmiryu(粥糜類) and Kwacillbunmiunyu(果實粉麵類), which can be used in food curing. Conclusions : Junsaengpaljeon Eumchanboksikjeon is a book complied the foods of Ming Dynasty with the description of dietetics theory. Especially this book covers Boxsicbong(服食方) and its dietary therapy prescription, and food for elderly health; it is, therefore, highly useful in applying various areas.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.67 no.2
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• pp.88-100
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• 2017

This study is for the textiles of at Sun Am Temple and characteristic of embroidery. Tak Ui was composed of orange body and green upper cover, and had no strings. The body plate was covered with embroidery, with Gauze base, and upper part was appliqued, by cutting dragon pattern, cloud pattern on satin damask. The thread for embroidery was silk floss, silk twisted thread, rapped gold thread, and rapped silk thread. For padding, it was used cotton thread in the part of dragon's scales. It was used satin stitch, outline stitch, split stitch, couching, and counted stitch, etc. as method of embroidery. In particular, it embroidered counted stitch of diamond shape consecutively on the whole of Tak Ui, it does so with counted stitch of same effect of weaving Brocade in the part of cloud. Besides, it is one of the characteristic for couching rapped silk thread. Such lead embroidery is the popular method in the Ming dynasty of China, in the 16~17 century. The design of Tak Ui is dragon, cloud, and wave in the theme. In the center, 'Seong-su-man-nyeon' was placed on the heads of dragon. This is similar to Dragon Robe of Four-petalled medallion patterns, period of Ming dynasty in China. Therefore, it confirmed that Tak Ui was remodeled the embroidered textiles, made for royal robe, originally, with Tak Ui at temple.

• Acta Via Serica
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.25-49
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• 2020

This essay, based on an oral presentation, provides the non-specialist, with an evaluation of the Mongols' influence and China and, to a lesser extent, on Russia and the Middle East. Starting in the 1980s, specialists challenged the conventional wisdom about the Mongol Empire's almost entirely destructive influence on global history. They asserted that Mongols promoted vital economic, social, and cultural exchanges among civilizations. Chinggis Khan, Khubilai Khan, and other rulers supported trade, adopted policies of toleration toward foreign religions, and served as patrons of the arts, architecture, and the theater. Eurasian history starts with the Mongols. Exhibitions at the Metropolitan Museum of Art and the Los Angeles County Museum of Art confirmed that the Mongol era witnessed extraordinary developments in painting, ceramics, manuscript illustration, and textiles. To be sure, specialists did not ignore the destruction and killings that the Mongols engendered. This reevaluation has prompted both sophisticated analyses of the Mongols' legacy in Eurasian history. The Ming dynasty, the Mongols' successor in China, adopted some of the principles of Mongol military organization and tactics and were exposed to Tibetan Buddhism and Persian astronomy and medicine. The Mongols introduced agricultural techniques, porcelain, and artistic motifs to the Middle East, and supported the writing of histories. They also promoted Sufism in the Islamic world and influenced Russian government, trade, and art, among other impacts. Europeans became aware, via Marco Polo who traveled through the Mongols' domains, of Asian products, as well as technological, scientific, and philosophical innovations in the East and were motivated to find sea routes to South and East Asia.

• 중국학논총
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• no.67
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• pp.61-80
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• 2020

This paper analyzes the formation of Tianjin dialect by investigating the immigration situation in Tianjin in history, analyzing the rhyme phenomenon of Tianjin dialect and comparing Tianjin dialect with surrounding dialects. First of all, with the need of transferring grain from the south to the north after the Ming Dynasty, the canal-centered grain transportation industry developed, and the immigrants in Tianjin naturally began to increase. In the Qing Dynasty, a large number of commercial immigrants flowed into various areas of Tianjin with the expansion of Tianjin's urban scale. This way of immigration makes Tianjin dialect preserve some dialectal features of other regions. By comparing with other Mandarin dialects, it is found that this is not only a feature of Tianjin dialect, but also a common feature in other Mandarin dialects. Therefore, we can draw a conclusion that the opinion of considering the dialect of one region is the mother dialect of Tianjin dialect because a certain phonological feature of Tianjin dialect is the same as that of other specific area is not appropriate. On the other hand, these immigrant dialects, which well reflects the characteristics of Tianjin, just show that these dialects have formed the present Tianjin dialect in the form of integration after the Ming and Qing Dynasties.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.1-25
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• 2021

Objectives : This paper analyzes the exam paper titled, 'Is Traditional Chinese Medicine Just an Art?' of the Yixuetongzong(醫学統宗) to provide basis for research on regional physicians' examination in the Ming period. Methods : Cross examination, interpretation and content analysis of the exam paper were carried out. Results : This document is the examination paper that He Jian(何柬) submitted past the age of 40 at a regional examination for physicians that took place at the Duxue Wenyuan which is presumed to have been a regional education institute for medicine in Nanjing. While he had experience in anatomy, having been an army doctor when he was young, and was an experienced doctor who was an expert in acupuncture, it seems his goal to become a medical official at the royal medical center failed. He accumulated knowledge and experience as a Confucian doctor for more than 25 years under his teacher Pan Xiquan. It is unclear whether he had been educated at the regional medical education institute. Conclusion : The regional physicians' examination during the Ming period promoted test takers to learn both medical and Confucian knowledge quite thoroughly.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.56 no.7 s.106
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• pp.69-78
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• 2006

In the early Joseon when royal authority was not still firmly established, King Taejong, or Lee Bang Won tried to make their political position guaranteed through relationships with Ming, making efforts to develop relations with the Chinese nation positively. This political orientation towards Ming by of the king Taejong was also clearly reflected in the settlement of official uniform in the early Joseon, which can be described as follows. Gaoming(誥命), Yinxin(印信) and Mianfu(冕服) granted by Ming for the first time since the foundation of Joseon suggested that the Chinese nation recognized the formal settlement of Joseon dynasty and the inauguration of King Taejong. presumedly, the grants played a critical role in the firm establishment by King Taejong of his royal authority under unstable political conditions. Under the reign of King Taejong, Joseon tried to abolish ancient regime and, instead, accept systems and institutions of Ming as it maintained smooth relations with the Chinese nation. King Taejong whose royal authority was locally deemed lack in legitimacy and morality wanted to receive the moral recognition of his reign. So the monarch tried to not only strengthen his authority, but also take in advanced culture and civilization through submissive diplomatic relations with Ming. This was a practical diplomatic strategy that was clearly discriminated from toadyism. It was a policy towards Ming, pursuing substantial national benefit. Therefore, official uniform system under the reign of King Taejong should be understood accordingly.