• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.1-20
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• 1972

A large anorthositic mass outcropped as mushroom-like body extending up to 46km which occurs in the Hadong kaoline district of southern Korea. The anorthositic mass is in contact with the metamorphic, plutonic and sedimentary rocks. The metamorphic rocks are of granitic gneiss and banded gneiss, etc; the plutonic rocks are of gabbroic and dioritic rocks, schistose granite, syenite, diorite and granite. The sedimentary rocks include siltstone and pebbly sandstone of Lower Gyeongsang System, Cretaceous in age. The anorthositic mass shows a gradational contact with the metamorphic and sedimentary rocks, and is cut by the plutonic rocks except gabbroic and dioritic rocks. The anorthositic mass is leucocratic in the central portion of the mass, and, in turn, grades to rock phases in which ma/ic minerals are irregularly scattered, then to the well-lineated rock and finally to the banded gneiss. Lineation of the anorthositic mass is accordant with that of the surrounding banded gneiss, and the lineation continues toward the gneiss. In some places, the rock phases in which mafics are scattered is gradational with adjacent sedimentary rocks. The anorthositic mass in contact with gabbroic and dioritic rocks shows spotted features. Various replacement features seen under the microscope and paragenetic sequence of the mineral components in the anorthositic rocks cannot be considered as the origin of magmatic crystallization. From the field and microscopic observations, it is concluded that the anorthositic mass was formed from replacement of the metamorphic rocks and plutonic rocks by the anorthositic magma.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.299-306
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• 1997

Vitamin K takes part in both blood coagulation and bone metabolism via the carboxylation of glutamate residues. This study was performed to examine the relationship between dietary phylloquinone intake and bone mineral denisty(BMD) among postmenopausal Korean women (n=70, age=56). The bone mineral density of the lumbar spine and femoral neck were measured by dual X-ray absorptiometry(DEXA). Daily intakes of phylloquinone and calcium were assessed using a food frequency questionnarie. As a results, body weigh, height and body mass index were not correlated with BMD. However, the number of years since monopause and daily intakes of calcium were significantly correlated with BMD. Although daily intakes of phylloquinone were not correlated with BMD, women with relatively high BMD consumed more phylloquinone than those with lower BMD. The average daily phylloquinone and calcium intakes of the 70 postmenopausal women were 725.8ug/day, ten times more than the American RDA and 406.7mg/day, 1/2 of the American RDA for those nutrients, respectively. The major food sources for phylloquinone were seaweed, spinach and kale, whereas the food sources of calcium were milk, sardines, and yogrut. Further studies are needed to clarify the effects of dietary phyloquinone on its serum levels and BMD.

• International Journal of Highway Engineering
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.47-53
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• 2015

PURPOSES: The scaling of a concrete surface caused by the combined effects of frost and de-icing salts is one of the main reasons for the need to repair transportation infrastructures in cold-climate regions. This study describes the results of attempts to determine the scaling resistance of concrete incorporating mineral admixtures such as fly ash, GGBFS, and silica fume, and subjected to the actions of frost and salt. METHODS : Conventionally, to evaluate the fundamental properties of concrete, flexural and compressive strength measurements are regularly performed. Based on the ASTM C 672 standard, concrete is subjected to 2%, 4%, and 8% $CaCl_2$ salt solutions along with repeated sets of 50 freeze/thaw cycles, and the scaling resistance was evaluated based on the mass of the scale and a visual examination. RESULTS : It was observed that silica fume is very effective in enhancing the scaling resistance of concrete. Meanwhile, concrete incorporating GGBFS exhibited poor resistance to scaling, especially in the first ten freeze/thaw cycles. However, fly ash concrete generally exhibited the maximum amount of damage as a result of the frost-salt attack, regardless of the concentrations of the solutions. CONCLUSIONS: It can be concluded that the scaling resistance of concrete is highly dependent on the type of the mineral admixture used in the concrete. Therefore, to provide a durable concrete pavement for use in cold-climate regions, the selection of a suitable binder is essential.

• Transactions of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering
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• v.16 no.9 s.114
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• pp.949-957
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• 2006

In this Paper, reduction of noise and vibration in ship cabins by using floating floor is studied. Two theoretical models are presented and predicted insertion losses of floating floor are compared to experimental results, where measurements have been done in mock-up built for simulating typical ship cabin structures. In ships, mineral wool is usually used as the impact absorbing materials. The first model (M-S-Plate Model) is that upper plate and mineral wool are assumed as a one-dimensional mass-spring system, which is in turn attached to the simply supported elastic floor. The second model (Wave-Plate Model) is that mineral wool is assumed as an elastic medium for wave propagation. The comparisons show that M-S-Plate model is in good agreement with experimental results when density of mineral wool is 140K, and fiber direction is horizontal. For higher density and vertical fiber direction, Wave-Plate model shows good agreements with measurements. It is found that including the elastic behavior of the floor is essential in improving accuracy of the prediction for low frequency ranges below $100{sim}200Hz$.

• Proceedings of the Korean Geotechical Society Conference
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• 2009.03a
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• pp.1092-1099
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• 2009

Landslide researches are divided to a method of interrelationship for various factors, method of predicting landslide possibility, and method of estimating landslide risk which are occurring landslides in the natural slope. Most of landslides occurred in natural slope are caused by a heavy rainfall in summer season. Weathered soil layer located in upper side of rock mass was occurred. As well as, they are announced to have an influence to geometry, geology, soil characteristics, and precipitation in the natural slope. In order to investigate and interpret the variety of landslides from field investigation to risk analysis, landslide analysis process due to geotechnical and geological opinions are systematically demanded. In this research, the study area is located in Macheon area, Gyeongsangnam-do and performed the landslide investigation. From the results of landslide investigation and analysis, optimized standard model based on natural landslide is proposed to high technical method of landslide investigation and interpretation.

• Proceedings of the Korean Geotechical Society Conference
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• 2008.10a
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• pp.946-956
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• 2008

Acoustic emission(AE) is low-energy seismic event associated with a sudden inelastic deformation such as the sudden movement of existing fractures, the generation of new fractures or the propagation of fractures. These events rapidly increase before major failure and happen within a given rock volume and radiate detectable seismic waves. Rock slopes are usually large in scale and there are many discontinuities in rock mass. AE waves are strongly attenuated when they propagate through joints. Thus we should resolve the attenuation problem to monitor large volume. In this study, we developed waveguide which is composed of two different materials, cement mortar and stainless steel rod. And several laboratory tests on developed waveguide are performed to obtain generalized AE parameters to predict the failure stage in rock slope. Comparing field data with experimental data in laboratory tests, failure stage of rock slope can be evaluated. To verify and optimize the developed monitoring method, we are now carrying out the field application at a rock slope.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.127-134
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• 2005

Although the bulk composition of materials is one of the major considerations in extractive metallurgy and environmental science, surface composition and topography control surface reactivity, and consequently play a major role in determining metallurgical phenomena and pollution by heavy metals and organics. An understanding of interaction mechanisms of different chemical species at the mineral surface in an aqueous media is very important in natural environment and metallurgical processing. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) has been used as an ex-situ analytical technique, but the material to be analyzed can be any size from $100\;{\mu}m$ up to about 1 cm. It can also measure mixed solids powders, but it is impossible to ascertain the original source of resulting x-ray signals where they were emitted from, since it radiates and scans the macro sample surface area. The study demonstrated the ability of TOF-SIMS to detect individual organic species on the surfaces of mineral particles from plant samples and showed that the TOF-SIMS techniques provides an excellent tool for establishing the surface compositions of mineral grains and relative concentrations of chemicals on mineral species.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.5 no.6
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• pp.569-577
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to identify dietary patterns among Korean elementary school girls based on the change in body mass index (BMI), body fat, bone mineral density (BMD), and bone mineral content (BMC) during 22 months and to explore the characteristics of dietary patterns identified. Girls aged 9-11 years were recruited and 3-day dietary data were collected four times. Subjects with a diet record of 8 or more days and anthropometric data measured at baseline and 22 months later were included (n = 198). Reduced rank regression was utilized to derive dietary patterns using a change in BMI, body fat, and calcaneus BMD and BMC as response variables. Two dietary patterns were identified: the "Egg and Rice" dietary pattern and "Fruit, Nuts, Milk Beverage, Egg, Grain" (FNMBEG) dietary pattern. Subjects who had high score on the FNMBEG pattern consumed various food groups, including fruits, nuts and seeds, and dairy products, whereas subjects in the "Egg and Rice' dietary pattern group did not. Both dietary patterns showed a positive association with change in BMI and body fat. However, subjects who had a higher score on the "Egg and Rice" dietary pattern had less of a BMC increase, whereas subjects who had a higher score on the FMBEG dietary pattern had more increased BMC over 22 months after adjusting for age, body and bone mass, and Tanner stage at baseline. Our results provide evidence that a well-balanced diet contributes to lean body mass growth among young girls.

• Animal cells and systems
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.51-55
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• 2000

Mass loss and changes of mineral nutrients during the decomposition of mushrooms, Russula alboareolata and Lactarius violascens, were investigated for 7d from June 29 to July 5 in 1999 in an oak stand in Kongju, Korea. At 7d after installation of litterbags, the remaining mass of R. alboareolata and L. violaxcens was 9.4% and 25.9%, respectively. The mass loss rate of R. alboareolata was significantly higher than that of L. violascens. Concentration of N, P, K, Ca and Mg of R. alboareolata and L. violascens were 37.7 mg/g, 0.97mg/g, 38.25 mg/g, 0.04 mg/g, and 0.75 mg/g for R. alboareolata and 45.7 mg/g, 1.31mg/g, 24.0 mg/g, 0.06 mg/g, and 0.80 mg/g for L. violascens, respectively. Concentrations of nutrients in R. alboareolata and L. violascens were much higher than those in the surrounding leaf litter. N, P, Ca and Mg concentrations in the decomposing mushroom tissue were higher during the experimental period in both species than initial concentrations. Potassium increased during the first 3 d and then decreased in both species. Potassium contents in the mushroom were much greater than those of Ca and Mg. Except for Ca, there was no immobilization period in all the nutrients during decomposition. At 7 d after installation of litterbags, the remaining N, P, K, Ca and Mg of R. alboareolata and L. violascens were 9.8%, 8.9%, 2.7%, 47.7%, and 14.8% of the initial contents for R. alboareolata and 28.2%,30.5%, 19.6%, 199.9%, and 02.1% for L. violascens, respectively. Nutrients could be relocated spatially during the formation and decomposition of the Basidiomycetes fruiting body.

• Korean Journal of Exercise Nutrition
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.45-49
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• 2019

[Purpose] Recent studies suggest that ursolic acid (UA) is a potential candidate for a resistance exercise mimetic that can increase muscle mass and alleviate the deleterious effect of skeletal muscle atrophy on bone health. However, these studies evaluated the effects of UA on skeletal muscle and bone tissues, and they have not verified whether such effect could occur concurrently on muscle and bone, as is the case with resistance exercise. Thus, the aim of this study was to analyze the effect of UA injection on muscle mass and bone microstructure using an animal model of atrophy to demonstrate the potential of UA as a resistance exercise mimetic. [Methods] The immobilization (IM) method was used on the left hindlimb of Sprague Dawley (SD) rats for 10 days to induce muscle atrophy, whereas the right hindlimb was used as an internal control (IC). The animal models were divided into two groups, SED (sedentary, n=6) and UA (n=6) to demonstrate the effect of UA on atrophic skeletal muscles. The UA group received a daily intraperitoneal injection of UA (5 mg/kg/day) for 8 weeks. After 10 days of IM, the data collected for the IC were compared with that of IM to determine whether muscle atrophy might occur. [Results] Muscle atrophy was induced and bone mineral density (BMD) decreased significantly. The 8-week UA treatment significantly increased the gastrocnemius muscle mass compared to the SED group. In regard to the effect of UA on bones, negative results such as a decrease in BMD, trabecular bone volume fraction, and trabecular number, and an increase in trabecular separation, were observed in the SED group, but no such difference was observed in the UA group. No significant difference was observed in atrophic hindlimbs between SED and UA groups. [Conclusion] These results alone are insufficient to suggest that UA is a potential resistance exercise mimetic for atrophic skeletal muscle and weakened bone. However, this study will help determine the potential of UA as a resistance exercise mimetic.