• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.53 no.5
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• pp.565-583
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• 2020

In recent years, various social issues related to the natural radioactive elements detected in household goods and building materials are addressed, and should be solved promptly. In Korea, for more than 20 years, the Ministry of Environment has investigated the natural radioactive materials such as heavy metals, uranium, and radon in soil or groundwater. The origins of natural radioactive materials in them may have a close correlation with the geological factors including classification of rocks, petrogenetic origins, and deformation characteristics, but the exact geological correlations are not clarified because of the absence of the government policy preserved in the basement rocks, soils as well as groundwater in fault-related reservoirs. This study aims to perform a research on the correlation between the petrogeneses of the Phanerozoic plutonic rocks and natural radioactive concentrations in rocks (radon, uranium, thorium, potassium etc.) in Korea. Among the Phanerozoic plutonic rocks, alkaline plutonic rocks (syenite, monzonite and monzodiorite and alkali granite) show high U and Th concentrations by high solubilities of U, Th, Zr, REE, and Nb until the most extreme stages of magmatic fractionation (viz. crystal fractionation) due to high magma temperature and high alkalinity tendency. The highly fractionated high-K calalkaline and peraluminous granitic rocks (leucogranite, two-mica granite and leucocratic pegmatite are also U and Th concentrations compared with other less or medium fractionated granitic rocks (diorite, granodiorite and granite). The alkaline plutonic rocks are associated with intracontinental rifting and extensional environment after crustal thickening by collisional and subductional processes. In contrast, the dominant calc-alkaline granitic rocks in Korea are related to the arc environment of the subduction zone. In summary, the trends of the U, Th and K concentration from the Phanerozoic plutonic rocks in Korea are closely linked to the petrogenesis of the rocks in tectonic environment. The preliminary data for gamma-spectrometric mesurments of natural radionuclide contents (²²⁶Ra, ²³²Th and ⁴⁰K) in the Phanerozoic plutonic rocks show high values in the alkaline and highly fractionated granitic rocks.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.77-88
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• 2005

The effect of different particle sizes of scoria inclusion in weanling-growing-finishing diets on growth performance and carcass quality was investigated in this study. Treatments were the control (basal diet), and 3 scoria treatments with different partical sizes (500, 1,000, 1,700 ${\mu}m$, respectively) in which $3\%$ of basal diet was replaced by scoria. This study was carried out for 143 days using 84 pigs. Each treatment has 3 replicates (4 gilts and 3 barrows per pen). 1. During nursery period, all scoria treatment levels showed poor Average daily gain (ADG) and feed efficiency compared to the control. During growing period, The ADG and feed efficiency of pigs fed the $1,000\;{\mu}m$ swine treatment tended to improve. For the whole growth period (d 0-143), $1,000\;{\mu}m$ scoria treatment showed significantly higher (P<0.05) ADG and feed efficiency than the $1,700\;{\mu}m$ scoria treatment. 2. Carcass weight was higher in all of scoria treatment levels Either the control (P<0.05), while backfat thickness was unaffected among treatments. Carcass Grade A or B grade appearance was more evident in all of scoria treatments compared to the control. 3. Hunter L value was numerically higher in the control while there was no significant differences among the control, $1,000\;{\mu}m$ scoria and $1,700\;{\mu}m$. Hunter a value was highest (P<0.05) in $1,000\;{\mu}m$ scoria, while Hunter b values were not influenced by the scoria treatment levels. 4. The different scoria treatment levels reduced N and P excretion. For growing period, $1,000\;{\mu}m$ scoria was most efficient in reducing N excretion, while during the finishing period, $1,700\;{\mu}m$ scoria was the best. The P excretion was affected by scoria particle size during growing-finishing periods rather than weanling period. The above findings indicated that the inclusion of different scoria partical sizes in nursery diet resulted to adverse effects on growth performance in contrast to the growing finishing diets wherein the growth performance and carcass quality were not affected. Finally, scoria regardless of particle size proved to be effective in reducing N and P excretion and can be considered an environment friendly mineral source for growing-finishing hog diets.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.131-155
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• 1983

Though it has been widely known the nitrogen effects are influenced by soils, varieties, and mineral nutrients in the rice culture, few analyses in relation to the factors increasing nitrogen effect have been studied in Korea. The effects of potassium and silica on the factors increasing nitrogen effects in paddy soils were investigated in accordance with soil improvement practices and nitrogen application methods for the cultivated varieties. The results obtained are as follows. 1. For 413 paddy fields, the yield from soils without nitrogen application ranged from 200 to 850kg/10a and that from nitrogen application did 350 to 1,051kg/10a. The yield increament by nitrogen application varied 50 to 650kg/10a depending on soils. 2. Soil chemical characteristics for high yield were different between with nitrogen and without nitrogen application. In the without nitrogen application, however, contents of organic matter, phosphorous, potassium and calcium of high yield soils were lower than those of low yield, while the available silica content was higher in the former. 3. The yield increased with nitrogen application up to 22.4kg/10a and thereafter it decreased. These phenomena were supposed to be not be decrease of nitrogen uptake but by lowered silica uptake. 4. Clay soil incorporation, deep plough, and inorganic constituents control such as Ca, Mg, and $Sio_2$ were effective as soil improvement praitices. It was appeared that increases of silica content and Ca/Mg ratio were important to increase nitrogen effects. 5. For the correlation between yield and yield components, it was high between yield and panicle in low nitrogen level and so was it between grain yield and ripening rate in high nitrogen. 6. In the urea and super granule urea application plot, recovery rate of nitrogen by plant and soil was high and yield was remarkable high. 7. Regardless of fertilizer types such as ammonium sulfate and urea, the residual nitrogen was about 4kg/10a in both plots of 5.8 and 11.6kg/10a. N applied. 8. The potassium application to soil enhanced the nitrogen efficiency. It was more effective in low potassium soil. 9. Optimum pH value for gel formation in the 4% sodium silicate solution was approximately 6.6. 10. It was suggested that silica could affect to rice plant growth as the inorganic and organic chemical components.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.108-131
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• 2008

The Miocene andesite and basalt intruded into and/or extruded on the Cretaceous volcanic and granitic rocks over the area of Chenjabong and Sirubong in the vicinity of Jinhae, southern part of Kyongsang basin. The K-Ar ages of the younger volcanic rocks are from 16 Ma (Sirubong andesite) to 10 Ma (Cheonjabong basalt), which indicate the Miocene volcanism in the outer part of the Tertiary basin in the Korean peninsula. The volcanics are divided into Chenjabong andesite, Cheonjabong basaltic andesite, Sirubong andesite and Cheonjabong basalt. The Cheonjabong andesite is composed of phenocrysts of clinopyroxene and plagioclase ($An_{60{\sim}64}$) and groundmass with lath-like plagioclase ($An_{76{\sim}84}$) and glass. The Cheonjabong basaltic andesite is composed of plagioclase phenocryst ($An_{60{\sim}64}$) with plagioclase lath ($An_{65}$) and glass in groundmass. The Sirubong andesite is only consisted of plagiocalse lath ($An_{64{\sim}68}$) and glass with absence of phonocryst. The Cheonjabong basalt shows typical porphyritic texture with phenocrysts of olivine ($Fo_{69-84}$) and clinopyroxene. The groundmass of the Cheonjabong basalt is composed of microphenocrysts of olivine, clinopyroxene and plagioclase ($An_{66{\sim}71}$) and plagioclase laths ($An_{57{\sim}65}$) showing pillotaxitic and intergranular texture. The Cheonjabong andesite, Cheonjabong basaltic andesite, Sirubong andesite are belong to calc-alkialine but the Cheonjabong basalt is alkaline basalt. By tectonic discrimination diagrams the parental magmas of the volcanic rocks have occurred boundary.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.439-450
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• 2018

The lineament is a linear or curved terrain element to discriminate adjacent geological structures in each other. It has been widely used for analysis of geology, mineral exploration, natural disasters, and earthquake, etc. In the past, the lineament has been extracted using cartographic map or field survey. However, it is possible to extract more efficiently the lineament for a very wide area thanks to development of remote sensing technique. Remotely sensed observation by aircraft, satellite, or digital elevation model (DEM) has been used for visual recognition for manual lineament extraction. Automatic approaches using computer science have been proposed to extract lineament more objectively. In this study, we evaluate the characteristics of lineament which is automatically extracted with respect to difference of spatial resolution of DEM. We utilized two types of DEM: one is Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) with spatial resolution of about 90 m (3 arc sec), and the other is the latest world DEM of TerraSAR-X add-on for Global DEM with 12 m spatial resolution. In addition, a global DEM was resampled to produce a DEM with a spatial resolution of 30 m (1 arc sec). The shaded relief map was constructed considering various sun elevation and solar azimuth angle. In order to extract lineament automatically, we used the LINE module in PCI Geomatica software. We found that predominant direction of the extracted lineament is about $N15-25^{\circ}E$ (NNE), regardless of spatial resolution of DEM. However, more fine and detailed lineament were extracted using higher spatial resolution of DEM. The result shows that the lineament density is proportional to the spatial resolution of DEM. Thus, the DEM with appropriate spatial resolution should be selected according to the purpose of the study.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.31-35
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• 1975

In order to gain information on the plant characteristics of high yielding paddy from the point of view of mineral nutrition and to learn more about soil conditions under which high yields are produced a number of soil samples collected from the field experiment carried out in The City College of Seoul were analysed. In addition, a laboratory experiment carried out to support the field experiment was also analysed. Results obtained are as follows: 1. Generally, the higher the yield of paddy, the higher is the potassium content in flag leaves, whereas the reverse is true for the content of Ca and Mg in the leaves. From these facts it can conceivably be said that the high yielding paddy should absorb a large quantity of potassium and a lesser quantity of calcium and magnesium in the reproductive stage. 2. Leaves of paddy which produced yields over 600kg/10a (a comparatively high yield in the experiment) contained 30-35mg/100g of potassium, less than 25me/100g of calcium, and 10me/100g of magnesium which brings the ratio of $K/{\sqrt{Ca+Mg}}$ over 5. 3. Correlation studies indicated a remarkable relationship between the paddy yield and exchangeable potassium in soil samples taken after harvesting. A similar relationship was observed between the yield of paddy and $K/{\sqrt{Cae+Mge}}$ ratio of the soil samples. 4. A regression between yield of padcy (Y) and exchangeable potassium (Ke) or $K/{\sqrt{Ca+Mg}}$ in soil samples taken after harvesting was shown to be; Y=183.95+2135.86Ke $$Y=352.45+3114.454\;K/{\sqrt{Ca+Mg}}$$ 5. The regression between exchangeable potassium (Ke) in soil samples taken after harvesting and the amount of lime (L) and potassium (P) to be applied is; $$Ke=0.1246+0.00007037L+0.004444P+0.000004444L{\cdot}P$$.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.574-579
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• 2010

Waste nutrient solution (WNS) that was the drained nutrient solution of Horticultural Research Institute of Japan for culture tomato in perlite hydroponics showed $1.9-2.4dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$ of EC and 5.7-7.1 pH from April to July. Although ${NH_4}^+-N$ concentration of WNS decreased remarkably, the other nutrients did not change significantly, as compared with supplied solution. There were no significant differences in plant height, stem diameter, and the other growth characteristics of tomato plants grown by 2 fertigation nutrient solutions; BHF (Bountiful Harvest Fertilizer, 10% of N, 13% of $PO_4$, 13% of K, 0.05% of B, 0.05% of Zn, and 0.0023% of Cu that made in Korea) and Megasol (11% of N, 8% of $PO_4$, 34% of K, 0.032% of Mn, 0.002% of B, 0.048% of Fe, 0.0122% of Zn, and 0.0023% of Cu that made in Belgium.); however, the chlorophyll content of tomato leaf was highest in WNS. The fresh and dry weight of tomato plants were higher in 3 fertigation treatments than irrigation of tap water, while there were no significant differences in fresh and dry weight among the 3 fertigation treatments. The mineral content of tomato leaf also did not show any differences among the 3 fertigation treatments and any regular tendency in all minerals. Total yield, fruit weight and fruit numbers of tomato were higher in WNS, followed by Megasol, BHF and control, although there were not any difference among the 3 fertigation nutrient solution treatments. BER(blossom-end rot)of tomato fruits decreased in fertigation treatments, especially, fruits grown in WNS and BHF showed lower BER. However, the transpiration rate of leaf was higher in control, followed by BHF, WNS and Megasol, The fruit size and soluble solids content was higher in 3 fertigation nutrient treatments than control. These results suggest that WNS can be used for fertigation solution in tomato because yield and quality of tomato fruit grown in WNS fertigation treatment were similar to those in 2 fertigation nutrient solutions treatments(BHF, Megasol).

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.273-291
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• 2016

Some ceramic artifacts representing time-wise from comb pattern pottery in the Neolithic Age to white porcelain in Joseon Dynasty were selected from 7 sites in the north and south area of Charyeong Mountain Range in order to making techniques interpretation and development process of ancient ceramics through physicochemical and mineralogical quantitative analysis. Studied pottery samples in the Prehistoric times showed trace of ring piling in soft-type, and pottery in the Three Kingdoms Period had both soft and hard-type but kettle-ware and storage-ware were made with ring piling, but table-ware was made by wheel spinning. Different from pottery after the Three Kingdom Period when refinement of source clay was high, pottery in the Neolithic Age and in the Bronze Age exhibited highly mineral content in sandy source clay, which showed a lot of larger temper than source clay. Groundmass of celadon and white porcelain almost did not reveal primary minerals but had high content of minerals by high temperature firing. Ceramic samples showed some different in major and minor elements according to sites irrespective of times. Geochemical behaviors are very similar indicating similar basic characteristics of source clay. However, loss-on-ignition showed 0.01 to 12.59wt.% range with a large deviation but it rapidly decreased moving from the Prehistoric times to the Three Kingdom Period. They have correlation with the weight loss due to firings, according to burning degree of source clay and detection of high temperature minerals, estimated firing temperatures are classified into 5 groups. Pottery in the Neolithic Age and in the Bronze Age belongs from 750 to $850^{\circ}C$ group; pottery in the Three Kingdom Period are variously found in 750 to $1,100^{\circ}C$ range of firing temperature; and it is believed celadon and white porcelain were baked in high temperature of 1,150 to $1,250^{\circ}C$. It seems difference between refinement of source clay and firing temperature based on production times resulted from change in raw material supply and firing method pursuant to development of production skill. However, there was difference in production methods even at the same period and it is thought that they were utilized according to use purpose and needs instead of evolved development simply to one direction.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.531-549
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• 2016

The purpose of this study is to analyze the relationship of hydrochemistry, geology, fault with occurrence of uranium and radon-222 from the groundwater in the Yeongdong area. In this study, 49 groundwater and 4 surface water samples collected in the study area were collected on two separate occasions. The surface radioactivities were measured at 40 points to know the relationship between the occurrence of uranium in groundwater and surface geology. The chemical composition of groundwater showed three types : $Ca-HCO_3$, $Na-HCO_3$ and $Ca-HCO_3(SO_4,\;NO_3)$. Two groundwater of 49 samples exceeded the maximum contaminant levels of uranium, $30{\mu}g/L$, proposed by the Ministry of Environment of Korea and 11 groundwater of 40 samples for Rn-222 concentrations exceeded the 148 Bq/L maximum contaminant level of US EPA. Most of unsuitable groundwater are located in the geological boundary related with the biotite gneiss and the surface radioactivities of rock samples showed no relationship with groundwater geochemical constituents. The strike-slip fault, Youngdong fault, is $N45^{\circ}E$ direction and the high concentrations of uranium in upper part of fault, consisted of granite and granitic gneiss are detected but in lower part, consisted of metamorphic sedimentary rock are not detected. It suggests that the natural radioactive concentrations are related with the geologic characteristics and the migration and diffusion of natural radioactive materials are affected by the fault.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.23
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• pp.11-24
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• 2008

A physical characteristics and chemical compositions change by weathering on the granite were examined for the conservation treatment of the Mireuksaji temple stone pagoda. The natural weathered granite was collected from the Mt. Mireuk, and divided into the classification standards based on weathering degrees and strength measured by rock-test hammer. The results from comparison of the strength measured by undestructive rock-test hammer and the strength values converted from ultrasonic velocity showed that each strength measurement value was proportionate. The water absorption of the sample was 1.68 to 0.20%. The F-type of fresh rock was not naturally saturated and the WW-type was naturally saturated but took quite a long time. The water absorption was increased gradually in order of SW-type, the MW-type and the HW-type according to weathering condition. The CW-type samples showed the highest water absorption among the weathered classification samples. Through dyeing test, it was found out that only the feldspar was dyed out of the F-type and the WW-type. The SW-type and the MW-type were distinguished by the fact that plagioclase being dyed. And dyed area was expanded to quartz crack in HW-type and CW-type. Physical change by weathering of the rock-forming minerals could be classified with 3 grades. Through the XRD analysis, albite among the rock-forming mineral showed remarkable decrease. SEM-EDX analysis of the component change in the rock-forming minerals such as biotite, plagioclase, and orthoclase, showed that in case of highly-weathered grade samples compared with fresh samples, contents of the $Al_2O_3$, $K_2O$, $Na_2O$ increase and CaO, MgO decrease in the biotite, the CaO, $K_2O$ increase and $Na_2O$ decrease in the plagioclase, the $Al_2O_3$ a little increase and $K_2O$, $Na_2O$ decrease in the orthoclase. The results of extracted cation analysis using the powder samples of each weathering grade, the CaO, $Na_2O$, $K_2O$ and MgO are highly chemical variations in rock forming minerals and positive variation show high in the weathering grade of the WW-type and CW-type. This research will be used as an importance data to establish a plan for conservation treatment of composed stone in the Mireuksaji temple stone pagoda.