• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.37
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• pp.285-307
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• 2004

Synthesize and examine petrological characteristic and geochemical characteristic by weathering formation of rock and progress of weathering laying stress on stone cultural properties of Unjusa temple of Chonnam Hwasun county site in this research. Examine closely weathering element that influence mechanical, chemical, mineralogical and physical weathering of rocks that accomplish stone cultural properties and these do quantification, wish to utilize by a basic knowledge for conservation scientific research of stone cultural properties by these result. Enforced component analysis of rock and mineralogical survey about 18 samples (pyroclastic tuff; 7, ash tuff; 4, granite ; 4, granitic gneiss; 3) all to search petrological characteristic and geochemical characteristic by weathering of Unjusa temple precinct stone cultural properties and recorded deterioration degree about each stone cultural properties observing naked eye. Major rock that constitution Unjusa temple one great geological features has strike of N30-40W and dip of 10-20NE being pyroclastic tuff. This pyroclastic tuff is ranging very extensively laying center on Unjusa temple and stone cultural properties of precinct is modeled by this pyroclastic tuff. Stone cultural propertieses of present Unjusa temple precinct are accomplishing structural imbalance with serious crack, and because weathering of rock with serious biological pollution is gone fairly, rubble break away and weathering and deterioration phenomenon such as fall off of a particle of mineral are appearing extremely. Also, a piece of iron and cement mortar of stone cultural properties everywhere are forming precipitate of reddish brown and light gray being oxidized. About these stone cultural properties, most stone cultural propertieses show SD(severe damage) to MD(moderate damage) as result that record Deterioration degree. X-ray diffraction analysis result samples of each rock are consisted of mineral of quartz, orthoclase,plagioclase, calcite, magnetite etc. Quartz and feldspar alterated extremely in a microscopic analysis, and biotite that show crystalline form of anhedral shows state that become chloritization that is secondary weathering mineral being weathered. Also, see that show iron precipitate of reddish brown to crack zone of tuff everywhere preview rock that weathering is gone deep. Tuffs that accomplish stone cultural properties of study area is illustrated to field of Subalkaline and Peraluminous, $SiO_2$(wt.%) extent of samples pyroclastic tuff 70.08-73.69, ash tuff extent of 70.26-78.42 show. In calculate Chemical Index of Alteration(CIA) and Weathering Potential Index(WPI) about major elements extent of CIA pyroclastic tuff 55.05-60.75, ash tuff 52.10-58.70, granite 49.49-51.06 granitic gneiss shows value of 53.25-67.14 and these have high value gneiss and tuffs. WPI previews that is see as thing which is illustrated being approximated in 0 lines and 0 lines low samples of tuffs and gneiss is receiving esaily weathering process as appear in CIA. As clay mineral of smectite, zeolite that is secondary weathering produce of rock as result that pick powdering of rock and clothing material of stone cultural properties observed by scanning electron micrographs (SEM). And roots of lichen and spore of hyphae that is weathering element are observed together. This rock deep organism being coating to add mechanical weathering process of stone cultural properties do, and is assumed that change the clay mineral is gone fairly in stone cultural properties with these. As the weathering of rocks is under a serious condition, the damage by the natural environment such as rain, wind, trees and the ground is accelerated. As a counter-measure, the first necessary thing is to build the ground environment about protecting water invasion by making the drainage and checking the surrounding environment. The second thing are building hardening and extirpation process that strengthens the rock, dealing biologically by reducing lichens, and sticking crevice part restoration using synthetic resin. Moreover, it is assumed to be desirable to build the protection facility that can block wind, sunlight, and rain which are the cause of the weathering, and that goes well with the surrounding environment.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.28 no.10
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• pp.1488-1495
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• 2015

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of post-harvest storage duration and wheat variety on the digestibility and energy content of new season wheat fed to finishing pigs. Two wheat varieties (Shi and Zhong) were harvested in 2013 and stored in the warehouse of the Fengning Pig Experimental Base at China Agricultural University for 3, 6, 9, or 12 mo. For each storage period, 12 barrows were placed in metabolism crates and allotted to diets containing 1 of the 2 wheat varieties in a randomized complete block design. The experimental diets contained 97.34% wheat and 2.66% of a vitamin and trace mineral premix. With an extension of storage duration from 3 mo to 12 mo, the gross energy (GE) and crude protein (CP) of the wheat decreased by 2.0% and 12.01%, respectively, while the concentration of neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and starch content increased by 30.26%, 19.08%, and 2.46%, respectively. Total non-starch polysaccharide, total arabinose, total xylose and total mannose contents decreased by 46.27%, 45.80%, 41.71%, and 75.66%, respectively. However, there were no significant differences in the chemical composition between the two wheat varieties with the exception of ADF which was approximately 13.37% lower in Shi. With an extension of storage duration from 3 mo to 12 mo, the digestible energy (DE), metabolizable energy (ME) content and the apparent total tract digestibility of GE, CP, dry matter, organic matter, ether extract, ADF and metabolizability of energy in wheat decreased linearly (p<0.01) by 5.74%, 7.60%, 3.75%, 3.88%, 3.50%, 2.47%, 26.22%, 27.62%, and 3.94%, respectively. But the digestibility of NDF changed quadratically (p<0.01). There was an interaction between wheat variety and storage time for CP digestibility (p<0.05), such that the CP digestibility of variety Zhong was stable during 9 mo of storage, while the CP digestibility of variety Shi decreased (p<0.05). In conclusion, the GE, DE, and ME of wheat was stable during the first 3 to 6 mo of post-harvest storage, and decreased during the following 6 to 12 mo of storage under the conditions of this study.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.463-472
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• 1998

The survey was carried out in order to delineate the occurrence of ore deposits and the mineralized characteristics in the Estancia de la Virgen area through the 1:2,000 scaled geological mapping and topographic measuring surveys. Gold-silver mineralization is in the fault block developed between the San Agustin Fault and Cabanas Fault. It is associated with ore bearing quartz veins controlled by the fault structure. The contents of Au and Ag range from traces up to 72 g/t and 180 g/t respectively. According to traversing the outcrops, the quartz veins are traced by 0.5 Km trended to north and south. In those extended part, they continue for 1,000 m intermittently. Gold-silver mineralization could be divided into three stages. In the first stage, pyrite, galena, sphalerite, and chalcopyrite were formed with the primary silver and gold associated with galena and copper sulfides respectively. In the second stage, Cu-Bi-Au-Ag bearing sulfides such as chalcocite, covellite, and linarite are formed and usually deposited on the cataclastic fractures of galena and/or chalcopyrite. In the third stage, both the carbonation of galena and sphalerite and the sulphatization of galena, took place in the surface environment. And then primary silver was carried away off and was deposited on galena and/or copper sulfides during oxidation near the water table. Low partitionings of Fe in sphalerite assist that the minerals were formed at the relatively low temperature, which is coincided with previously reported homogenization temperature of fluid inclusions.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.137-144
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• 2015

This study was carried out to investigate the growth characteristics, yield, and chemical compositions of corn hybrids for silage according to the drainage depths in a lowland paddy field. The experimental design was arranged in a randomized block design with four treatments and three replications. The drainage depths of the four treatments were 0 cm, 20 cm, 30 cm and 50 cm. Tip-filling degree, ear length, and ear circle were higher in the 30 cm and 50 cm treatments compared with the other treatments (p < 0.05); but the plant length, leaf length, leaf width, ear height, stem diameter, and stem hardness were not significantly different (p < 0.05). The brix was higher in the order of 20 cm > 0 cm > 50 cm > 30 cm treatment. The fresh yield, dry matter yield, and TDN yield increased as the drainage depth increased (p < 0.05). The crude-protein and crude-ash content were highest in the 50 cm treatment (p < 0.05), but the crude-fat, NDF, ADF, and crude-fiber levels were not significantly different (p < 0.05). The total mineral content was higher in the order of 0 cm > 30 cm > 20 cm > 50 cm treatment (p < 0.05). Fructose, glucose, and sucrose were highest in the 20 cm treatment. The total amino-acid (EAA + NEAA) content was the highest in the 50 cm treatment. Based on these results, greater drainage depths increased the yield and feed value of silage corn.

• International Journal of Highway Engineering
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• v.6 no.2 s.20
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• pp.15-24
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• 2004

Oxidation causes increment of the quantity of large molecular size or LMS in asphalt and is a major reason for hardening of asphalt binder. An extended service life of pavement on a road is expected by reducing oxidation of binder. Oxidation of binder occurs during hot mixing with aggregates before placement on road and then during in-service after the asphalt pavement is constructed. Quantitative increase of LMS as result of aging after RTFO and PAV was analyzed based on the data from high-pressure gel-permeation chromatography (HP-GPC). Polymer modified asphalt (PMA) after RTFO procedure showed 20-30% increment in LMS and then after PAV procedure more than twice, although the percentage of increment was different according to asphalt brand and grade. The PMAs containing LDPE or SBS, which showed a great mechanical property improvement in previous studies, were selected for characterizing PMA aging In this study. Considerably reduced increment of LMS was observed from the PMA containing LDPE after RTFO and PAV procedures. The GPC result showing the binder with less LMS increment means that the asphalt while being mixed with LDPE was aged less during the aging treatment. The dispersed particle of LDPE in asphalt cement seems to disturb oxidative aging reaction and evaporation.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.581-590
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• 2000

Alterations in the cellular genome affecting the expression or function of genes controlling cell growth and differentiation are considered to be the main cause of cancer. Over 30 oncogenes can be activated by insertional mutagenesis, single point mutations, chromosomal translocations and gene amplification. The ras oncogenes have been detected in $15{\sim}20%$ of human tumors that include some of the most common forms of human neoplasia and are known to acquire their transforming properties by single point mutations in two domains of their coding sequences, most commonly in codons 12 and 61. The ras gene family consists of three functional genes, N-ras, K-ras and H-ras which encode highly similar proteins of 188 or 189 amino acid residues generically known as P21. ras proteins have been shown to bind GTP and GTP, and possess intrinsic GTPase activity. Experimental study was performed to observe the mutational change of the ras gene family and apply the results to the clinical activity. 36 Golden Syrian Hamster each weighing $60{\sim}80g$ were used and painted with 0.5% DMBA by 3 times weekly on the right buccal cheek(experimental side) for 6, 8, 10, 12, 14 and 16 weeks. Left buccal cheek (control side) was treated with mineral oil as the same manner of the right side. The hamsters were sacrificed on the 6, 8, 10, 12, 14 & 16 weeks. Normal and tumor tissues from paraffin block were completely dissected by microdissection and DNA from both tissue were isolated by proteinase K/phenol/chloroform extraction. Segments of the K-ras and H-ras gene were amplified by PCR using the oligonucleotide primers corresponding to the homologous region (codon 12 and 61) of the hamster gene, and then confirmational change of ras genes was observed by SSCP and autosequencing analysis. The results were as follows : 1. Malignant lesion could be found in the experimental side from the experimental six weeks. 2. One hamster among six showed point mutation of the H-ras codon 12($G{\rightarrow}A$ transition) at the experimental 10 and 14 weeks. 3. One of six at 6 weeks, two of six at 8 weeks and one of six at 12 weeks revealed the confirmational change of the H-ras codon 61($A{\rightarrow}T$ transversion). 4. The incidence of point mutation of H-ras codon 12 and 61 were 5.5%(2 of 36) and 11%(4 of 36) respectively. 5. Point mutation of the K-ras could not be seen during the whole experimental period. Form the above results, these findings strongly support the concept that H-ras oncogenes may have the influence of the DMBA induced carcinoma of hamster buccal pouch.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.461-468
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• 2009

Purpose: Platelet derived growth factor(PDGF)-BB and bone morphogenetic protein(BMP)-2 are well-known representative growth factors. The purposes of this study were to investigate the effect of rhPDGFBB and rhBMP-2 on osseointegration of titanium implants at periimplant bone defects grafted with hydroxyapatite and to evaluate the feasibility of imaging bone structures around screw-type titanium implant with micro-CT. Materials and Methods: The first molar and all premolars in the mandible region of four beagle dogs were extracted. Following a healing period of 4 months, three $8{\times}8{\times}6mm$-sized bony defects were formed and screw-type titanium implants were placed with hydroxyapatite(HA) block and growth factors; Control group, PDGF group and BMP group. Two months post-implantation, the mandible was harvested. Bone volume(BV), bone-to-implant contact(BIC) and bone mineral density(BMD) were analyzed with micro-CT and histology. Results: According to micro-CT analysis, BV and BMD measures of PDGF and BMP group were significantly higher than control group(BV; PDGF group: $p{\fallingdotseq}0.011$, BMP group: $p{\fallingdotseq}0.006$/BMD; PDGF group: $p{\fallingdotseq}0.020$, BMP group: $p{\fallingdotseq}0.011$) and BIC measures of BMP group were significantly higher than PDGF group($p{\fallingdotseq}0.015$). In histologic evaluation, BIC measures of BMP group was significantly higher than PDGF group($p{\fallingdotseq}0.048$). The values of BV in histologic sections were higher than in micro-CT images and the values of BIC in micro-CT images were higher than in histologic sections. Conclusion: The findings of this experimental study indicates that the use of rhPDGF-BB and rhBMP-2 can increase new bone formation in a large bony defect around titanium implant, and rhBMP-2 is more effective than rhPDGF-BB. Micro-CT can be considered useful for assessment as a rapid and nondestructive method for 3-dimensional measurement of bone healing around implants. Further study is necessary, however, to remove metal artifacts around titanium implant and to standardize the method.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.35-42
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• 2002

This study was carried out to determine the effect of chemical fertilizer and two fermented types of pig slurry on the total dry matter yield and quality of sorghum $\times$ sudangrass hybrid (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) and chemical properties of soil after harvest in Jeju area. Three treatments consisted of chemical fertilizer (CF) 200kg 7kg Nha $^1$, aerobic fermented pig slurry (PS)200kg 7kg Nha $^1$, and aerobic fermented pig slurry treated with probiotics (PS+P) 200kg 7kg Nha $^1$were arranged in a randomized block design with three replications. The results obtained are summarized as follows. The heights of plant applied fermented pig slurry were slightly taller than those of plants applied chemical fertilizer during early growing stage, but there was no difference among treatments when the plants were harvested. The total forage dry matter yields were in the range of 14,848~ 15,42kg/ha, but they were not significantly different. Also, CP, NDF, ADF and mineral contents in the forage(% of DM basis) did not differ among treatments. The pH of soil was ranged from 5.35 to 5.63, but it was not significantly different. However, the content of available $P_2O_5$ of soil was higher(P<0.05) in chemical fertilizer treatment than that of soil in fermented pig slurry treatments. The content of K was higher(p<0.05) when ffrrmented pig slurry treated with probiotics was applied after the 1st harvest. but it was not different among treatments after the and harvest.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.31 no.10
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• pp.1635-1642
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• 2018

Objective: This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of Rhus succedanea extract addition on in vitro ruminal fermentation and microbial growth. Methods: Two ruminally-fistulated steers consuming 600 g/kg timothy- and 400 g/kg cracked corn-based concentrate with free access to water and mineral block were used as rumen fluid donors. In vitro batch fermentation, with timothy as a substrate, was conducted for up to 72 h, with Rhus succedanea extracts added to achieve final concentrations of 0, 10, 30, 50, 70, and 90 mg/L. Results: Effective dry matter (DM) degradability rate linearly decreased (p = 0.046) depending on extract dosing levels. Total gas production after 24 to 72 h incubation tended to decrease following extract addition, beginning with 50 mg/L starting dose (significance of quadratic effects: p = 0.006, p<0.001, and p = 0.008 for 24, 48, and 72 h, respectively). Methane production decreased depending on dosing levels following 24 h (p<0.05) and 48 h (p<0.005) incubations and was the lowest with the 50 mg/L dose. The Rhus succedanea extracts increased the abundance of Fibrobacter succinogenes (p<0.05) and Ruminococcus flavefaciens (p = 0.0597) and decreased the abundance of methanogenic archaea (p<0.05) following 24 h incubation. Conclusion: Rhus succedanea was shown to reduce methane production and increase cellulolytic bacteria without any signs of toxic effects and with a minor effect on DM degradability.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.14 no.11
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• pp.1616-1620
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• 2001

Two feeding trials were conducted to study the effects of different chelated copper and zinc compounds on the performance and fecal excretions of weanling pigs. In Exp. 1, 150 weanling pigs ($L{\times}Y{\times}D$, $12.30{\pm}2.07kg$) were randomly assigned to five dietary treatments: 170 ppm Cu from $CuSO_4$, 85 ppm Cu from Cu amino-chelate (CAC), 170 ppm Cu from CAC, 85 ppm Cu from Cu-Lysine (CL), and 170 ppm Cu from CL. In Exp. 2, 150 weanling pigs ($L{\times}Y{\times}D$, $12.52{\pm}1.80kg$) were randomly assigned to five dietary treatments: 120 ppm Zn from $ZnSO_4$, 60 ppm Zn from Zn-amino-chelate (ZAC), 120 ppm Zn from ZAC, 60 ppm Zn from Zn-Methionine (ZM), and 120 ppm Zn from ZM. In both experiments, pigs were randomly distributed to the treatments following a randomized complete block design on the basis of body weight as the blocking variable. Each experiment was conducted for 28 days. Blood and fecal samples were collected to determine mineral contents as affected by the dietary treatments. There was no difference (p>0.05) in ADG and ADFI among treatments, but F/G was improved (p<0.05) in pigs fed diet with 170 ppm CAC than 85 ppm CL but not different (p>0.05) to the control (170 ppm $CuSO_4$). Regardless of copper source, concentration of Cu in serum and feces were higher in pigs fed diet with 170 ppm Cu than pigs fed diet with 85 ppm Cu (Exp 1). In Exp 2 the ADG was higher (p<0.05) in pigs fed diet with 120 ppm ZM than in pigs fed diets with 120 ppm $ZnSO_4$ and 60 ppm ZAC and ZM. The serum zinc concentration was generally higher (p<0.05) in pigs fed diet with organic source than the control group ($ZnSO_4$). Also, there was a trend towards a decrease in fecal excretions of zinc when dietary zinc level was low. The efficacy of the two chelated copper and zinc sources is similar in terms of growth performance. The fecal excretions for Cu and Zn could be reduced in pigs fed low level of these minerals using organic sources.