• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제22권12호
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• pp.1709-1717
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• 2009

This review presents a series of Key Performance Indicators (KPI) to assist Asian smallholder dairy farmers in identifying the possible causes for their poor farm performance and profitability. When assessing farm profitability, these indicators can be split into two types, those diagnosing problems with feeding management and those indicating poor herd management. As home grown forage is generally cheaper to source than purchased forage, the more produced on farm, the better. Too many stock on limited land is a common feature on Asian dairy small holdings. Unlike other classes of livestock, milking cows have very high nutrient requirements, therefore high quality forages and concentrates are essential for profitable dairying. Milk income less feed cost is one of the simplest and easy to measure indicators of farm profitability and is also quick to respond to small changes in farm practices. Problems with herd management can be diagnosed using measures such as the proportion of cows actually milking in the herd or their peak yield and persistency of production. There are also simple indicators of herd reproductive performance and of health and growth of young stock that assist in searching for the underlying causes of poor farm profitability.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.372-377
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• 2001

A study on the prevalence and causes of sub-clinical mastitis was conducted on ten smallholder and large-scale dairy farms in Morogoro urban and peri-urban areas. A total of 65 lactating cows were screened using the California Mastitis Test (CMT). Confirmatory tests used included; the direct microscopic somatic cell count (DMSCC), culture, bacteriological and biochemical tests. Structured questionnaires were used to collect information on management aspects. Results showed 62% and 4% cows as sub- clinical and clinical mastitis cases respectively. Levels of infection were higher on smallholder farms (75%) than on large-scale farms (25%). All tested cows had high cell counts (>500,000) per ml of milk. Incidences of mastitis were significantly (p<0.05) related to milking practices. The dominant bacterial isolates in the same order were Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus spp, and Escherichia coli. Other organisms isolated included Pseudomonas spp and Klebsiella spp. It was concluded that the high rates of sub-clinical mastitis in the research area were mainly due to poor management and unhygienic milking practices.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제6권4호
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• pp.509-514
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• 1993

The experiment was conducted to determine the effect of different fiber levels on milk production of crossbred Holstein milking cows fed urea-treated rice straw (UTS) as a roughage. Eight cows were allotted into 2 squares of 4 cows each with 4 treatments by a balanced design. The treatments were 17%, 22%, and 24% crude fiber (CF) diets and Thai feeding system (free choice of roughage and 1 kg of concentrates/2 kg of milk) as a control. Body weight change was not significantly different among the treatments during the experiment. Milk production (4% FCM) and milk protein content wee not different among the treatments, but milk fat content was low in the 17% CF group and high in the control group. Cows fed the 17% CF diet consumed less UTS and more concentrates than the others, and consequently total DM intake was not different among the treatments. The feed conversion ratio was significantly higher in the control. Feed cost per kg milk was lowest in the control and highest in the 17% CF diet. The fiber content of the diet would be more than 17%, preferably 22-24% for normally producing Thai crossbred Holstein cows when the UTS was fed as a main roughage source.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제43권1호
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• pp.95-102
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• 2003

Because Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) has variable number of short sequence repeat region in coagulase gene, it has been used to investigate the relatedness of S. aureus isolates. In this study, we isolated S. aureus strains from 20 dairy farms with bovine mastitis from September 2000 to August 2001. PCR-RFLP analysis of coagulase gene revealed 10 different patterns. Most of the S. aureus isolates showed only one coagulase gene RFLP pattern per farm. However, there were several S. aureus clones spreading between dairy farms. All the farms showed poor management conditions of milking machine and milker, indicating that managements for mastitis control program include use of proper milking matching, premilking sanitation, and segregation in the S. aureus infection herd. Our data suggest that PCR-RFLP analysis of coagulase gene might be applicable for the epidemiological investigations of S. aureus isolated from bovine mastitis cows.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.136-138
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• 2008

한 유우목장의 착유우군내에서 인터서킹의 행동장애를 지속적으로 보이는 홀스타인 경산우가 있었다. 이것은 대부분 이유 시 잘못된 급여관리로 인해 발생하는 행동 장애 중 하나로 생각되어져왔다. 이러한 행동 장애는 다른 착유우의 유두에 물리적인 손상을 주어 우유 생산을 떨어뜨릴 수가 있다. 혀 복면의 절개된 부분을 봉합해 배면을 둥글게 해주는 혀수술을 통해 외과적으로 교정하였고 이후 수술로 인한 합병증없이 착유우군내에서 인터서킹의 행동장애를 보이지 않았다.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.75-86
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• 2002

Outbreaks from September 1999 to July 2000 of blackleg in 4 milking and fatting cattle farms in the vicinity of Munkyong(northwestern part of Gyeongbuk province) were investigated biochemical characteristics of isolates and were surveyed epidemiological works during the period of 2 months from August to September 2000. Clostridium chauvoei, the etiological agent of blackleg is a serious pathogen of cattle and sheep causing fever, depression and lameness with high mortality in growing phase of 6 to 18 months old mainly beef cattle. Biochemical and cultural properties of 4 isolated Cl chauvoei were identical to those of reported results and isolates were susceptible to ampicillin, bacitracin, chlorarnphenicol, cephalothin, ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, norfloxacin, penicillin, and tetracycline, while they were resistant to amikacin, colistin, gentamicin, kanamycin, neomycin, streptomycin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. In the results of epidemiological survey, outbreak farms that concentrated region of milking or fatting cattle in each sites were so close contact within a radius of about 1km that they are separated only by wire fence or shrub harrier and flies, rodents, wild cats and birds could have the chance to move around between those farms. The origin of the outbreak blackleg were uncertain, but the transmission between farms were mainly through the movement of farm personnel, vehicles which were struck the feces or manures from farm and other mechanical factors such as flies, rodents and birds furthermore occurred 4 farms were not vaccinated. In conclusion, a periodic disinfection, vaccination and quarantine prevention are ideal methods of damage reduction by blackleg.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제48권3호
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• pp.479-486
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• 2006

본 연구는 사양과 관리 방법이 낙농농가의 우유품질과 생산성에 미치는 효과를 조사하기 위하여 수행하였다. 조사농가는 경기 (11), 강원 (22)과 충남 (17) 지역의 50농가를 선정하여 사육규모, 우사형태, 사양관리, 분뇨처리, 착유와 생산성에 관한 자료를 수집하여 분석하였고 조사농가로부터 우유저장 탱크에서 우유 샘플을 채취하여 우유 성분과 품질을 분석하였다. 착유우의 사육 규모가 큰 농가가 중간 규모나 적은 규모의 농가에 비하여 우사, 착유관리와 분뇨처리를 위한 시설을 잘 갖추고 있었다. 착유우에 대한 농후사료 급여량이 소규모의 낙농가 (47.51%)가 중간 규모의 낙농가 (32.59%)나 규모가 큰 낙농농가 (31.81%)에 비하여 많은 양을 급여하고 있었으며, 착유우의 사육 규모가 커질수록 낙농 농가에서의 농후사료 급여수준이 감소되는 동시에 수입조사료에 대한 의존도는 증가하였다. 우유 중의 세균수는 우사 및 착유실의 형태에 따라서 영향을 받았으며, 계류식 우사에서 착유우를 사육하는 농가의 우유 중 세균수 (Coliform과 E. coli)가 후리스톨이나 톱밥우사에서 사육하는 농가에서 보다 높았다. 바켓식 착유를 하는 농가의 우유 중 세균수가 파이프라인이나 텐덤 (tendem)과 헤링본 착유시설을 보유한 농가에서 보다 높았다. 착유우의 사육두수가 많은 농가일수록 관리와 착유를 위한 시설이 개선되는 경향이 있어 체세포 등급이 높은 것으로 나타났고 체세포 등급이 높은 착유우에서 우유 생산성도 높았다. 그리고 조사된 농가의 평균 우유 중 단백질 농도는 2.89 에서 2.98% 이었고, 우유 중 요소태 질소 함량은 21.81에서 23.31mg/dl 이었다. 이런 결과는 착유 두수가 많은 농가일수록 착유우의 관리를 위한 시설을 개선하고 있어, 유질이 개선되고 농가의 수입도 더불어 증가하고 있는 것으로 조사되었다.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.151-159
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• 1981

An investigation on various causes of milking disturbances resulting from injuries and abnormalities of mammary system were made in 2,179 Holstein cows. To perform this investigation, 69 dairy farms of the suburban area of Seoul city, Gyeonggi-do and Chungnam provinces were andomly selected and subjected. Diagnosis was made by means of inspection and palpation of teat, insertion of teat canula, checking milk machines, anamneses and farm records. This investigation was, actively done from March 1977 to February 1979, The results obtained were summerized as follows; 1. It was found that 446 cows, accounting for 20.48% of 2,179 cows inspected, had supernumerary teats. Among them 53.59% had one, 43.72% had two, 2.47% had three, and 0.22% had four supernumerary teats, respectively. 2. Dry off quarters were found in 158 quarters which turned out to be 1.8% of 8,716 quarters inspected. Among dry off quarters, 62.02% seemed to be caused by mastitis, 30.37% by acquired teat obstructions, and 7.59% by congenital blind teats and glands respectively. 3. Teat sphincter stenosis was found in 154 teats of 50 cows, which represents 1.76% of 8,716 teats and 2.29% of 2,179 cows inspected, respectively. Among 154 teats with teat sphincter stenosis, 138 teats (85.7%) of 33 cows were found to be congenital and revealed highest incidence. 4. Loose sphincter was found in 78 teats of 36 cows, which figure 0.89% of 8,7l6 teats and 1.69% of 2,179 cows inspected, respectively. Among 78 teats with loose sphincter, 52 teats (66.66%) of 13 cows were found to be congenital and revealed highest incidence. 5. Injured teat tip caused by over milking of milk machine, was found in 229 teats of 156 cows, which figure 2.63% of 8,716 teats and 7.15% of 2,179 cows observed, respectively. 6. Other miscellaneous injuries and congenital abnormalities of teats and udders were diagnosed as follows: The teat laceration was found in 34 teats (0.39% of 8,716 teats), fissure of teat skin in 24 teats (0.28% of 8,716 teats), stricture of teat cistern in 21 teats (0.24% of 8,716 teats), teat fistula in 12 teats (0.14% of 8,716 teats), papillomas on testes in 8 teats (0.09% of 8,716 teats). Knothole orifice in 7 teats (0.08% of 8,716 teats), subcutaneous abscess of udder in 5 quarters (0.05% of 8,716 teats), membraneous obstruction of teat cistern in 4 teats (0.05% of 8,716 teats), and congenital short teat in 8 teats (0.09% of 8,716 teats), respectively.

• 한국근적외분광분석학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국근적외분광분석학회 2001년도 NIR-2001
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• pp.1247-1247
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• 2001

Constituents of animal biofluids such as milk, blood and urine contain information specifically related to metabolic and health status of the ruminant animals. Some changes in composition of biofluids can be attributed to disease response of the animals. Mastitis is a major problem for the global dairy industry and causes substantial economic losses from decreasing milk production and reducing milk quality. The purpose of this study was to investigate potential of NIRS combined with multivariate analysis for cow's mastitis diagnosis based on NIR spectra of milk, blood and urine. A total of 112 bulk milk, urine and blood samples from 4 Holstein cows were analyzed. The milk samples were collected from morning milking. The urine samples were collected before morning milking and stored at -35$^{\circ}C$ until spectral analysis. The blood samples were collected before morning milking using a catheter inserted into the carotid vein. Heparin was added to blood samples to prevent coagulation. All milk samples were analyzed for somatic cell count (SCC). The SCC content in milk was used as indicator of mastitis and as quantitative parameter for respective urine and blood samples collected at same time. NIR spectra of blood and milk samples were obtained by InfraAlyzer 500 spectrophotometer, using a transflectance mode. NIR spectra of urine samples were obtained by NIR System 6500 spectrophotometer, using 1 mm sample thickness. All samples were divided into calibration set and test set. Class variable was assigned for each sample as follow: healthy (class 1) and mastitic (class 2), based on milk SCC content. SIMCA was implemented to create models of the respective classes based on NIR spectra of milk, blood or urine. For the calibration set of samples, SIMCA models (model for samples from healthy cows and model for samples from mastitic cows), correctly classified from 97.33 to 98.67% of milk samples, from 97.33 to 98.61% of urine samples and from 96.00 to 94.67% of blood samples. From samples in the test set, the percent of correctly classified samples varied from 70.27 to 89.19, depending mainly on spectral data pretreatment. The best results for all data sets were obtained when first derivative spectral data pretreatment was used. The incorrect classified samples were 5 from milk samples,5 and 4 from urine and blood samples, respectively. The analysis of changes in the loading of first PC factor for group of samples from healthy cows and group of samples from mastitic cows showed, that separation between classes was indirect and based on influence of mastitis on the milk, blood and urine components. Results from the present investigation showed that the changes that occur when a cow gets mastitis influence her milk, urine and blood spectra in a specific way. SIMCA allowed extraction of available spectral information from the milk, urine and blood spectra connected with mastitis. The obtained results could be used for development of a new method for mastitis detection.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.423-431
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• 1975

석회수(石灰水)(Limewater)가 낙농세척(酪農洗滌)-살균제(殺菌劑)로서 이용가치(利用價値)가 있는지를 구명(究明)하기 위(爲)하여 idophore와 비교(比較)하여 세척(洗滌)-살균시험(殺菌試驗)을 실시(實施)한 결과(結果)는 다음과 같다. 1. 착유백수(搾乳白數)에 따른 유석(乳石) 형성(形成)은 착유(搾乳) 6일(日) 착유(搾乳) 전세척제(前洗滌劑)로서 idophore를 처리(處理)(0.1119~0.876mg per sq. 10Cm)한 것이 가장 적었고 다음이 석회수처리(石灰水處理) (0.4639~1.5831mg)이며 무처리시(無處理時)(0.6230~4.3575mg)가 가장 많았다. 2. 착유전세척수(搾乳前洗滌水)의 온도(溫度)가 높을 수록 idophore처리(處理), 석회수처리(石灰水處理) 및 수도수(水道水) 처리(處理)는 모두 유석(乳石) 형성(形成)의 증가(增加)를 보였다. 3. 유지방(乳脂肪)의 제거(除去)는 석회수처리(石灰水處理)($10{\ell}$ 세척시(洗滌時) 78~88% 제거(除去))였으며 효과적(效果的)이였고 다음이 idophore 처리(處理)(66~86% 제거(除去))였으며 수도수처리(水道水處理)(56~68% 제거(除去))는 가장 효력(效力)이 떨어졌다. 4. 우유고형물(牛乳固形物) 제거효과(除去效果)는 idophor 처리(處理)($10{\ell}$ 세척시(洗滌時)73-78%제거(除去))와 석회수(石灰水) 처리(處理)(68~73%)가 비슷했으며 수도수처리(水道水處理)(44-52% 제거(除去))가 가장 떨어졌다. 5. 세척제(洗滌劑) 살균효과(殺菌效果)는 idophore 처리(處理)가 석회수처리(石灰水處理)보다 강(强)했으나 큰 차이(差異)는 보이지 않았다. 6. idophore 및 석회수처리(石灰水處理)는 모두 위생적(衛生的)인 우유생산(牛乳生産)을 기(期)할 수 있었다.