• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.382-389
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• 2002

The aims of this study is to evaluate the effect of Aspergillus oryzae Fermentation Extract (AFE) on the performance of lactating cows in summer (May to July) and winter (December to February). The experiment was a completely randomized design (CRD) and dietary treatments were 1) basal diet without AFE, 2) basal plus 3 g/d AFE into the basal total mixed ration (TMR), 3) basal plus 45.4 mg AFE/kg the ensiling corn silage and 4) AFE inclusion in silage and TMR. Twenty-eight cows from each trial were selected and randomly allocated into the four treatment groups, confined in individual pens, and fed ad libitum for 8 weeks in both seasons of feeding trials. Results showed that AFE inclusion in corn silage significantly improved DM intake by 4.4% and milk yield by 3.1% (p<0.05) during summer. In the winter season, AFE inclusion in the diet significantly improved milk yield by 10%. Direct addition of AFE to the TMR even further significantly improved milk yield over the addition through corn silage by 7.4% in winter (p<0.05). An additive effect of AFE inclusion into TMR and through corn silage was also demonstrated in the winter-feeding. AFE inclusion however, did not improve DM intake during the winter trial. In the summer trial, inclusion of AFE showed an adverse effect on the percentage of milk fat, but did not impact on the milk fat yield. Adding AFE through corn silage showed a trend towards alleviating the negative effects of milk fat from direct AFE inclusion in TMR. The similar trend occurred in the winter trial. The inclusion of AFE through corn silage significantly lowered the milk protein content over direct AFE addition, but did not significantly impacted the milk protein yield in summer. AFE supplementation during the winter season significantly increased milk protein content. Adding AFE to the corn silage significantly increased milk protein content over direct AFE addition in winter although inclusion of AFE significantly decreased total milk solid content in the summer (p<0.005). During the winter season, inclusion of AFE required less DM to produce a unit of milk. Inclusion of AFE into corn silage required less DM, energy and protein to produce a unit of milk. But inclusion of AFE did not alleviate heat stress on the lactating cows.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.43-52
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• 2004

본 실험은 사료급여 종류가 동절기 우유의 생산량 및 조성분에 미치는 영향을 규명하기 위하여, 1998년 10월 부터 1999년 3월까지 실시하였다. 실험구 처리는 볏짚구(볏짚 위주 조사료＋농후사료: T1)를 대조구로 하여 옥수수 사일리지구(옥수수 사일리지 위주 ＋ 농후사료:T2) 및 TMR구(완전혼합사료: T3)를 상호 비교하였으며 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 우유 생산량은 T2(31.9$\pm$3.2kg) > T3(29.6$\pm$3.8kg) > T1구(22.5$\pm$2.0 순으로 높게 나타났다 (P<0.05). 그리고 산차별 우유 생산량은 T2 및 T3구는 3산에서(P<0.01), T1구는 4산에서 높은 유량을 나타냈다. 2. 유지율은 T3구가 3.79$\pm$0.31%로 가장 높았던 반면 T1구는 2.64$\pm$0.20%(P<0.01)로 가장 낮은 함량을 보였으며, 산차별로는 2 산차가 높은 경향치를 보였다. 3. 단백질 함량은 사료종류에 따라 유의적인 차이는 없었지만 T1구(3.17%$\pm$3.56%)에 비하여 T2(3.25$\pm$0.05%) 및 T3구(3.29$\pm$0.10%)가 높은 경향을 나타났으며(P<0.05), 산차에 따라서는 뚜렷한 차이는 보이지 않았다. 4. 무지고형분 함량은 T3(8.74$\pm$0.18%)>T2(8.47$\pm$0.22%)>T1구(8.56$\pm$0.04%) 순으로 나타났으며, 총고형분 함량은 T3(12.51$\pm$0.57%)>T1(11.71$\pm$0.62%) > T2구(11.52$\pm$0.55%) 순으로 나타났다. 그러나 상호간 유의차는 없었다. 5. 체세포 수는 T1구가 39.6$\pm$4.6${\times}$$10^4$Cell/ml 로 가장 높은 수치를 보였던 반면 T2구는 28.7$\pm$4.4 ${\times}$ $10^4$ Cell/ml로 가장 낮게 나타났다. 이상의 결과를 종합해 볼 때 볏짚구(T1)에 비하여 TMR(T3) 및 옥수수 사일리지(T3) 급여체계는 유량 증대 및 우유성분 함량을 높이는 데 매우 효율적인 방안으로 나타났다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.119-123
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• 2007

The objectives of this study were to characterize the changes occurring in the levels of insulin-like growth factors (IGF-I and IGF-II) in bovine milk during a one-year lactation period, and to determine the parameters affecting IGF content in bovine milk. Milk was collected individually from lactating Holstein cows (n=70), and IGF-I and -II levels were determined via radioimmunoassay, using 125I after acid-ethanol treatment. The proximate compositions of the milk samples were determined using a near-infrared milk analyzer. The data were analyzed by the GLM and CORR procedures using SAS software to determine significant differences (p<0.05) occurring within groups (dairy farms, lactation periods, season, and parity). We noted an approximately six-fold reduction in the IGF-I concentration (from 2,462.7 to 353.0 ng/ml) and a three-fold drop in the IGF-II concentration (from 929.1 to 365.7 ng/ml) in the bovine colostrum, between 6 h after parturition and 18 h after parturition. IGF-I and -II content, measured at the early, middle, and late stages of lactation did not change significantly throughout the entirety of the lactation period. Interestingly, parity did not significantly affect IGF-I content, but did significantly affect IGF-II content between the primiparous and multiparous cows. We also found there were no significant relationships between IGF-I and total protein content or somatic cell counts (p<0.05).

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제27권5호
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• pp.429-441
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• 1994

The difference in lipid metabolism between breast-fed(BF) and formula-fed(FF) infants were studied in 31 Korean infants at 1, 2 and 3 months postpartum. The formulas had more total lipids(TL), triglycerides(TG) and phospholipids and less cholesterol(CHOL) and free fatty acids(FFA) than the breast milk. The milk consumption of the FF infants was significantly greater than that of the BF infants with a wide individual variation. As a result, the FF infants appeared to consume more TL, TG and PL and less CHOL and FFA than the BF infants during 3 months. The lipid contents of the breast milk tended to decrease in due course of lactation, therefore the intake of lipids of BF infants was reduced during the first three month of lactation. The plasma TG and CHOL levels of infants at 3 month were not significantly different between the BF and FF infants, but the PL level of the BF infants was higher then that of the FF infants. The plasma levels of TG and CHOL were not significantly correlated with the intakes of TL, TG, CHOL, PL and FFA, respectively. The PL level, however, was positively correlated with the intakes of CHOL and FFA, respectively and negatively correlated with PL intake as well as 18 : 2w6 fatty acid content of the breast milk or the formulas. The fecal weight and fecal loss of TL of the FF infants were greater than those of the BF infants during 3 months, however, apparent lipids digestibility was not significantly different between the BF and FF infants. The fecal excretions of CHOL and bile acids of FF infants were substantially higher than those of BF infants during 3 months. New sterol balance showed a particularly large difference between the BF and FF infants. The value of the net sterol balance of the BF infants was negative, but that of the FF infants was positive. This study shows that the consumption pattern of various lipid components of BF and FF infants were different as a result of different lipid compositions between breast milk and formula. The significantly lower sterol balance of the BF infants than the FF infants may have been derived from the unique dietary characteristic of breast milk.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제63권4호
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• pp.872-883
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• 2021

We evaluated the effects of heat stress on physiological responses and milk production in Holstein and Jersey cows reared in Korea. The mean average temperature-humidity index (THI) increased significantly from May to August and then decreased until October. The mean average rectal temperature (RT) was increased in Holstein cows compared with Jersey cows, as the THI values increased from 61 to 85. The average respiratory rate (RR) was increased in Jersey cows compared with Holstein cows when the THI value increased from 61 to 85. The average surface temperature of the rumen and udder was higher in Jersey cows than in Holstein cows when the THI value increased from 61 to 85. No significant difference was noted with respect to relative serum volumes between the breeds and THI ranges, but we measured significant changes in serum pH in Holstein and Jersey cows when the THI value increased from 61 to 85. Milk production was not significantly changed in Holstein cows when the THI increased from 61 to 85, but milk production and milk protein content were significantly altered in Jersey cows when the THI increased from 61 to 85. Current study suggests that Holstein cows still have an advantage in terms of the economic returns of dairy farms in Korea. Therefore, further research is required regarding the heat tolerance of Jersey cows in Korean climatic conditions.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.45-53
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• 1994

본(本) 연구(硏究)는 1990년부터 1991년까지 국립종축원에서 사육한 Holstein종 159두에서 조사된 성적을 근거로 최소자승법을 이용하여 종모우(種牡牛), 분만계절(分娩季節)및 산차(産差)가 비유량(泌乳量)인 유량(乳量) 및 유지방량과 유조성분(乳組成分)인 유지율(乳脂率), 유단백질율(乳蛋白質率), 무지고형분율(無脂固型紛率)및 총고형분율(總固型紛率)에 미치는 효과(效果)를 추정하였던바 그 결과(結果)를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 비유량(泌乳量)에 있어서 유량(乳量)및 유지량(乳脂量)은 각각 $7,26.56{\pm}3,57.24$ 및 $230.95{\pm}43.56Kg$ 이었고, 유조성분(乳組成分)에 있어서는 유지율(乳脂率), 유단백질율(乳蛋白質率), 무지고형분율(無脂固型紛率) 및 총고형분율(總固型紛率)에 있어서 각각 $3.69{\pm}0.43$, $3.32{\pm}0.41$, $9.15{\pm}0.49$및 $12.75{\pm}0.96%$ 이었고, 변이계수는 유량, 유지량, 유지율 및 유단백질율에서 각각 18.68, 17.64, 11.88 및 12.34%이었다. 2. 종모우(種牡牛)의 효과(效果)에 있어서는 유량(乳量)과 유지량(乳脂量)및 유지율(乳脂率)에서 고도의 유의차 (P<0.01)가 인정되었으며, 유단백질율(乳蛋白質率) 및 총고형분율(總固型粉率)에서도 유의차 (P<0.05)가 인정되었다. 모우별(牡牛別)로는 유량(乳量)에서 B, L, 및 O 종모우(種牡牛)가 각각 7,571.22, 7,499.11 및 7,420.58Kg으로 가장 우수하였고, 유단백질율에서는 A, F 및 K 종모우가 각각 3.75, 3.64 및 3.65%로 다른 종모우에 비하여 높았다. 3. 산차(産差)의 효과(效果)에 있어서 유량(乳量)에서 고도의 유의차 (P<0.01)가 인정되었으며, 유지방량 및 유지율(乳脂率)에서는 유의차(P<0.05)가 인정되었고, 산차별(産差別)로는 유량(乳量)과 유지방량에서 3산차(産差)가 각각 7,634.54 및 274.98Kg로 가장 우수하였고, 유지율 및 유단백질율에서는 4산차 이상이 각각 3.90, 3.50%로 다른산차에 비하여 높았다. 4. 분만계절(分娩季節)의 효과(效果)에 있어서는 유량(乳量)에서 고도의 유의차 (P<0.01)가 인정되었으며 유지량(乳脂量), 유지율(乳脂率), 유단백질율(乳蛋白質率), 및 총고형분율(總固型紛率)에서 유의차(P<0.05)가 인정되었으며, 분만계절별(分娩季節別)로는 유량(乳量)에 있어서 봄과 겨울이 각각 7,310.31 및 7,364.57Kg로 우수하였고, 유단백질율에 있어서는 봄과 가을이 각각 3.68 및 3.52%로 우수하였다.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제38권3호
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• pp.155-162
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• 2015

The incidence of second-grade milk production in 9 dairy farms of South Korea was investigated from May 2011 to March 2012, and the serum composition of cows producing first- and second-grade milk in 14 farms including the 9 farms was analyzed. The incidence rate of second-grade milk production of 402 cows in nine dairy farms located in the central and southwestern regions of Korea was 15.4% with the highest rate being 34.4%. Seasonal morbidity was higher during late winter (February) and early summer (June) with the highest rate observed in February (32.6%) followed by November (33.3%). Second-grade milk was most frequently found within one month postpartum (34.1%) while only 3.5% was found during the first 60~90 days of lactating period (n=785, 5 herds). The morbidity increased thereafter (P<0.05) with the highest observed between 270~300 days of lactation (36.1%). The acidity was not significantly different between second-grade ($0.159{\pm}0.026%$) and first-grade milk ($0.158{\pm}0.027%$). Blood serum analysis of 371 cows in the 14 dairy farms indicated that aspartate aminotransferase (AST) level was significantly higher (P<0.001) in cows producing second-grade milk while albumin was significantly lower (P<0.001) than cows producing first-grade milk. Total protein and triglyceride was also significantly low along with glucose, non-esterified fatty acid and blood urea nitrogen in cows producing second-grade milk. Statistical analysis including sensitivity, specificity and positive/negative prediction values showed that lactating cows with high AST, low albumin, total protein and triglyceride levels in the serum tended to produce second-grade milk. It was concluded that serological parameters, especially live functional and metabolic-related serum compositions (AST, albumin, total protein and triglyceride), were significantly influenced in cows producing second-grade milk.

• 한국유가공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국유가공기술과학회 2002년도 정기총회 및 제55회 추계심포지움 - 전환기 유가공 산업의 생존전략
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• pp.23-40
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• 2002

This study was conducted to investigate the quality changes of the UHT(ultra-high temperature), LTLT(law temperature long time) and HTST(high temperature short time) treated milk samples by storage conditions for 6 months from August 2000 to February 2001. The UHT treated milk samples collected from 3 plants(A, B and C) were stored at l0$^{\circ}$C and room temperature(dark and light exposure) for 6 months, and the LTLT and HTST treated milk samples(D and E) were also stored for 30 days. The UHT pasteurized milk of A, B and C plant was treated at 130$^{\circ}$C for 2-3s, 133$^{\circ}$C for 2-3s and 135$^{\circ}$C for 4s, respectively. The UHT sterilized milk of A and B plant was treated at 140$^{\circ}$C for 2-3s and 145$^{\circ}$C for 3-4s, respectively. The LTLT milk of D plant was treated at 63$^{\circ}$C for 30 mins, and the HTST milk of E plant was treated at 72$^{\circ}$C for 15s. All of the raw milk samples collected from storage tank in 5 milk plants were showed less than 4.0 X 10$^5$cfu/ml in standard plate count, and normal level in acidity, specific gravity, and component of milk. Preservatives, antibiotics, sulfonamides and available chloride were not detected in both raw and heat treated milk samples obtained from 5 plants. One(10%) of 10 UHT pasteurized milk samples obtained from B plant and 2 (20%) of 10 from C were not detected in bacterial count after storage at 37$^{\circ}$C for 14 days, but all of the 10 milk samples from A were detected. No coliforms were detected in all samples tested. No bacteria were also detected in carton, polyethylene and tetra packs collected from the milk plants. A total of 300 UHT pasteurized milk samples collected from 3 plants were stored at room(3$^{\circ}$C ${\sim}$ 30$^{\circ}$C) for 3 and 6 months, 11.3%(34/300) were kept normal in sensory test, and 10.7%(32/300)were negative in bacterial count. The UHT pasteurized milk from A deteriorated faster than the UHT pasteurized milk from B and C. The bacterial counts in the UHT pasteurized milk samples stored at 10$^{\circ}$C were kept less than standard limit(2 ${\times}$ 10$^4$ cfu/ml) of bacteria for 5 days, and bacterial counts in some milk samples were a slightly increased more than the standard limit as time elapsed for 6 months. When the milk samples were stored at room(3$^{\circ}$C ${\sim}$ 30$^{\circ}$C), the bacterial counts in most of the milk samples from A plant were more than the standard limit after 3 days of storage, but in the 20%${\sim}$30%(4${\sim}$6/20) of the milk samples from B and C were less than the standard limit after 6 months of storage. The bacterial counts in the LTLT and HTST pasteurized milk samples were about 4.0 ${\times}$ 10$^3$ and 1.5 ${\times}$ 101CFU/ml at the production day, respectively. The bacterial counts in the samples were rapidly increased to more than 10$^7$ CFU/ml at room temperature(12$^{\circ}$C ${\sim}$ 30$^{\circ}$C) for 3 days, but were kept less than 2 ${\times}$ 10$^3$ CFU/ml at refrigerator(l0$^{\circ}$C) for 7 days of storage. The sensory quality and acidity of pasteurized milk were gradually changed in proportion to bacterial counts during storage at room temperature and 10$^{\circ}$C for 30 days or 6 months. The standard limit of bacteria in whole market milk was more sensitive than those of sensory and chemical test as standards to determine the unaccepted milk. No significant correlation was found in keeping quality of the milk samples between dark and light exposure at room for 30 days or 6 months. The compositions of fat, solids not fat, protein and lactose in milk samples were not significantly changed according to the storage conditions and time for 30 days or 6 months. The UHT sterilized milk samples(A plant ; 20 samples, B plant ; 110 samples) collected from 2 plants were not changed sensory, chemical and microbiological quality by storage conditions for 6 months, but only one sample from B was detected the bacteria after 60 days of storage. The shelflife of UHT pasteurized milk in this study was a little longer than that reported by previous surveys. Although the shelflife of UHT pasteurized milk made a significant difference among three milk plants, the results indicated that some UHT pasteurized milk in polyethylene coated carton pack could be stored at room temperature for 6 months. The LTLT and HTST pasteurized milk should be sanitarily handled, kept and transported under refrigerated condition(below 7$^{\circ}$C) in order to supply wholesome milk to consumers.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.33-40
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• 2008

Accuracy of dietary assessment depends on correct estimation of quantity as well as correct data on composition of the products. Milk and soymilk were considered quite homogeneous in items of package size and composition. One serving size of fluid milk and soymilk is considered 200 mL but there are products with different amounts on the market. This study was conducted to investigate variations of amounts and composition of fluid milk and soymilk products of one portion siz on Korean market. Twenty-nine milk products were purchased and categorized into 8 groups-regular, low-fat, skim, chocolate, strawberry-flavored, banana-flavored, and black soybean-added. Sixteen fluid soymilk products were purchased and categorized into 4 groups-regular, infant, black sesame or black soybean added and others. Actual volume of each product was measured by mass cylinder and compositions of major nutrients on the package were compared to the values in the most widely used nutrient DB in Korea. Amounts of milk specified on the package of purchased products were 182.3-318.5 ml, the largest being banana-flavored milk. Amounts of soy milk were 184.3-240.5 mL, the largest being regular soymilk. Measured amount of each products were close to the amount on the package (<5%). Contents of macronutrients on the package were different from the food composition table in several products. The amounts of calcium varied greatly among the products due to the popularity of adding calcium to milk and soymilk products recently. These variations in the amount and contents of major nutrients in milk and soymilk products can lead to considerable error to the results of dietary assessment unless the amount and the composition of each product are regularly updated in the food composition table whenever the new products are introduced in the market.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제46권3호
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• pp.335-346
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• 2004

본 연구는 MUN 함량과 관련하는 사양관리적 요인 및 착유우 자체의 생리적요인을 알아보고 또한 이것이 유생산 능력과 어떠한 관계가 있는지 알아보기 위하여 수행하였다. 본 연구에 이용된 자료는 1999년부터 2002년까지 농협중앙회에서 수행한 129,645두로부터 조사된 890,434 기록의 산유능력검정 자료를 이용하였으며 매 검정일 유량, 3.5% 지방보정유량, MUN함량 및 검정일 체세포 지수에 대한 최적통계모형을 적합하여 이들간의 관계를 규명하였다. 분석 결과 여름철에 MUN 함량이 가장 높았다. 이러한 MUN 함량은 유량과 고도의 비선형적인 정의 관계가 있는 것으로 추정되었다. MUN 함량 21${\sim}$24mg/dl에서 산유량이 가장 많았고 MUN 함량이 24mg/dl 이상일 경우에는 유량이 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 또한 MUN 함량은 산치와 상호 관련성이 있는 것으로 조사 되었는데, 산차가 증가할수록 MUN 함량은 증가하였으며 3${\sim}$4산에서 MUN 함량이 많은 것으로 추정되었다. 또한 MUN 함량은 체세포 수와도 밀접한 관계가 있는 것으로 분석되었는데 MUN 함량이 21${\sim}$24mg/dl에서 체세포 지수가 가장 적은 것으로 추정되었으며 MUN 함량과 SCS간에는 부의 상관관계가 있는 것으로 분석되었다. 유지방율 및 유단백율은 각 유기별, 분만년도별, 계절별, 착유일 및 우유내 요질소 함량에 따라 크게 영향을 받는 것으로 조사되었다. 여름철에 MUN이 증가하는 반면 유지방율 및 유단백율이 가장 낮은 것으로 조사되었다. 특히 유단백율은 비유일이 경과됨에 따라 점차 감소하였는데 각 산차별 MUN과 유단백율과의 관계는 모든 산차에서 MUN이 증가함에 따라 유단백율이 감소하였다. 특히 이러한 감소의 크기는 3산차에서 가장 큰 것으로 나타났다. 이는 사료내 에너지와 단백질의 균형적인 공급이 우유내 MUN과 유단백율의 비율에 지대한 영향을 미쳤기 때문인 것으로 사료되었다.