• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제14권12호
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• pp.1712-1718
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• 2001

An experiment was carried out to study the effect of monensin administration on mammary functions in crossbred Holstein cattle. Fourteen non-pregnant late lactating crossbred Holstein cattle, approximately 270 days postpartum, were selected for the experiment. They were divided into two groups of 7 animals each. Seven animals in the treated group were given sodium monensin orally in a slow-release capsule. Animals in both control and treated groups were fed the similar diet to maintain milk production and body score at 2.5. Rice straw was fed as a source of dietary fiber throughout the experimental period. After monensin administration, a significant increase in the molar percent of ruminal propionate (p<0.05) and a significant decrease in the molar percent of ruminal acetate (p<0.05) were apparent in comparison to the pretreated period. The ratio of acetate to propionate concentration decreased significantly after monensin administration (p<0.05), while it was maintained at the similar level throughout the period of experiment in the control group. Monensin did not affect the molar percent of ruminal butyrate and valerate. The concentration of milk allantoin between the control group and monensin treated group was not different. An excretion rate of allantoin in milk decreased in animals treated with monensin (p<0.05). Mammary blood flow did not show significant difference between control and monensin treated groups. The plasma glucose concentration, arteriovenous concentration difference and mammary gland uptake of glucose remained constant in both groups. Milk yield of the later stage of lactation in the control group declined during lactation advance while a tendency to increase in the milk yield was apparent after 21 days monensin administration. Milk compositions for concentration of lactose, fat and protein in both control group and monensin treated group did not change throughout the experimental periods. From these results, it can be concluded that the action of monensin could affect the ruminal fermentation pattern. Monensin could not increase milk yield in the late lactating period.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제18권9호
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• pp.1348-1352
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• 2005

Most breeds of sheep in Iran are adapted to their agro ecological niches where it is likely that they were also artificially selected by their owners. In general, most of sheep breeds are multipurpose producing lambs, wool and milk. To compare the physical and chemical composition of the carcasses of ten Iranian native fat-tailed sheep breeds, 243 male lambs (6-7 months of age) of ten fattailed, Iranian breeds of sheep, Sanjabi (S), Ghezel (G), Afshari (A), Mehrabani (M), Lori (L), Lori Bakhtiari (LB), Kordi Khorasan (K), Sangesari (Sa), Baluchi (B) and Chal (C) were studied. Lamb breed group had a significant (p<0.05) effect on all the carcass traits measured. The LB and C lambs showed the same live weight which was significantly (p<0.05) higher than the other breeds. Carcass dressing- out percentage in S lambs was lowest (p<0.05), but not different from G lambs. K and Sa breeds showed the highest (p<0.05) carcass dressing-out percentage. The S lambs had the highest (p<0.05) lean meat percent. Lean meat percentage was not significantly (p>0.05) different in the G, A, M and C breeds. The Sa and K breeds showed the lowest lean meat percent. The S lambs showed the lowest (p<0.05) fat percent in their carcass, while K and Sa showed the highest (p<0.05). Subcutaneous fat in K, Sa and B was higher (p<0.05) than the other breeds. Lambs of S, G, A and M breeds had the lowest subcutaneous fat in their carcasses (p>0.05). Intramascular fat was significantly (p<0.05) lower in M, S and C despite the fact that this values were highest in B and K lambs. The K and Sa breeds had highest fat-tail percentage (p<0.05) in their carcass, whereas S and G showed lowest. Lambs of G, S and A breeds had higher bone percent than other breeds (p<0.05). Lowest bone percent (p<0.05) was seen in K and Sa lambs. The carcass moisture percent was not significantly (p>0.05) different in S, G, A, M, L and C breeds. M lambs showed the lowest crude protein percentage and S breed the highest (p<0.05). There were no significant (p>0.05) differences among other lamb breeds for this trait. Chemical fat percentage was the same in S, G, A, C and M breeds, but significantly (p<0.05) lower from LB, K, Sa and B. Ash percent in S, G and A had no significant (p>0.05) difference. According to higher lean meat and lower fat percentages in the carcass, the ranking of breeds would be S, G, A, M and C.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제2권3호
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• pp.109-119
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• 1987

본 연구는 유질향상을 위한 기초자료를 제공하고자 1986년 5월부터 1987년 4월 까지 경기도 일부지역의 234개 목장을 대상으로 목장별 집합원유에 대해 유지방검사, 세균수시험 (MBRT), 체세포수시험을 실시하여 유질을 평가하였고, 목장의 낙농위생관리실태를 조사하여 유질과의 관련성을 분석한 결과 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1. 유지방율검사, 평균 유지방율은 3.56%였고, 월별로는 1월 3.67%, 4월 3.64%, 7월 3.43%, 10월 3.48%였으며, 월별 유지방율의 차이는 총계학적으로 유의성이 인정되었다(p<0.005). 2. 세균수시험 (MBRT) 결과, 집합원유의 세균수가 200만/ ml 이하인 I급 목장이 평균 132개(56.4%)였고, 월별로는 1월 153개(65.4%), 4월 150개(64.1%), 7월 76개(32.5%), 10월 141개(60.2%)였으며, 월별 MBRT등급의 차이는 총계학적으로 유의성이 인정되었다(p<0.005). 또한 납유량이 많은 목장구가 적은 목장구보다, 냉각기를 보유하고 있는 목장구가 보유하지 않은 목장구보다, 탱크집유목장구가 통집유목장구보다, 집합원유 MBRT I 등급의 비율이 더 높았으며, 납유량이 다소 (p<0.05), 냉각기 보유여부(p<0.01), 집유수단(p<0.05) 등과 MBRT 등급간에는 유의한 관련성이 인정되었다. 3. 체세포수시험 결과, 집합원유 체세포수가 50만 cells/ ml 이하인 I급 평균 223개(95.3%)였고, 월별로는 1월이 227개(97.0%), 4월 222개(94.9%), 7월 218개(93.2%), 10월 223개(95.3%)였으며, 월별 체세포수 등급의 차이는 유의성이 인정 되지 않았다. 한편, 착유후 유두침지소독 및 건유기유방염 치료를 병행실시한 목장구가 이의 단일실시 목장구보다, 유방세척용수건을 개체별로 사용한 목장구가 여러개체에 공동으로 사용한 목장구보다 체세포수가 더 낮았으며, 착유후 유두침지소독 및 건유기유방염 치료여부(p<0.01), 유방세척용 수건사용방법(p<0.01) 등과 체세포수간에는 유의한 관련성이 인정되었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.516-519
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• 2009

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of replacing whole crop corn silage (WCCS) with whole crop rice silage (WCRS) in the total mixed ration (TMR) on nutrient intake, milk yield and its composition in Holstein cows. The Chucheong rice variety (Oryza sativa L. Japonica) and corn (Pioneer 32 P75) were harvested at yellow-ripe stage and were ensiled in round bales and in trench silos, respectively. Two TMR containing either WCCS or WCRS were prepared. These diets were randomly assigned to 16 midlactating Holstein cows (8 cows per treatment) and were fed for 120 days. The first 20 days were used for dietary adaptation and for the next 100 days daily feed intake, milk yield and its composition were recorded. The pH, lactic acid, NDF, ADF, CP, Ca and P contents were similar in WCRS and WCCS. The DM, ash and EE contents of WCRS were greater compared with WCCS. Nutrient (DM, NDF, TDN and CP) intakes were similar in cows fed WCCS- and WCRS-based TMR. Daily and 4% fat corrected milk yield were not affected by the treatments. Milk composition (percent milk fat, protein, lactose and total solids) was similar in cows fed either WCCS- or WCRSbased TMR. The concentration of milk urea N was greater in cows fed WCRS-based TMR than those fed WCCS-based TMR. In conclusion, round-baled WCRS can replace WCCS in the diet of mid- to late-lactating Holsteins without any deleterious effects on feed consumption, milk yield and its composition. The present findings raise the possibility that WCRS can be used as an alternative roughage source in the diets of dairy cows in countries with surplus rice production.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제47권6호
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• pp.919-924
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• 2005

본 연구는 축산연구소에서 사육하고 있는 홀스타인 젖소 122두를 공시하여 2005.7.1부터 2005.8.8까지 연속유량, 유량변이, 유성분, 체세포수, 착유시간, 비유지속시간, 최고비유속도 및 비유속도에 영향을 미치는 산차, 착유시간, 착유간격, 유기가 미치는 효과에 대하여 조사 분석하였다. 공시축의 평균산차는 1.6산, 평균유기는 199.4일, 1회 착유시 평균유량은 12.25kg이었다. 연속유량, 유성분(지방율, 단백질율, 유당율, 무지고형분율), 체세포수, 비유지속시간, 최고비유속도, 평균비유속도는 산차 영향을 받았으며 연속유량, 유량변이, 지방율, 무지고형분율, 체세포수, 비유지속시간, 최고비유속도, 평균비유속도는 착유시간의 영향을 받았다. 비유일수는 연속유량, 지방율, 단백질율, 무지고형분율, 비유속도와 평균비유속도에 영향을 미쳤고, 착유간격은 연속유량, 유량변이, 평균비유속도에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 MUN은 산차, 착유시간, 유기, 착유간격에 의한 영향은 없었다. 연속유량은 산차가 증가 할수록 감소하는 경향이었으며 오전 착유가 오후 착유보다 많이 생산되었고 유량변이에서는 산차간 차이가 없었으나 착유시간에서는 차이가 있었다. 유성분 중에서 지방율에서는 오후 착유가 오전 착유에 비하여 높은 결과를 보였다. 유성분인 유지방율, 유단백율, 유당율 및 무지고형분율과 체세포수, 비유지속시간과 분당 최고비유속도에 대하여 산차와 착유시간에 따라 달랐으나 MUN은 변화가 없었다. 본 연구 결과로 미루어 볼 때 유량변이, 비유속도, 비유시간 등도 중요한 형질로 취급되어야 하며 이들의 유전적 특성 구명을 위하여 더 많은 연구가 수행되어야 할 것으로 생각한다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.86-93
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• 2004

Sixteen early lactating Nili-Ravi buffaloes, four animals in each group, were used in a Completely Randomized Design to evaluate the effect of varying levels of both ruminally protected fat and urea treated corncobs ensiled with or without corn steep liquor (CSL) on feed intake, digestibility and milk production and its composition. Four experimental diets were formulated. The control (C) diet was balanced to contain 0% fat and 35% urea treated corncobs ensiled with 0% CSL. The low fat (LF), medium fat (MF) and high fat (HF) diets had 45, 55 and 65% urea treated corncobs ensiled with 9% CSL and 2, 4 and 6% ruminally protected fat, respectively. Dry matter, crude protein (CP) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) intakes by buffaloes remained similar across all treatments. However, DM and NDF as a percent of body weight and digestible DM intakes were higher in HF diet when compared to C, LF and MF diets. Digestible NDF intakes were also significantly higher in HF diet as compared to all other diets. The intakes of ADF and digestible ADF were higher in MF and HF than C and LF diets. The significant variation in digestible DM, ADF and NDF intakes may be attributed to the ammoniation of corncobs along with CSL that caused significant changes in the degradability and digestibility of the diets. Ether extract and digestible EE intakes differed significantly (p<0.05) among all treatments. Intakes of EE were the highest in animals fed HF diet, which was because of added fat. Apparent DM digestibility was the highest in animals C diet and was the lowest in those fed LF diet. Neutral detergent fiber and ADF digestibilities were higher in animals fed diets containing urea treated corncobs ensiled with 9% CSL when compared to those fed diets containing urea treated corncobs ensiled without CSL. Apparent digestibility of CP was noted highest (71.47%) in animals fed HF diet when compared to those fed MF (67.75%), LF (67.04%) and C (65.39%) diets. Milk yield (4% FCM) was the higher in buffaloes fed HF, MF and LF diets than those fed C diet. These results indicated that increasing levels both of fat and urea treated corncobs ensiled with CSL elevated the negative effects of poor quality fibrous feed on milk production by buffaloes.

• 농업생명과학연구
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• 제50권1호
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• pp.167-178
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• 2016

본 연구는 국내 Holstein 젖소의 유생산 및 선형심사 형질의 유전적 특성을 파악하기 위해 실시하였다. 자료는 2009년 1월부터 2013년 4월까지 분만한 1산차인 Holstein 젖소 10,218두의 능력검정 자료와 유방 및 지제의 선형심사 자료를 이용하였고, 능력검정 자료 및 선형심사 자료는 각각 농협중앙회 젖소개량사업소 및 사)한국종축개량협회에서 수집한 자료이며, 사)한국종축개량협회의 33,436두에 대한 혈통정보를 분석에 활용하였다. 각 형질의 유전모수 추정은 Animal Model에 근거하여 개발 된 WOMBAT package를 이용하였으며, 추정된 유전분산 및 잔차분산을 이용하여 유전력을 계산하였다. 유량(MY), 유지방량(FY), 유단백량(PY), 유지방율(FP), 유단백율(PP) 및 체세포지수(SCS)의 유전력은 각각 0.128, 0.144, 0.100, 0.273, 0.333 및 0.090이었으며, 유방깊이(UD), 유방질(UT), 정중제인대(MS), 앞유방 붙음성(FUA), 앞유두 위치(FTP), 뒷유방 높이(RAH), 뒷유방 너비(RAW), 뒷유두 위치(RTP), 유두길이(FTL), 발굽기울기(FA), 뒤꿈치 깊이(HD), 뼈질(BQ), 옆에서 본 뒷다리(RLSV), 뒤에서 본 뒷다리(RLRV) 및 보행성(LC)에 대해 각각 0.179, 0.066, 0.104, 0.109, 0.127, 0.099, 0.059, 0.069, 0.154, 0.014, 0.010, 0.052, 0.065, 0.175 및 0.031로 추정되었다. MY와 UD, UT, FTP, RAW, FTL, FA 및 RLSV의 유전상관은 각각 0.334, 0.271, 0.445, 0.544, 0.076, -0.281 및 -0.228 이었고, PP와 MS, FTP, RTP, FTL, FA, BQ, RLSV, RLRV 및 LC의 유전상관은 각각 -0.147, -0.182, -0.262, -0.136, 0.355, 0.311, 0.135, 0.233 및 0.143으로 나타났다. 특히, MY는 RAW와 가장 높은 정의상관(0.544)을 나타낸 반면, SCS는 LC와 가장 높은 부의상관(-0.603)을 나타냈다. FP는 대부분의 유방 선형심사형질과 부의상관 관계를 나타낸 반면, FP는 지제 선형심사형질과 정의상관(0.056~0.355) 관계를 나타냈다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제17권10호
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• pp.1383-1389
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• 2004

The nutritive value and utilization of whole crop rice silage (WCRS), Hamasari, at yellow mature stage was determined by three studies. In first study, chemical composition, in vivo digestibility and metabolizable energy (ME) content of WCRS was determined by Holstein steers. WCRS contains 6.23% CP, its digestibility is 48.4% and estimated TDN is 56.4%. Its ME content was 1.91 Mcal/kg DM. Gross energy (GE) retention (% of GE intake) in steers is only 22.7% most of which was lost through feces (44.7% of GE intake). It takes 81 minutes to chew a kg of WCRS by steers. In another study, the effect of Hamasari at yellow mature stage at three stages of lactation (early, mid and late lactation) and two levels of concentrate (40 or 60%) on voluntary intake, ME content and ME intake, milk yield and composition using lactating Holstein dairy cows were investigated. Total intake increased with the concentrate level in early and mid lactation, but was similar irrespective of concentrate level in late lactation. WCRS intake was higher with 40% concentrate level than with 60% concentrate. ME intake by cows increased with the concentrate level and WCRS in early lactating cows with 40% concentrate can support only 90% of the ME requirement. Milk production in accordance with ME intake increased with the increase in concentrate level in early and mid lactating cows but was similar in late lactating cows irrespective of concentrate level. Fat and protein percent of milk in mid and late lactating cows were higher with for 60% concentrate than 40%, but reverse was in early lactating cows. Solids-not-fat was higher with for 60% concentrate than 40% concentrate. Finally in situ degradability of botanical fractions such as leaf, stem, head and whole WCRS, Hamasari at yellow mature stage was incubated from 0 to 96 h in Holstein steers to determine DM and N degradability characteristics of botanical fractions and whole WCRS. Both DM and N solubility, rate of degradation and effective degradability of leaf of silage was lower, but slowly degradable fraction was higher compared to stem and head. Solubility of DM and N of stem was higher than other fractions. The 48 h degradability, effective degradability and rate of degradation of leaf were always lower than stem or head. In conclusion, voluntary intake of silage ranged from 5 to 12 kg/d and was higher with low levels of concentrate, but milk yield was higher with high levels of concentrate. Fat corrected milk yield ranged from 19 to 37 kg per day. For consistency of milk, early lactating cows should not be allowed more than 40% whole crop rice silage in the diet, but late lactating cows may be allowed 60% whole crop rice silage.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제30권11호
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• pp.1643-1650
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• 2017

Objective: The control of psychrotrophic bacteria causing milk spoilage and illness due to toxic compounds is an important issue in the dairy industry. In South Korea, Gangwon-do province is one of the coldest terrains in which eighty percent of the area is mountainous regions, and mainly plays an important role in the agriculture and dairy industries. The purposes of this study were to analyze the indigenous microbiota of raw milk in Gangwon-do and accurately investigate a putative microbial group causing deterioration in milk quality. Methods: We collected raw milk from the bulk tank of 18 dairy farms in the Hoengseong and Pyeongchang regions of Gangwon-do. Milk components were analyzed and the number of viable bacteria was confirmed. The V3 and V4 regions of 16S rRNA gene were amplified and sequenced on an Illumina Miseq platform. Sequences were then assigned to operational taxonomic units, followed by the selection of representative sequences using the QIIME software package. Results: The milk samples from Pyeongchang were higher in fat, protein, lactose, total solid, and solid non-fat, and bacterial cell counts were observed only for the Hoengseong samples. The phylum Proteobacteria was detected most frequently in both the Hoengseong and Pyeongchang samples, followed by the phyla Firmicutes and Actinobacteria. Notably, Corynebacterium, Pediococcus, Macrococcus, and Acinetobacter were significantly different from two regions. Conclusion: Although the predominant phylum in raw milk is same, the abundances of major genera in milk samples were different between Hoengseong and Pyeongchang. We assumed that these differences are caused by regional dissimilar farming environments such as soil, forage, and dairy farming equipment so that the quality of milk raw milk from Pyeongchang is higher than that of Hoengseong. These results could provide the crucial information for identifying the microbiota in raw milk of South Korea.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제40권1호
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• pp.49-57
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• 2007

To estimate whether serum leptin has any effects on body composition during the lactational and postnatal periods, we investigated the relationship of serum leptin levels and anthropometric parameters at right after delivery and 16 weeks after delivery in mothers and their infants. Subjects who signed the concent form, participated in this study were recruited from K university hospital. Characteristics of the subjects (age; $31.0{\pm}4.2$ yr, gestation period; $39.5{\pm}1.0$ wk) were investigated and anthropometric parameters (weight, height, body mass index and percent body fat for mothers, and weight, height, head circumference, chest circumference, and Kaup index for infants) were measured. Serum leptin levels of mothers and their infants also measured. Mean maternal serum leptin levels were $9.9{\pm}8.2ng/ml$ and $9.1{\pm}7.2ng/ml$ at right after delivery and 16 weeks after delivery, respectively showing no significant differences. Mean infant's serum leptin levels at birth $(1.8{\pm}0.4ng/ml)$ were significantly lower than that of at 16 weeks after birth $(4.2{\pm}0.8ng/ml)$ (p < 0.001). Leptin levels of male infants were not different from those of female infants. There were no correlations between the maternal serum leptin levels with their body weight, percent body fat after delivery. However, significant correlations were found between maternal serum leptin levels with their body weight, BMI, percent body fat at 16 weeks after delivery (r = 0.80, p < 0.01, r = 0.90, p < 0.001; r = 0.83, p < 0.01, respectively). There were no correlations between the infant's serum leptin levels and their weight, height, head circumference, and chest circumference. No significant relations were also found between maternal serum leptin levels with those of their infants. As a conclusion, maternal serum levels of leptin should be used with a caution to estimate their infant's leptin levels as well as their anthropometric parameters. Further researches are needed to examine the relationship among the leptin levels of mother's serum, breast milk, placenta, and infant's serum.