• The Journal of Korean Academy of Orthopedic Manual Physical Therapy
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.16-24
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• 2008

Anatomy: Advanced knowledges of cellular and molecular biology led to the development of therapies of rheumatoid arthritis(RA). Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, recurrent, systemic inflammatory disease and results in major deformity or dysfunction of joints. Etiology: Rheumatoid arthritis is now concevied as autoimmune disease. There have been many trials to define the immunological changes in rheumatoid arthritis. But now pathogenesis and significance of immunoglobulin complement and rheumatoid factor are not full accepted. Syndrome: Joints are characteristically involved with early inflammatory changes in the synovial membrane, peripheral portions of the articular cartilage, and lation tissue(pannus) forms, covers, and erodes the articular cartilage, bone and ligaments within the jiont capsule. Inflammatory changes also occur in tendon sheaths(tenosynovitis), and if subjected to a lot of friction, the tendons may fray or rupture. Extra-articular pathological changes sometimes occur, these include rheumatoid nodules, atrophy and fibrosis of muscles, and mild cardiac changes. Treatment: Tumor necrosis factor(TNF) inhibitor for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis(RA) induces not only significant improvement of symptoms and signs of RA but also substantial inhibition of progressive joint damage.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.59 no.2
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• pp.113-117
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• 2019

A 6-year-old intact male Maltese dog presented with a history of blindness and ataxia. Neuro-ophthalmic examination revealed dilated pupils with absent pupillary light reflexes and menace response in both eyes. Mild peripapillary edema was noted in the fundus of the right eye. After magnetic resonance imaging, the dog was provisionally diagnosed with meningoencephalitis of unknown etiology. Follow-up funduscopy was performed to monitor the condition of the optic discs for three years. Despite of the treatment with prednisolone, the optic nerve progressed to atrophy and the dog couldn't restore vision.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.67-76
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• 2021

Objectives : The aim of this study was to compare activities of daily living (ADLs) according to degenerative changes in brain [i.e., medial temporal lobe atrophy (MTA), white matter hyperintensities] and to examine the association between neurocognitive functions and ADLs in Korean patients with dementia due to Alzheimer's disease (AD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Methods : Participants were 111 elderly subjects diagnosed with AD or MCI in this cross-sectional study. MTA in brain MRI was rated with standardized visual rating scales (Scheltens scale) and the subjects were divided into two groups according to Scheltens scale. ADLs was evaluated with the Korean version of Blessed Dementia Scale-Activity of daily living (BDS-ADL). Neurocognitive function was evaluated with the Korean version of the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease assessment packet (CERAD-K). Independent t-test was performed to compare ADLs with the degree of MTA. Pearson correlation and hierarchical multiple regression analyses were performed to analyze the relationship between ADLs and neurocognitive functions. Results : The group with high severity of the MTA showed significantly higher BDS-ADL scores (p<0.05). The BDS-ADL score showed the strongest correlation with the word list recognition test among sub-items of the CERAD-K test (r=-0.568). Findings from the hierarchical multiple regression analysis revealed that the scores of MMSE-K and word list recognition test were factors that predict ADLs (F=44.611, p<0.001). Conclusions : ADLs of AD and MCI patients had significant association with MTA. Our study, which identifies factors correlated with ADLs can provide useful information in clinical settings. Further evaluation is needed to confirm the association between certain brain structures and ADLs.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.79-84
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• 1998

Authors report a case of poststroke bipolar disorder that occurs much less frequently than poststroke depression(PSD). A MRI study performed to identify the etiology of a secondary manic episode in a patient with preceded PSD after left basal ganglia infarction revealed newly developed right basal ganglia infarction associated with poststroke bipolar disorder. It is interesting to note that (1) the temporal relationship was found between the occurrence of PSD after left hemisphere stroke and the occurrence of poststroke bipolar disorder following right hemisphere stroke, and that (2) the occurrence of PSD and the occurrence of poststroke bipolar disorder are associated with lesion location respectively. It has been reported that bipolar disorders were associated with subcortical lesions of the right hemisphere, whereas right-cortical lesions led to unipolar mania and that risk factors for mania included a family history of psychiatric disorders and mild subcortical atrophy. In this case, MR image shows subcortical lesions of the right hemisphere and mild subcortical atrophy. The investigation of the relationships among stroke lesion locations and potstroke mood disorders and risk factors for poststroke bipolar disorder may contribute to understanding the neurobiology of primary mood disorder. A clinical implication is that the risk of secondary bipolar disorder after cerebral infarction should be highlighted.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.626-629
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• 2008

Purpose: We investigate the possibility of vessel preservation with glycerol and evaluate the potential of preserved gastroepiploic artery as a tool for the microsurgical practice. Methods: In 5 early gastric cancer patients, IRB(No. C-0603-040-170), we gained gastroepiploic artery specimens(5 segments, about 10 cm) after gastrectomy. Each segment was rinsed in a normal saline and subsequently placed in a bottle, containing 50 mL anhydrous glycerol (87%). The bottles were refrigerated at $4^{\circ}C$, the longest preservation time being 5 months. Results: At first glance, no fragmentation was detected and the surface of vessel seemed mild sclerotic. In histological examination, vascular structures remained intact though preservation with glycerol led to a mild atrophy of the smooth muscle in the tunica media. Especially, we found out the elastic fibers and endothelial lining of the intima were preserved until 5 months. Adequate status for using microsurgical practice was also maintained and leakage test was performed successfully with gentian violet ink. Conclusion: Based on the results obtained in this study, the gastroepiploic artery preservation with glycerol as a training model for microvascular anastomosis is a technically very simple procedure and useful for the novice microsurgeon.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.171-175
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• 2009

Neuralgic amyotrophy is a syndrome with a broad range of clinical manifestations. It is characterized by acute, severe pain in the shoulder or arm lasting several days or weeks, followed by muscle weakness and atrophy as the pain diminishes. The diagnosis is based on typical clinical features, electromyography (EMG) and a nerve conduction study. The early and correct diagnosis is important to preclude unnecessary testing or surgical procedures. A 59-year-old female patient presented with pain and weakness involving her right palm and 1 3rd fingers. Three weeks before presentation, she noted the sudden onset of severe right shoulder and forearm pain. After the pain was reduced, she noted persistent right palm and 1-3rd finger pain and weakness. On cervical MRI, there was a mild central disc protrusion at C4 5 and C5 6. Electrodiagnostic testing was performed and she was diagnosed with neuralgic amyotrophy. One week after hospital treatment, her pain was relieved from VAS 10 to 3 and she was discharged with mild weakness of the thumb and index finger during pinch grips.

• The Journal of Korea Assosiation for Disability and Oral Health
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.26-31
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• 2008

Cerebrovascular Accident(stroke) is that a sudden, nonconvulsive loss of neurologic function due to an ischemic or hemorrhagic intracranial vascular event. If stroke happens at the portion of trigeminal motor nucleus or its control part of cerebral cortex, masticatory muscles will be atrophy or paralyzed. So it is possible that dental occlusion changes after stroke. A 74-aged woman recurred mild stroke 2 month ago, who had experienced severe stroke 2 years ago. After recurrence, suddenly her upper full denture was dropped when lower denture contacted upper one. According to the her occlusion exam, her lower jaw moved back slightly compared with the occlusion of old denture. And her face had asymmetry and lower jaw dislocated to paralyzed side. A 50-aged man was treated because many cervical caries, which would occur because of an aftereffect of stroke, long-herm hospitalization and limits of self oral-care. 6 years ago he had cerebral hemorrhage and he claimed that he cannot bite exactly. Just two pairs of teeth was contact on biting, his lower jaw was located back, too. This two case suggests that dental occlusion can change after stroke.

• Archives of Craniofacial Surgery
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.218-221
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• 2016

Temporal hollowing is a common complication that occurs after coronal approach surgeries. However, temporal hollowing without previous nerve damage or trauma history is rare. Herein, we present a patient with cryptogenic temporal hollowing. A 22-year-old man without any history of craniofacial interventions or trauma presented with temporal hallowing. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed fatty degeneration of the left temporalis muscle. Electromyography and nerve conduction study showed no signs of neurologic abnormalities. The patient received autologous fat injection of 30 mL harvested from the left thigh using the modified Coleman technique. Temporal hollowing is commonly caused by atrophy of the superficial temporal fat pad. Its incidence is reported to be as high as 6% after coronal approach operation. Augmentation using porous hydroxyapatite or titanium mesh is a treatment option. Autologous fat graft can also be an option for mild to moderate temporal hollowing. In this case, a patient with no history of trauma, surgery, or myogenic disease developed temporal hollowing. Further study of the little-known cryptogenic form of temporal hollowing is warranted.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.349-359
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• 1994

To elucidate pathogenicity to hamster of encephalomyocarditis virus $K_3$ strain that was isolated in Korea from the swine with reproductive failures, adult male syrian hamsters were experimentally infected intraperitoneally with the virus at $10^{7.0}\;TCID_{50}/0.1ml$ and pathological and immunohistochemical studies were performed. The results obtained through the experiment were as follows. 1. Clinical signs such as depression, unkempt hair and bilateral parlysis of hind limbs were observed. 2. At necropsy, mild congestion was observed in the cerebrum, liver, kidney and lung, and atrophy was evident in testis. 3. In microscopic observation, degeneration and necrosis of the nervous cells and perivascular mononuclear cell infiltration were manifested in central nerve system, and various degrees of degeneration and necrosis of parenchymal cells were detected in pancreas, lacrimal gland, liver, kidney and testis. 4. In immunohistochemical observation, strong positive reactions were observed in degenerated parenchymal cell of testis, and weak positive reactions, in hepatocytes.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Pathology
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.49-56
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• 2001

Ocular lesions induced in 40 specific-pathogen-free Marek's disease (MD) resistant chicks by inoculation at 1 day of age with very virulent strain of Marek's disease virus (WV) were pathologically examined. Grossly,24/40 (60%) chicks had white gel-like materials in the vitreous body, whereas thickening and discoloration of iris (gray eye) were not observed. Microscopically, characteristic ocular MD lesions were observed in choroid (27/40), ciliary (30/40) and iris (23/40) in which small focal inflammatory to diffuse neoplastic Iymphoid cells were infiltrated. Five out of 40 MDV-inoculated birds revealed necrotizing Iymphomas in choroid. These lesions consisted of necrotic and degenerating Iymphoblasts accompanied by intranuclear inclusion body. There was retinal atrophy and necrosis with inclusion body detected in necrotic ganglion, inner or outer nuclear and infiltrated Iymphoblast cells. Conjunctiva showed lymphoid cell infiltration in 29/40 chicks inoculated with MDV, Vitreous body exhibited mild to severe exudation of eosinophilic proteinaceous material in 24/40 chicks. These lesions were associated with Iymphoid cell infutration, edema and fibrosis of choroid. Pecten (7/40) and optic nerve (13/40) were infiltrated usually mildly with Iymphoid cells. From these results, very virulent strain, Md/5 of MDV caused high incidence of ocular lesions in MD resistant chicks. In addition, Md/5 induced exudation of proteinaceous material into the vitreous body and fibrosis of choroid. Necrotizing ocular Iymphoma lesions in choroid is the first report in the MD literature.