• 대한치매학회지
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.100-109
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• 2018

Background and Purpose: Although the clock drawing test (CDT) is a widely used cognitive screening instrument, there have been inconsistent findings regarding its utility with various scoring systems in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or dementia. The present study aimed to identify whether patients with MCI or dementia exhibited impairment on the CDT using three different scoring systems, and to determine which scoring system is more useful for detecting MCI and mild dementia. Methods: Patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI), vascular mild cognitive impairment (VaMCI), mild Alzheimer's disease (AD), mild vascular dementia (VaD), and cognitively normal older adults (CN) were included. All participants were administered the CDT, the Korean-Mini Mental State Examination (K-MMSE), and the Clinical Dementia Rating scale. The CDT was scored using the 3-, 5-, and 15-point scoring systems. Results: On all three scoring systems, all patient groups demonstrated significantly lower scores than the CN. However, while there were no significant differences among patients with aMCI, VaMCI, and AD, those with VaD exhibited the lowest scores. Area under the Receiver Operating Characteristic curves revealed that the three CDT scoring systems were comparable with the K-MMSE in differentiating aMCI, VaMCI, and VaD from CN. In differentiating AD from CN, however, the CDT using the 15-point scoring system demonstrated the most comparable discriminability with K-MMSE. Conclusions: The results demonstrated that the CDT is a useful cognitive screening tool that is comparable with the Mini-Mental State Examination, and that simple CDT scoring systems are sufficient for differentiating patients with MCI and mild dementia from CN.

• 한국융합학회논문지
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• 제11권5호
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• pp.153-158
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• 2020

본 연구는 정상 노인과 초기 단계의 노년기 인지 장애(경도인지장애(MCI), 경도 치매)의 선별검사인 대면 이름대기와 범주 이름대기의 예측력을 파악하였다. 노년기 인지장애로 진단을 받은 340명(정상 노인 203명, MCI 106명, 경도 치매 31명)을 분석하였다. 대면 이름대기는 단축형 한국판 보스턴 이름대기 검사로 측정하였고, 범주 이름대기는 통제연상단어검사의 의미검사와 음소검사를 이용하여 측정하였다. 이름대기 검사의 예측 성능을 비교하고자 다항 로지스틱 회귀분석을 수행한 결과, 대면 이름대기와 범주 이름대기 검사 모두 일반노인에서 MCI와 경도 치매를 감별하는데 유의미한 효과가 확인되었다(p<0.05). 반면, MCI에서 경도 치매를 감별할 때, 범주 이름대기의 음소검사는 교차비가 유의미하지 않았다. 본 연구의 결과는 MCI에서 경도 치매를 감별할 때, 범주 이름대기의 총점만을 측정기준으로 분석하는 것은 유의하지 않을 가능성이 높음을 시사한다.

• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.493-502
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• 2021

Objective: Older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) are more likely to progress to dementia. Motor-cognitive training is applied as a dual-task to improve the cognitive and physical functions of older adults with MCI. The purpose of the study was to know the recent trends in motor training types and outcome measures used for motor-cognitive training in older adults with MCI. Design: Aliterature review Methods: This literature review was conducted in Pubmed, MEDLINE® and Google Scholar with the following key words: older adults, mild cognitive impairment, motor-cognitive training, cognition, and dual-task. The 7 studies were found with the search tool and all studies were randomized controlled trials. Results: In motor-cognitive training in older adults with MCI, 6 studies applied aerobic exercise. And 3 out of 6 studies also applied strengthening exercises. One study applied dual tasks without aerobic exercise. In the 6 studies, overall cognitive and executive function were used as outcome measures, and physical function was evaluated as gait performance. Memory and physical frailty were also used as measurement tools. As a result of all studies, when motor-cognitive training was applied, cognition and physical performance showed significant results. Conclusions: A recent five-year study applied mainly aerobic exercise and strength training to older adults with MCI and found it to improve cognitive and physical performance.

• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.304-310
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• 2022

Objective: Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is a condition in which cognitive and executive functions are reduced, and older adults with MCI are ten times more likely to develop dementia than healthy older adults. Expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) through aerobic exercise is associated with increased cognitive and executive functions. in this review, randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on the effects of aerobic exercise on BDNF in individuals with mild cognitive impairment are summarized and qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed to suggest the necessity of aerobic exercise. Design: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Methods: RCTs were searched for changes in BDNF through aerobic exercise using four international databases. Quality assessment and quantitative analysis were performed using RevMan 5.4. Quantitative analysis was quantified with a standardized mean difference (SMD) and presented as a random effect model. Results: Three RCTs evaluated BDNF in 123 patients with MCI. There was a significant improvement in the experimental group that performed aerobic exercise compared to the control group. The results analyzed using the random effects model were SMD = 0.48. Conclusions: In this review, we reported the effects and mechanisms of aerobic exercise in individuals with MCI. As a result of synthesizing RCTs that performed aerobic exercise, a significant increase in BDNF was confirmed.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.68-74
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• 2014

Recent research on mild cognitive impairment (MCI) has shown that cognitive and memory decline in this disease is accompanied by disruptive changes in the brain functional network. However, there have been no graph-theoretical studies using $^{11}C$-PIB PET data of the Alzheimer's Disease or mild cognitive impairment. In this study, we acquired $^{18}F$-FDG PET and $^{11}C$-PIB PET images of twenty-four normal aging control participants and thirty individuals with MCI from ADNI (Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative) database. Brain networks were constructed by thresholding binary correlation matrices using graph theoretical approaches. Both normal control and MCI group showed small-world property in $^{11}C$-PIB PET images as well as $^{18}F$-FDG PET images. $^{11}C$-PIB PET images showed significant difference between NC (normal control) and MCI over large range of sparsity values. This result will enable us to further analyze the brain using established graph-theoretical approaches for $^{11}C$-PIB PET images.

• 대한치매학회지
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.120-129
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• 2018

Background and Purpose: Prospective memory (PM) has a known relationship with frontal function, and PM decline has been observed in amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI). Cerebral small vessel disease, as evidenced by white matter hyperintensities (WMHs), is linked to frontal dysfunction. This study was undertaken to evaluate the relationship between PM decline and WMHs in patients with aMCI. Methods: Of 74 enrollees with aMCI, 69 completed this prospective study. We compared total scores and sub-scores of the Prospective and Retrospective Memory Questionnaire (PRMQ) administered at baseline and 3 months later, stratifying patients by degree of WMHs. Results: A significant decline was seen in PRMQ total scores and PM scores at the 3-month mark in patients with moderate (vs. mild) degrees of WMHs ($-2.8{\pm}7.2$ vs. $0.2{\pm}7.1$; p=0.032). In addition, patients with moderate (vs. mild) degrees of deep WMHs (DWMHs) showed greater PM decline, whereas PM loss in patients with mild, moderate, or severe degrees of periventricular WMHs (PVWMHs) did not differ significantly. Conclusions: Findings of this study indicate that the burden of WMHs is consistently implicated in PM deterioration experienced by patients with aMCI, and signifies greater PM decline, especially in instances of extensive DWMHs. Greater attention to the change of PM is therefore needed in aMCI patients with WMHs.

• 정신신체의학
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.105-111
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• 2012

연구목적 : 본 연구는 경도인지장애(Mild cognitive impairment, 이하 MCI)와 알쯔하이머형 치매(Dementia of Alzheimer's type, 이하 AD)의 신경정신증상 빈도와 점수를 조사하고 비교 분석한 뒤, 인지기능과 Korean Neuropsychiatric Inventory(K-NPI) 결과와의 상관관계를 알아보고자 하였다. 방 법 : MCI 또는 AD를 진단받은 163명의 환자들을 세 군으로 분류하였다. K-NPI를 이용하여 MCI 환자 55명, 경도의 AD 환자 56명, 중등도 이상의 AD 환자 52명을 대상으로 신경정신증상을 조사하였고, 세 군간의 K-NPI의 부척도별 빈도와 composite score를 비교하였다. 결 과 : MCI군에서 가장 흔한 증상은 우울/불쾌감, 수면/야간행동, 불안, 과민/불안정 순이었다. 경도 AD군에서의 증상은 초조/공격, 우울/불쾌감, 불안, 무감동/무관심, 수면/야간행동 순으로 빈번하게 나타났다. 중등도 이상 AD 군에서는 무감동/무관심, 우울/불쾌감, 초조/공격, 망상 순이었다. 이 중 망상, 환각, 초조/공격, 무감동/무관심, 이상행동증상, 식욕/식습관의 변화의 빈도는 세 군 간에 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 나타내었다. 총 NPI 점수는 MMSE-KC 점수와는 음의 상관관계를, GDS와는 양의 상관관계를 보였고, 모두 통계적으로 유의하였다. 결 론 : 신경정신증상은 MCI, AD에서 흔히 보이는데, 본 연구에서는 MCI와 경도의 AD에서 이들 증상들이 유사한 양상을 나타내었다. 정신증은 중등도 이상 AD에서 가장 흔하게 나타났고, 이로 인해 더욱 빠른 인지기능의 저하를 초래할 수 있다. 따라서 MCI와 AD의 각 진행 단계에 따른 적절한 치료가 필요하다.

• 재활치료과학
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.71-83
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• 2017

Objective: This study was to develop and verify the effects of the exercise-cognitive combined dual-task training program on cognitive function and depression of the elderly with mild cognitive impairment(MCI). Methods: The subjects were randomly assigned to the exercise-cognitive combined dual-task training group(n=32) or single-task training group(n=31). To identify the effects on cognitive function, general cognitive function, frontal lobe function, and attention/working memory were measured. Depression was evaluated using Korean version of Geriatric Depression Scale. The outcome measurements were performed before and after the 8 weeks of intervention(2 days per week). Results: After 8 weeks, general cognitive function, frontal cognitive function, attention/working memory function, depression of the dual-task training group were significantly increased than those of the single-task training group(p<0.05). Conclusion: The results indicated that an exercise-cognitive combined dual-task training for MCI was effective in improving general cognitive function, frontal /executive function, attention/working memory function and reducing depression.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제33권10호
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• pp.1376-1383
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• 2023

Recent studies have confirmed that gut microbiota differs according to race or country in many diseases, including mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's disease. However, no study has analyzed the characteristics of Korean MCI patients. This study was performed to observe the association between gut microbiota and MCI in the Korean elderly and to identify potential markers for Korean MCI patients. For this purpose, we collected fecal samples from Korean subjects who were divided into an MCI group (n = 40) and control group (n = 40) for 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. Although no significant difference was observed in the overall microbial community profile, the relative abundance of several genera, including Bacteroides, Prevotella, and Akkermansia, showed significant differences between the two groups. In addition, the relative abundance of Prevotella was negatively correlated with that of Bacteroides (r = 0.733). This study may provide Korean-specific basic data for comparing the characteristics of the gut microbiota between Korean and non-Korean MCI patients.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제50권2호
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• pp.191-199
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• 2020

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare sociodemographic characteristics of a normal cognitive group and mild cognitive impairment group, and establish prediction models of Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI). Methods: This study was a secondary data analysis research using data from "the 4th Korea Longitudinal Study of Ageing" of the Korea Employment Information Service. A total of 6,405 individuals, including 1,329 individuals with MCI and 5,076 individuals with normal cognitive abilities, were part of the study. Based on the panel survey items, the research used 28 variables. The methods of analysis included a χ²-test, logistic regression analysis, decision tree analysis, predicted error rate, and an ROC curve calculated using SPSS 23.0 and SAS 13.2. Results: In the MCI group, the mean age was 71.4 and 65.8% of the participants was women. There were statistically significant differences in gender, age, and education in both groups. Predictors of MCI determined by using a logistic regression analysis were gender, age, education, instrumental activity of daily living (IADL), perceived health status, participation group, cultural activities, and life satisfaction. Decision tree analysis of predictors of MCI identified education, age, life satisfaction, and IADL as predictors. Conclusion: The accuracy of logistic regression model for MCI is slightly higher than that of decision tree model. The implementation of the prediction model for MCI established in this study may be utilized to identify middle-aged and elderly people with risks of MCI. Therefore, this study may contribute to the prevention and reduction of dementia.