• International journal of advanced smart convergence
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.1-6
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• 2019

Adults in their middle age are being held back by their roles through economic activities, but their rapid retirement and job sharing are adding to their anxiety. Also, it is very important to establish welfare policies for the elderly in the future because it can predict the economic situation in the old age through the economic activities of middle-aged adults. My study analyzed the 6th data of Kreis of the National Pension Research Institute's. The number of people studied is 2,552 employed people aged 40 or over 64 across the country. According to the analysis, there were more men than women. There were many high school graduates and 50s. There were many people who had spouses and who lived in the province. Wage workers represented 53.1% of the total. The lower the age, the higher the level of education, the higher the number of wage earners. Only 29% of standard workers and 30.8% of regular workers were employed. There were many economically unstable middle-aged adults. Economic instability in the middle age requires social attention because it can lead to poverty in old age. Therefore, measures should be taken to ensure stable jobs for middle-aged adults, whose spending increases more than their income.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.1030-1039
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• 2016

This study aimed to compare energy nutrient intake, health related factors, physical characteristics, blood biochemical indices, prevalence of metabolic syndrome and odds ratio (OR) of metabolic syndrome based on dietary fat energy ratio. Subjects were 1,205 men aged 40~64 years. The average fat intake was 52.8 g. Subjects were divided into three groups (deficient, normal, excess) based on dietary fat energy ratio. The dietary fat energy rations of the three groups were 36.9%, 42.9% and 20.2%, respectively. Energy and protein intake were increased significantly with dietary fat energy ratio (p<0.001), whereas carbohydrate intake decreased (p<0.001). In health related factors, amount of smoking alone showed increase based on dietary fat energy ratio (p<0.001). In comparing physical characteristics, blood pressure and blood biochemical indices, excepting diastolic blood pressure, increased significantly based on dietary fat energy ratio (p<0.01~p<0.001). The rate that exceeded criteria in risk factors for metabolic syndrome was higher in the serum triglyceride (41.2%) and was lower in the waist circumference (22.2%). Prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 37.9%, and showed significant correlation to dietary fat energy ratio (p<0.05). The OR of metabolic syndrome was higher in deficient and excess group than in normal group, but it had no relationship between fat energy ratio and metabolic syndrome. The results of this study provide basic data to establish fat intake guidelines for prevention of metabolic syndrome in middle-aged men.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.92-103
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• 2023

As the body shape change which occurs after middle age is the main factor affecting the fit of ready-to-wear clothes, this study was designed to classify and analyze the torso shapes of middle-aged men. This study sorted 3D body scans of 200 men aged 40-64 from the 8th Size Korea (2021) database and extracted their 47 measurement values using the Grasshopper algorithm for automatic extraction landmarks and measurements, developed by the previous research (Ryu & Song, 2022). Eight principal components (torso length, shoulder size, overall body size, abdomen prominence, back protrusion, neck inclination, upper body slope, and hip prominence) were identified and four torso shapes were classified. Shape 1 (28.5%) exhibited the shortest torso length, the narrowest shoulders, and the most protruding back. Shape 2 (21.0%) exhibited the skinniest body and the largest backward inclination of the upper body. Hence, the back appeared to be protruding, and the abdomen looked prominent. Shape 3 (25.5%) had the largest overall body size. Thus, the abdomen looked the least protruding, and it exhibited the flattest back. Shape 4 (25.0%) had the longest torso, widest shoulders, straightest neck, and the least protruding hips. This study suggested these three discriminant functions to identify a new person's torso type.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.41-58
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to compare the job loss and job seeking experiences between middle-aged men and their younger cohort. Participants included 11 middle-aged unemployed men and nine younger unemployed men. The study adopted a phenomenological approach. In-depth individual interviews were carried out and the theme analysis was used to analyze the interview data. The results showed that the two cohorts experienced the macroeconomic crises, the foreign exchange crisis in 1997 and the global financial crisis in 2008, differently. Their experiences affected their attribution of the unemployment and job seeking process. They expressed ambivalence toward their family while dealing with social isolation from extrafamilial support. Most of the participants criticized government employment support policies and services.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.171-187
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• 2016

The study performed a comparison analysis of market brand patterns for slim-fit dress shirts and analyzed the body surface development figure of men in their 40s using 3D body scan data and developed slim-fit dress shirt patterns suitable for middle-aged men. The sizes of slim-fit dress shirt patterns showed a slight difference depending on brand. The overlap map of slim-fit dress shirt patterns for brands demonstrates how difference of one-dimensional sizes reflect on two-dimensional patterns. This map provides useful information for pattern design and allows and easy recognition of pattern size differences. A try-on system evaluation through 3D-Simulation allows a grasp of the fitness of neckline and size tolerance of under the arms in front, the silhouette of side lines, and overall fitness in front that also allows analysis of the front/back balance of a shirt in side, the size tolerance proportion in front/back, and the fitness of the arm-hole line. Thus, we obtained try-on results that were equivalent to wearing actual clothing. According to the drafting size suggested in the developed final pattern, the total width was 'C/2+5.5cm', and the front was set at 1cm bigger in the size difference of the front and back. The width of the front neck and the back neck was set identically at 'C/12', while the width of the front neck was set to 'C/12+1.5cm'. For the armhole depth, we added 'C/4+2cm', and '0.5cm and 1.5cm' for the width of the front and back to anthropometry. The results of the try-on evaluation through 3D-Simulation indicated that the fitness of the final slim-fit dress shirt pattern was superior to available slim-fit dress shirt patterns on the market and evaluated as superior to the types for middle-aged men.

• Journal of Family Resource Management and Policy Review
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.25-43
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was to analyze the factors that influence middle-aged people's retirement planning and financial preparation for old age. The data was derived from "the National Survey of Families 2015". The samples included 1,462 people from 40 to 64 years of age. The findings from the analysis showed that the level of retirement planning was significantly associated with gender, age, education level, employment status, monthly family income, monthly expenditure on spending to support parents, and perceived household economic condition. When the samples were divided by sex, the results showed that the perceived household economic condition was the most significant factor for both men and women's level of retirement planning. Age and education level were the significant factors for women's level of retirement planning but not for men's. Logistic regression was used to analyze whether middle-aged people made financial preparation for old age. For the whole sample, whether or not a person was a regular employee, monthly family income, monthly expenditure on supporting parents, perceived household economic condition, and retirement planning were significant variables in determining financial preparation. For men, whether or not a person was a regular employee, monthly family income, perceived household economic condition, and retirement planning were significant factors, for women whether or not a person was a regular employee, and retirement planning were the significant factors in determining financial preparation. The results implied that retirement planning is needed for middle-aged people to prepare for old age financially while the financial preparation should differ depending on sex.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.204-208
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• 2012

Objectives: To investigate whether caffeine intake is associated with urinary incontinence (UI) among Japanese adults. Methods: A total of 683 men and 298 women aged 40 to 75 years were recruited from the community in middle and southern Japan. A validated food frequency questionnaire was administered face-to-face to obtain information on dietary intake and habitual beverage consumption. Urinary incontinence status was ascertained using the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire-Short Form. Results: Mean daily caffeine intake was found to be similar between incontinent subjects (men 120 mg, women 94 mg) and others without the condition (men 106 mg, women 103 mg), $p$=0.33 for men and $p$=0.44 for women. The slight increases in risk of UI at the highest level of caffeine intake were not significant after adjusting for confounding factors. The adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence interval) were 1.36 (0.65 to 2.88) and 1.12 (0.57 to 2.22) for men and women, respectively. Conclusions: No association was evident between caffeine intake and UI in middle-aged and older Japanese adults. Further studies are required to confirm the effect of caffeine in the prevention of UI.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.53 no.4
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• pp.256-265
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• 2020

Objectives: We compared the associations of 3 computed tomography (CT)-based abdominal adiposity indexes with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) among middle-aged Korean men and women. Methods: The participants were 1366 men and 2480 women community-dwellers aged 30-64 years. Three abdominal adiposity indexes-visceral fat area (VFA), subcutaneous fat area (SFA), and visceral-to-subcutaneous fat ratio (VSR)-were calculated from abdominal CT scans. NAFLD was determined by calculating the Liver Fat Score from comorbidities and blood tests. An NAFLD prediction model that included waist circumference (WC) as a measure of abdominal adiposity was designated as the base model, to which VFA, SFA, and VSR were added in turn. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), integrated discrimination improvement (IDI), and net reclassification improvement (NRI) were calculated to quantify the additional predictive value of VFA, SFA, and VSR relative to WC. Results: VFA and VSR were positively associated with NAFLD in both genders. SFA was not significantly associated with NAFLD in men, but it was negatively associated in women. When VFA, SFA, and VSR were added to the WC-based NAFLD prediction model, the AUC improved by 0.013 (p<0.001), 0.001 (p=0.434), and 0.009 (p=0.007) in men and by 0.044 (p<0.001), 0.017 (p<0.001), and 0.046 (p<0.001) in women, respectively. The IDI and NRI were increased the most by VFA in men and VSR in women. Conclusions: Using CT-based abdominal adiposity indexes in addition to WC may improve the detection of NAFLD. The best predictive indicators were VFA in men and VSR in women.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.299-312
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• 1993

Anthropometry, computed tomography(CT) at the umbilical level, nutrient intake, blood pressure, serum levels of lipids and lipoproteins and response of glucose, c-peptide, insulin, and free fatty acid(FFA) during oral glucose tolerance test(OGTT) were estimated on 11 normal-weight controls and 35 overweight and obese middle-agd men. The areas of total abdominal, subcutaneous and visceral were determined by CT scanning technique. Total abdominal fat area correlated the most significantly with the levels of serum lipids, lipoproteins and insulin among several obese indices. Compared with normal-weight controls, overweight and obese men with abdominal fat lower than 29000$\textrm{mm}^2$ showed an increase in waist-hip ratio, areas of total abdominal(35%), visceral and subcutaneous fat and C-peptide response area during OGTT, though age, percent ideal body weight, body mass index, % body fat, and all biochemical indices except C-peptide response area were not different between two groups. Overweight and obese men with abdominal fat greater than 29000$\textrm{mm}^2$ showed a higher values in total abdominal fat(85%), serum levels of triglyceride, total-and LDL-cholesterol, the ratio of LDL-to HDL-cholesterol, and response areas of FFA, insulin and C-peptide during OGTT than normal-weight controls. Overweight and obese men with great abdominal fat showed an increase in alcohol ingestion and percent calorie intake per total energy expenditure, compared with normal-weight controls. Our results indicate that obesity and a certain level of total abdominal fat accumulation is required to observe abnormal levels of serum lipids, lipoproteins and insulin in Korean middle-aged men. In addition, increased alcohol and calorie intake and decreased physical activity could partly explain total abdominal fat accumulation in men.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.3 no.5
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• pp.695-706
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• 1998

This study was designed to investigate the associations of the percent body fat dietary intake, plasma lipoprotein profile, lipoprotein(a), and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1(PAI-1) concentrations of 1982 Korean subjects(men : 1000 and women : 982) between the ages of 40 and 59 years. The dietary assessment consisted of twenty-four hour dietary records and food frequency questionnaires. The subjects were identified into one of the five rating groups of % body fat : lean, underweight, normal, overweight and obese groups. The biochemical assessment included measurements of plasma total cholesterol(TC), HDL-cholesterol(HDL-C), LDL-cholesterol(LDL-C), triglyceride(TG), lipoprotein(a)(Lp(a)), and PAI-1. With respect to the ratio of percent energy intake of carbohydrate : protein : fat of the normal group of the women was 62% : 17% : 20%, respectively. Women apparently had a higher intake of carbohydrates than men(52% : 17 : 20%) did. There was a linear relationship between energy intake and % body fat in both mean and women(with the exception of the underweight group of women). The relationship of % body fat of men to the protein and fat intake was higher than that of the carbohydrate intake. Of the men in the study, intakes of energy, protein and alcohol were positively correlated to % body fat. In women, energy, carbohydrate and protein intake were positively correlated to % body fat, however, the fat, cholesterol and alcohol intake did not show any correlation to the % body fat in women. This study showed that % body fat was positively correlated with plasma TC, LDL-C, PAI-1 levels, and TG, but the % body fat was negatively correlated with plasma HDL-C level in both men and women. These results indicated that the high energy intake of obese or overweight subjects might contribute to several of the biochemical indices fo coronary heart disease(CHD) risk. In conclusion, increased energy intake is associated with overweight or obesity in middle aged Korean people. There was no relationship between % energy intake of fat and % body fat in the study, in middle-aged Korean men and women. The plasma lipid profile and PAI-1 level thought to be the risk factors of CHD were positively associated with percent body fat in middle aged Korean people.