• Environmental Mutagens and Carcinogens
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.289-295
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• 2002

This study was conducted to quantify of micronucleus frequencies in human umbilical cord blood by supravital staining method with acridine orange, and to find some factors that affected on micronucleus frequncies in humans. In this study, we used umbilical cord blood of new born infants that have sufficient reticulocytes compared with adult peripheral blood. The cord bloods were taken after childbirth from 60 normal infants in industrial and coastal region in Korea. The total of 3 ${mu}ell$ cord blood was applied to slide coated with acridine orange, and micronuclei were observed under fluorescent microscopy. Demographic factors and independent variables were collected from mothers by questionnaire. The frequencies of micronuclei in umbilical cord blood of new born infants were 0-5 per 2,000 reticulocytes by supravital staining method, and mean value and standard deviation were 1.75$\pm$0.97. There were no significant difference by the regions, smoking habits of father or mother. However, age of mother showed significant positive correlation with frequencies of micronuclei (p<0.05). Smoking at home by fathers also was found as a significant variable by muliple regression analysis. Therefore, further studies would be needed for genotoxicological evaluation of new born infants by microneuli test using supravital staining method.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.71-77
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• 1989

A mouse whole animal bioassay was employed to screen for potential mutagenicity of ethanol/water extracts of 16 Chinese herbal drugs that are commonly prescribed in Korea. Specific cytogenetic toxicity was measrured by recording evidence of clastogenesis toxicity was measured by recording evidence of clastogenesis via the mouse bone marrow micronucleus test. Male ICR mice administered ethanol extract of Pinelliae tuber (Pinellia eternata Breitenbach, ARACEAE, 양복) and ddY female mice administered extract of Angelica Koreanae radix(Angelica Koreana Maximowicz, UMBELLIFERAE, ) (both by oral administration, at a dose of 600 mg/kg), in a short-term dosing schedule, demonstrated significant increase in micronucleated polychromatophilic erythrocytes, indicating the increase of clastogenicity.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.62 no.4
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• pp.355-359
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• 2019

In vivo micronucleus tests were performed to investigate the mutagenic potential of 4-butylaniline and N-butylaniline, which are used in dye intermediates and organic intermediates respectively. Groups of 5 male ICR mice were treated with vehicle or 4-butylaniline for 2 consecutive days by oral gavage at concentrations of 0 (control), 64, 160, 400, and 1000 mg/kg. Statistically significant and dose-dependent increases were found for micronuclei frequencies in male mice (p <0.05). These results suggest that 4-butylaniline can induce genetic effects in the micronuclei of male mouse bone marrow cells. Based on the positive results obtained in cytogenetic analyses of somatic cells in vivo, Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals Category 2 was assigned. N-butylaniline was administered for 2 consecutive days by oral gavage to male ICR mice at dose of 0 (control), 64, 160, 400, and 800 mg/kg. N-butylaniline tested negative for micronuclei induction in mice, although N-butylaniline was associated with micronucleus induction at the highest dose. Based on the negative results obtained for cytogenetic analyses of somatic cells in vivo, "Not Classified" was assigned.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.235-239
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• 2001

CJ-50005 is an inactivated whole virus vaccine derived from hepatitis A virus (HM175) grown in human MRC-5 diploid fibroblasts cell culture. In order to evaluate the mutagenic potential of CJ-50005, : 3 sets of mutagenicity tests were performed. In the reverse mutation test wing Salmonella typhimurium TA1535, TA1 537, TA98, TA100 and TA102, CJ-50005 did not increase the number of revertants at any concentration tested in this study (2.8, 1.4, 0.7, 0.35 and 0.175 $\mu\textrm{g}$/plate). CJ-50005, at concentration of 2.8, 1.4 and 0.7 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml, did not increase the number of cells having structural or numerical chromosome aberration in cytogenic test using Chinese Hamster Lung cells. In mouse micronucleus test, no significant increase in the occurrence of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes was observed in ICR male and female mice intraperitoneally administered with CJ-50005 at the doses of 25, 12.5 and 6.25 $\mu\textrm{g}$/kg. These results indicate that CJ-50005 has no mutagenic potential in these in vitro and in vivo system.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.417-426
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• 1995

6-[(N-4-Chlorophenyl)amino]-7-chloro-5,8-quinolinedione (RCK20) was tested for antifungal activities, in vivo, against Candida albicans. RCK20 was compared vath ketoconazole and fluconazole in the treatment of systemic infection with Candida albicans in normal rats. The therapeutic potential of RCK20 had been assessed by evaluating their activities (survival rate) against systemic infections with in normal mice with Candida albicans. RCK20 improved survival rates as well as ketokonazole. RCK20 had ED$_{50}$. 0.25$\pm$0.18 mg/kg but ketoeonazole and fluconazole had ED$_{50}$, 8.00$\pm$0.73, 10$\pm$0.43 mg/kg respectively. Activities of RCK20 showed superior to that of ketoconazole and fluconazole. Intraperitoneauy administered RCK20 at the ED$_{50}$, 0.25 mg/kg for 7days and 14days reduced Candida albicans colony count in the kidneys and livers as well as ketoconazole and fluconazole at these ED$_{50}$, 8.00 and 10 mg/kg. Acute oral toxicity studies of RCK20 were carried out in ICR mice of both sexes. These acute oral toxicities of RCK20 were low and LD$_{50}$ values were over 2.850 mg/kg in ICR mice. The Genotoxicities of RCK20 had been evaluated. RCK20 was negative in Ames test with Salmonella typhimurium (TA98 and TA100). The clastogenicity was tested on the RCK20 with in vivo mouse micronucleus assay. RCK20 did not show any clastogenic effect in mouse peripheral blood and was negative in mouse micronucleus assay. These results indicate that RCK20 has no genotoxic potential under these experimental condition.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.356-364
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• 2016

In vivo genotoxic potential of isoquercetin, a plant common flavonoid, in comparison with quercetin was investigated for the DNA breakage and the clastogenicity endpoints. Male ICR mice were administered by oral gavage for 3 days with $3{\times}0.5%$ carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), 3 ${\times}$ isoquercetin (250, 500 mg/kg/day), 3 ${\times}$ quercetin (250, 500 mg/kg/day) and 2 ${\times}$ ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS, 200 mg/kg/day). Tissues were collected 48 hours after the first treatment and within 3 hours after the last treatment. The DNA damages were evaluated using Comet assay in liver and stomach, while the clastogenicities were determined using micronucleus test in bone marrow of same animals. The treatment of isoquercetin as well as quercetin did not cause the DNA damages in liver and stomach, and not induce the frequencies of micronucleus polychromatic erythrocytes in bone marrow. In conclusion, isoquercetin as well as quercetin did not cause the DNA breakages and the chromosomal damages in vivo system in these study conditions.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.621-629
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• 2014

This study aimed to evaluate the genotoxicity of GST (Gamisasangja-tang). For examining genotoxicity, we carried out bacterial reverse mutation assay, chromosome aberration assay, micronucleus induction test according to OECD guidelines. Bacterial reverse mutation assay: In GST treating group, regardless of existence S9 mix, revertant colonies counts appeared to be less than twice of negative control group and dose dependent increase. In positive control group, revertant colonies counts were shown to be more than twice of negative control croup. Chromosome aberration assay: All cell line showed repetition rate of abnormal chromosome aberration less than 5%, regardless of treating time, existence of S9 mix, and no significant change ($p{\succeq}0.05$) compared with negative control group. Micronucleus induction test: Micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MNPCE) repetition rate of Polychromatic erythrocytes (PCE) showed no significant changes compared with negative control group ($p{\succeq}0.05$). PCE portion of total erythrocytes also showed no significant changes ($p{\succeq}0.05$). Our results showed that GST didn't induce any genotoxicity.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.213-224
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• 2016

Objectives: Ginseng Rh2+ is enzyme-treated ginseng extract containing high amounts of converted ginsenosides, such as compound k, Rh2, Rg3, which have potent anticancer activity. We conducted general and genetic toxicity tests to evaluate the safety of ginseng Rh2+. Methods: An acute oral toxicity test was performed at a high-level dose of 4,000 mg/kg/day in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. A 14-day range-finding study was also conducted to set dose levels for the 90-day study. A subchronic 90-day toxicity study was performed at dose levels of 1,000 and 2,000 mg/kg/day to investigate the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) of ginseng Rh2+ and target organs. To identify the mutagenic potential of ginseng Rh2+, we conducted a bacterial reverse mutation test (Ames test) using amino-acid-requiring strains of Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli (E. coli), a chromosome aberration test with Chinese hamster lung (CHL) cells, and an in vivo micronucleus test using ICR mice bone marrow as recommended by the Korean Ministry of Food and Drug Safety. Results: According to the results of the acute oral toxicity study, the approximate lethal dose (ALD) of ginseng Rh2+ was estimated to be higher than 4,000 mg/kg. For the 90-day study, no toxicological effect of ginseng Rh2+ was observed in body-weight changes, food consumption, clinical signs, organ weights, histopathology, ophthalmology, and clinical pathology. The NOAEL of ginseng Rh2+ was established to be 2,000 mg/kg/day, and no target organ was found in this test. In addition, no evidence of mutagenicity was found either on the in vitro genotoxicity tests, including the Ames test and the chromosome aberration test, or on the in vivo in mice bone marrow micronucleus test. Conclusion: On the basis of our findings, ginseng Rh2+ is a non-toxic material with no genotoxicity. We expect that ginseng Rh2+ may be used as a novel adjuvant anticancer agent that is safe for long-term administration.

• Proceedings of the Korea Environmental Mutagen Society Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.119-119
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• 2003

• Environmental Mutagens and Carcinogens
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.129-134
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• 1998

To evaluate the genotoxicity of CKD-602, an anticancer agent the in viかo reverse mutation assay using Salmonella typhimurium, the Chromosome aberration assay using Chinese hamster lung (CHL) cells and the in vivo micronucleus assay using bone marrow cells of ddY mice were performed. In the reverse mutation assay, CKD-602 did not induced mutagenicity in Salmonella typhimurium TA 98, TA 100, TA 1535, and TA 1537 strains with and without metabolic activation. In the chromosome aberration test using CHL cells, there was an increased incidence of structural aberrations induced by CKD-602 without metabolic activation during 24 and 48 hours, but CKD-602 did not induce chromosome aberration with metabolic activation. The in vivo induction of micronuclei was measured in polychromatic erythrocytes of bone marrow of male ddY mice. At 24 hours after treatment with CED-602 by i.p. once, there was an increased incidence of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes in bone marrow of ddY male mice.