• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.261-266
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• 2012

Fermented Chlorella vulgaris CBT$^{(R)}$ was evaluated for its effects on egg production, egg quality, liver lipids and intestinal microflora in laying hens. One hundred and eight Hy-line Brown layers (n = 108), 80 wk of age, were fed a basal diet supplemented with CBT$^{(R)}$ at the level of 0, 1,000 or 2,000 mg/kg, respectively for 42 d. Egg production was measured daily and egg quality was measured every two weeks. Five eggs from each replicate were collected randomly to determine egg quality. Egg production increased linearly with increasing levels of CBT$^{(R)}$ supplementation (p<0.05), although there was no significant effect of treatment on feed intake. Egg yolk color (p<0.001) and Haugh unit (p<0.01) improved linearly with increasing dietary CBT$^{(R)}$. Hepatic triacylglycerol level was linearly decreased with increasing dietary CBT$^{(R)}$ (p<0.05). The supplemental CBT$^{(R)}$ resulted in linear (p<0.001) and quadratic (p<0.01) response in population of cecal lactic acid bacteria. In conclusion, fermented Chlorella vulgaris supplemented to laying hen diets improved egg production, egg yolk color, Haugh unit and positively affected the contents of hepatic triacylglycerol and the profiles of cecal microflora.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.252-255
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• 2001

This study was performed to investigate the influence of dietary mulberry leaf on the intestinal microflora in rats. Rats were fed each experimental diets containing 1%, 10% of mulberry leaf powder for 4 weeks. Total viable counts and the numbers of Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, Clostridium, E. coli and Staphylococcus were determined by nonselective media and various selective media. A decrease in the intestinal population of Clostridium was shown in dietary mulberry leaf group. The E. coli and Staphylococcus populations decreased in dietary mulberry leaf group compared with control group. Methanol extract and fractions of mulberry leaf were subjected to an in vitro screening test for their growth-inhibitory activity. Methanol extract and Water fraction of Mulberry leaves showed weak growth-inhibition of Clostridium perfringens. These results indicate that the composition of gastrointestinal microflora was improved by treatment of mulberry leaves in SD rats and was very effective for growth inhibition of the intestinal harmful bacteria in intestine. Therefore, the mulberry leaves as a newly bio-material can be a useful material for physiologically functional food.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.127-131
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• 2002

The qualitative and quantitative changes of bacterial flora associated with the Pure Mysore (Multivoltine) and NB$_4$D$_2$ (Bivoltine) silkworm (Bombyx modi L.) midgut during third, fourth and fifth instars were studied. Larvae reared on mulberry leaves were dissected and their midgut bacterial populations were enumerated through serial dilution technique and after 72 hrs of incubation period at 28 $\pm$ 1$^{\circ}C$, the bacterial population was estimated. The results showed a highest mean value of 15$\times$10/ sup 6/ sup 6/ CFU/g and 28$\times$10/ sup 6/ CFU/g in Pure Mysore and NB$_4$D$_2$races, respectively, in midgut tissue of fifth instar larvae. The natural epiphytic microflora of mulberry leaves fed during the respective instars was also studied and found maximum 14$\times$10$^3$ CFU/g in leaves fed in third instars, followed by 5.3$\times$10$^3$ CFU/g and 2.1$\times$10$^3$ CFU/g in leaves fed during fourth and fifth instars, respectively. The bacterial flora colonized in midgut was found to be elaborating amylase, caseinase, gelatinase, lipase and urease enzymes. The highest percentages of isolates were amylase producers followed by protein and lipid splitters in Pure Mysore, whereas in NB$_4$D$_2$ protein splitter were dominated followed by lipase and amylase producers in NB$_4$D$_2$. The results indicate that the natural microflora may play a vital role in the digestion of ingested food materials in silkworms.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.335-346
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• 2015

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of dietary rosemary on performance, microflora population in cecum and noxious gas emission from litter of broiler. A total of 216 broiler chicks at 7 days old were fed the commercial diet (control), added 0.5% level of dried rosemary leaves (5 g/kg diet, T1) and 1.0% level of dried rosemary leaves (10 g/kg diet, T2) for 4 weeks. The body weight gain and feed conversion ratio were improved by feeding rosemary at 7 to 35 days of age (P<0.05), but there was no difference between T1 and T2. Amount of feed intake and mortality were not different among the three group. There was an increase in the microflora population of Lactobacillus (P<0.05) and decreased in E. coli and salmonella (P<0.05) in the cecum contents at 21 and 35 days of age. Emission of ammonia gas from litter was significantly decreased by supplementary rosemary at 21 to 35 days of age (P<0.05), but there was no difference between T1 and T2. These results indicated that feeding 0.5 to 1.0% level of dried rosemary leaves during broiler production improved in the body weight gain and feed conversion ratio because of increasing nutrient digestibility from feed, also increase in intestinal beneficial bacteria and decrease in harmful bacteria in the cecum contents, and decreasing emission of ammonia gas from litter.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.383-392
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• 2006

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of a supplemented mixture of herbs (artemisia, eucommia ulmoids and houttuynia cordata) on the growth performance, nutrient utilization, blood characteristics, microflora population and diarrhea frequency in weanling pigs. Eighty-four pigs were randomly allotted into one of the four dietary treatments, each of which had 3 replicates. Experimental diets were prepared by adding (0.0, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0%) a mixture of artemisia, eucommia ulmoids and houttuynia cordata to a commercial feed, and were given to pigs for 42 days. Daily feed intake was significantly increased in the groups supplemented with the mixture at 1.0% group and 2.0% group. Digestibility was significantly increased in 1.0% for protein and ether extract, and in 1.0% group and 2.0% group for NFE. Total bacillus and lactobacillus sp. were significantly (p<0.05) improved in 1.0% group and 2.0% group, respectively. Glucose concentrations of serum increased significantly (p<0.05) in 0.5% group and 1.0% group, and HDL increased significantly (p<0.05) in 1.0% group and 2.0% group. Diarrhea decreased by treatments except control (p<0.05). It is concluded that pigs fed the diet supplemented with 1.0% mixture of herbs can improve daily body weight gain, feed efficiency, nutrient utilizations and diarrhea frequency in pigs.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.406-414
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• 1984

Sixty upland soil samples were collected from various horticultural areas to find out the distribution status of soil miroflora. The result are summerized as follows: 1. The mean numbers of microflora in collected upland soils were $89.2{\times}10^6$ in bacteria (B), $30.1{\times}10^5$ in actinonmycetes(A), and $73.4{\times}10^3$ in fungi (F), per gr dry soil. The ratios B/F, B/A and A/F were 122, 3 and 41, respectively. 2. Soil microflora population among different cropping areas were following orders: Bacteria: facilitated horticultural crop > peper > garlic > ginger > oninon > near municipal vegetable > ginseng > grape > peanut area. Actinomycetes: garlic > pepper > near municipal vegetable > facilitated horticultural corp=ginger > onion ginseng > peanut > grape area. Fungi: facilitated horiticultural > crop > near municipal vegetable > peper > ginger > ginseng > grape > peanut garlic > onion area. 3. The significant correlation were obtained between the numbers of microflora and soil chemical properties, avaibale phosphorous, $Mg^{{+}{+}}$, $Ca^{{+}{+}}$, T-C and pH.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.778-787
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• 2020

Objective: This study was conducted to investigate the effects of normal and heat stress environments on growth performance and, selected physiological and immunological parameters, caecal microflora and meat quality in Cobb 500 and Ross 308 broilers. Methods: One-hundred-and-twenty male broiler chicks from each strain (one-day-old) were randomly assigned in groups of 10 to 24 battery cages. Ambient temperature on day (d) 1 was set at 32℃ and gradually reduced to 23℃ on d 21. From d 22 to 35, equal numbers of birds from each strain were exposed to a temperature of either 23℃ throughout (normal) or 34℃ for 6 h (heat stress). Results: From d 1 to 21, strain had no effect (p>0.05) on feed intake (FI), body weight gain (BWG), or the feed conversion ratio (FCR). Except for creatine kinase, no strain×temperature interactions were observed for all the parameters measured. Regardless of strain, heat exposure significantly (p<0.05) reduced FI and BWG (d 22 to 35 and 1 to 35), immunoglobulin Y (IgY) and IgM, while increased FCR (d 22 to 35 and 1 to 35) and serum levels of glucose and acute phase proteins (APPs). Regardless of temperature, the Ross 308 birds had significantly (p<0.05) lower IgA and higher finisher and overall BWG compared to Cobb 500. Conclusion: The present study suggests that the detrimental effects of heat stress are consistent across commercial broiler strains because there were no significant strain×temperature interactions for growth performance, serum APPs and immunoglobulin responses, meat quality, and ceacal microflora population.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.549-554
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• 2016

The present study was conducted to investigate whether dietary essential oils could affect growth performance, relative organ weights, cecal microflora, immune responses and blood profiles of broiler chickens fed on diets containing different nutrient densities. A total of eight hundred-forty 1-d-old male broiler chicks were randomly allotted into twenty-eight pens (7 pens per treatment, 30 chicks per pen). There were four experimental diets containing two different nutrient densities and supplemented with or without essential oils. Experimental period lasted for 35 days. No clear interaction between nutrient density and essential oils on any of growth performance-related parameters was observed. Live body weights were affected (p<0.05) by nutrient density at 21 days and by dietary essential oils at 35 days. Essential oils significantly (p<0.05) increased daily body weight gain and feed conversion ratio during the periods of 22 to 35 and 1 to 35 days, but failed to affect feed intake during the entire experimental period. Daily weight gain at 1 to 21 days and feed intake at 1 to 21 and 1 to 35 days were significantly impaired (p<0.05) by nutrient density. There were significant treatment interactions (p<0.05) on relative weights of bursa of Fabricius and abdominal fat contents. Finally, either essential oil or nutrient density did not influence the relative percentages of breast and leg meats, the population of cecal microflora, blood parameters and antibody titers against Newcastle disease and infectious bronchitis in broiler chickens. It was concluded that dietary essential oils, independent to nutrient density, failed to stimulate feed intake, but increased growth performance in broiler chickens.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.34 no.8
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• pp.1365-1374
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• 2021

Objective: This study was conducted to investigate the synergistic effect of exogenous multienzyme and phytase on growth performance, nutrients digestibility, blood metabolites, intestinal microflora, and morphology in broilers fed corn-wheat-soybean meal diets. Methods: A 2×2 factorial design was used in this study. Four dietary treatments consisted of i) basal diets (corn-wheat-soybean meal based diets without multi-enzyme and phytase), ii) basal diets with phytase (0.05%), iii) basal diets with exogenous multi-enzyme (0.05%), and iv) basal diets with exogenous multi-enzyme including phytase (0.05%). A total of 480 broiler chickens (Ross 308 - one day old) were weighed and allotted to thirty-two cages (15 birds per cage), and chicks were randomly allocated to four dietary treatments. Results: The body weight gain and feed conversion rate were improved by supplementation of exogenous multi-enzyme containing phytase during the finisher period (p<0.05). The birds fed diets with exogenous multi-enzyme containing phytase had a significantly greater digestibility of dry matter, gross energy, crude protein, calcium, and phosphorus compared with birds fed non-supplemented diets (p<0.05). The chickens fed diets with exogenous multi-enzyme containing phytase showed a higher concentration of Ca and P in the serum (p<0.05). The population of Lactobacillus spp., Escherichia coli, and Clostridium were not affected in the ileum and cecum of chickens fed enzyme-supplemented diets. The dietary supplemental exogenous multi-enzyme containing phytase showed a significant improvement in villus height, crypt depth, and villus height and crypt depth ratio, compared to basal diets or dietary supplemental phytase (p<0.05). Conclusion: The supplementation of the exogenous multi-enzyme containing phytase synergistically improved the growth performance, nutrients digestibility, and villus height of the small intestine of broiler chickens fed a corn-wheat-soybean meal based diets.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.63 no.3
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• pp.501-509
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• 2021

The aim of this was evaluate the efficacy of lysozyme on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, excreta microflora population, and blood profiles of weanling pigs under Escherichia coli (E. coli) challenge. A total of 30 piglets weaned at 25 days, 7.46 kg body weight, were assigned to three dietary treatments, composed of five replications, two piglets per replication, for 7 days. The dietary treatment groups were negative control (NC; without antibiotics and lysozyme), positive control (PC; NC + antibiotics), lysozyme (NC + 0.1% lysozyme). All piglets were challenged orally with 6 ml suspension, containing E. coli K88 (2 × 10⁹ CFU/mL). Dietary supplementation with lysozyme and PC resulted in no significant differences in average daily gain and gain to feed efficiency. Weanling pigs fed with E. coli challenge with lysozyme and PC treatments had significantly enhanced nutrient retentions of dry matter and energy (p < 0.05); however, there was a tendency to increase nitrogen digestibility. Furthermore, dietary inclusion of lysozyme and antibiotics treatment groups had a beneficial effect on excreta, ileal, and cecal of the fecal microbial population as decreased E. coli (p < 0.05) counts, without effects on lactobacillus counts. A significant effect were observed on a white blood cells, epinephrine and cortisol concentrations were reduced in piglets fed diets containing E. coli challenge with lysozyme and antibiotics supplementation comparison with the NC group. Therefore, the present data indicate that lysozyme in diet could ameliorate the experimental stress response induced by E. coli in piglets by decreasing intestinal E. coli, white blood cells and stress hormones and improving nutrient digestibility.