• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제28권6호
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• pp.917-922
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• 2012

In order to improve applicability of a microbial fuel cell the laboratory-scaled study has been performed by adopting an air-cathode MFC system with high concentrated anaerobic slugies in this study. The concentrations of microbes are grouped into three types, Type A (TS 1.7%), Type B (TS 1.1%) and Type C (TS 0.51%). The open circuit voltage $(V_{oc})$ characteristics showed that the medium microbes concentration of 1.10% (Type B) kept a constant voltage of 1.0 V for 150 hours, which showed the longest time among three types (Type A and Type C). The discharge charge curves for a closed circuit with $500 \Omega$ also showed that Type B generated a stable discharge voltage of 0.8 V for a longer time as in the open circuit voltage case. This could be explained by the relatively large amount of the attached microbes. Under the $V_{oc}$condition the COD removal efficiency of Type B was found to be low for a long time, but those of Type A and C were found to be high for a short period of time. Therefore, the suspended microbes could decrease the coulombic efficiency. It was concluded that the high $V_{oc}$ was caused by low COD and the $V_{oc}$ became low after the COD removal. The COD reduction resulted in an unstable and low working voltage. From the polarization characteristics Type A was found to show the highest power density of $193\;mW/m^2$ with a fill factor of 0.127 due to the relatively high remaining COD even after the MFC reaction.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.439-447
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• 2013

Time-temperature integrators (TTIs) are simple and cost-efficient tools which may be used to predict food quality. Enzymatic TTIs are devised to indicate food quality in the form of color alterations from green to red, based on the cumulative impacts of temperature and time period on the enzymatic reactions. In this study, the quality of ground beef patties was investigated for the parameters of pH levels, color, VBN, water holding capacity, and total microbial counts, depending on various storage temperatures (5, 15, and $25^{\circ}C$). TTIs were attached to the surface of the ground beef patties in order to evaluate the degree of correlating colorimetric changes with the determined quality parameters. Through the Arrhenius equation, activation energy and constant reaction rates of TTI, VBN, and total microbial counts were calculated as to observe the relationship between enzymatic reactions of the TTI and food spoilage reactions of the ground beef patties. VBN and total microbial counts were already increased to reach decomposition index (VBN: 20, total microbial count: 7-8 Log CFU/g) of meat at middle stage of storage period for each storage temperature. Although activation energy of TTI enzymatic reactions and food spoilage reactions of the ground beef patties were similar, the change of TTI color was not a coincidence for food spoilage at $5^{\circ}C$ and $15^{\circ}C$ of storage temperature. It was suggested that TTI should be designed individually for storage temperature, time, type of meat, or decomposition index of meat.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제26권11호
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• pp.1965-1971
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• 2016

Livestock wastewater containing high concentrations of ammonium and nitrate ions was pretreated with microbubbles and an Fe/MgO catalyst prior to its application in microbial fuel cells because high ion concentrations can interfere with current generation. Therefore, tests were designed to ascertain the effect of pretreatment on current generation. In initial tests, the optimal amount of catalyst was found to be 300 g/l. When 1,000 ml/min $O_2$ was used as the oxidant, the removal of ammonium- and nitrate-nitrogen was highest. After the operating parameters were optimized, the removal of ammonium and nitrate ions was quantified. The maximum ammonium removal was 32.8%, and nitrate was removed by up to 75.8% at a 500 g/l catalyst concentration over the course of the 2 h reaction time. The current was about 0.5 mA when livestock wastewater was used without pretreatment, whereas the current increased to $2.14{\pm}0.08mA$ when livestock wastewater was pretreated with the method described above. This finding demonstrates that a 4-fold increase in the current can be achieved when using pretreated livestock wastewater. The maximum power density and current density performance were $10.3W/m^3$ and $67.5W/m^3$, respectively, during the evaluation of the microbial fuel cells driven by pretreated livestock wastewater.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.681-695
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• 2014

In a pilot-scale dyeing wastewater treatment using two-type fluidizing media, each thickness of biofilm was 15 and 30 ${\mu}m$, respectively. The numbers of protozoa inhabited in small-size (PEMT A) and big-size (PEMT B) media were $7.5{\times}10^4$ and $1.25{\times}10^5$ cells/ml, respectively, and dominant species were Entosiphon sulcatus var sulcatus in PEMT A and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii in PEMT B, respectively. Flask experiments using the two media revealed that the percentages of color removal were 25.8% in PEMT A and 27.1% in PEMT B after 72-h cultivation, indicating the necessity of bioaugmentation. Experiments for bioaugmentation effect on color removal were carried out in the pilot-scale treatment for 75 d by three-step operation under the control of wastewater loading rate and microbial input rate. Dye degradation occurred mainly in the second reaction tank, and the attachment of augmented dye-degrading microorganisms to media took at least 35 d. Final value of chromaticity in effluent was 227, meeting the required standard. Therefore bioaugmentation onto media was good for color treatment. In summary, thickness of biofilm formed on the media depended upon the size of media, resulting in different ecosystem inside the media. Hence, this affected microbial community and color treatment further. Accordingly, the reduction of operation cost is expected by efficient color-treatment process using bioaugmented media.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.54-62
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• 2014

To better understand dissimilatory iron and sulfate reduction (DIR and DSR) by subsurface microorganisms, we investigated the effects of sulfate and electron donors on the microbial goethite (${\alpha}$-FeOOH) reduction. Batch systems were created 1) with acetate or glucose (donor), 2) with goethite and sulfate (acceptor), and 3) with aquifer sediment (microbial source). With 0.2 mM sulfate, goethite reduction coupled with acetate oxidation was limited. However, with 10 mM sulfate, 8 mM goethite reduction occurred with complete sulfate reduction and x-ray absorption fine-structure analysis indicated the formation of iron sulfide. This suggests that goethite reduction was due to the sulfide species produced by DSR bacteria rather than direct microbial reaction by DIR bacteria. Both acetate and glucose promoted goethite reduction. The rate of goethite reduction was faster with glucose, while the extent of goethite reduction was higher with acetate. Sulfate reduction (10 mM) occurred only with acetate. The results suggest that glucose-fermenting bacteria rapidly stimulated goethite reduction, but acetate-oxidizing DSR bacteria reduced goethite indirectly by producing sulfides. This study suggests that the availability of specific electron donor and sulfate significantly influence microbial community activities as well as goethite transformation, which should be considered for the bioremediation of contaminated environments.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제32권12호
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• pp.1864-1872
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• 2019

Objective: This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of Ecklonia stolonifera (E. stolonifera) extract addition on in vitro ruminal fermentation characteristics, methanogenesis and microbial populations. Methods: One cannulated Holstein cow ($450{\pm}30kg$) consuming timothy hay and a commercial concentrate (60:40, w/w) twice daily (09:00 and 17:00) at 2% of body weight with free access to water and mineral block were used as rumen fluid donors. In vitro fermentation experiment, with timothy hay as substrate, was conducted for up to 72 h, with E. stolonifera extract added to achieve final concentration 1%, 3%, and 5% on timothy hay basis. Results: Administration of E. stolonifera extract to a ruminant fluid-artificial saliva mixture in vitro increased the total gas production. Unexpectedly, E. stolonifera extracts appeared to increase both methane emissions and hydrogen production, which is contrasts with previous observations with brown algae extracts used under in vitro fermentation conditions. Interestingly, real-time polymerase chain reaction indicated that as compared with the untreated control the ciliate-associated methanogen and Fibrobacter succinogenes populations decreased, whereas the Ruminococcus flavefaciens population increased as a result of E. stolonifera extract supplementation. Conclusion: E. stolonifera showed no detrimental effect on rumen fermentation characteristics and microbial population. Through these results E. stolonifera has potential as a viable feed supplement to ruminants.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• 제47권1호
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• pp.1-11
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• 2023

The Indian golden muga silkworm, Antheraea assamensis Helfer is an economically important wild silkworm endemic to Northeastern part of India. In recent years, climate change has posed a threat to muga silk production due to the requirement that larvae be reared outdoors. Since the muga silkworm larvae are exposed to the vagaries of nature, the changing climate has increased the incidence of microbial diseases in the rearing fields. Accurate diagnosis of the disease causing pathogens and its associated epidemiology are prerequisites to manage the diseases in the rearing field. Although conventional microbial culturing methods are widely used to identify pathogenic bacteria, they would not provide meaningful information on a wide variety of silkworm pathogens. The information on use of molecular diagnostic tools in detection of microbial pathogens of wild silk moths is very limited. A wide range of molecular and immunodiagnostic techniques including denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), random amplified polymorphism (RAPD), 16S rRNA/ITSA gene sequencing, multiplex polymerase chain reaction (M-PCR), fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), immunofluorescence, and repetitive-element PCR (Rep-PCR), have been used for detecting and characterizing the pathogens of insects with economic significance. Nevertheless, the application of these molecular tools for detecting and typing entomopathogens in surveillance studies of muga silkworm rearing is very limited. Here, we discuss the possible application of these molecular techniques, their advantages and major limitations. These methods show promise in better management of diseases in muga ecosystem.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.612-622
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• 2024

팽이버섯은 다양한 영양성분이 함유되어 있어 우수한 식품 소재로 알려져 있지만, 높은 수분함량 및 높은 호흡량으로 인해 심한 갈변과 부패로 유통기간이 짧아 저장유통 중 품질보존을 위한 연구가 필요한 실정이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 농산물 유통 시 주로 사용되는 골판지상자의 내부에 알루미늄을 코팅하여 기능성을 부여한 포장용기를 개발하였으며, 이를 이용하여 팽이버섯을 포장하여 저장 중 선도 유지 및 품질특성에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 골판지상자 내부에 알루미늄을 코팅함으로써 중량변화율 및 경도의 감소를 방지하였으며, pH의 변화를 억제하는 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 산화효소 활성을 억제함으로써 저장기간 중 팽이버섯의 갈변을 저해하였고, 미생물의 증식을 억제하는데 효과적인 것으로 나타났다. 향후 관능적 품질, 포장지 내부의 기체 조성과 향기 성분에 대한 추가연구를 통하여 Shelf-life 연장효과를 종합적으로 규명하는 것이 필요할 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제31권5호
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• pp.1262-1267
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• 1999

겔 형성이 어려운 유채단백질의 겔화를 위하여 미생물성 TGase의 촉매작용에 의하여 최적 겔화 반응조건을 겔강도(g)와 겔변형(mm)을 조사하여 검토하였다. 또한 형성된 겔의 고분자화를 SDS-PAGE 및 GL교차결합 함량 측정에 의하여 확인하였다. 단백질-TGase반응에서 효소 첨가량은 $45^{\circ}C$에서 60분 동안 반응 시 단백질농도가 10%에서 효소가 1 : 40([E] : [S])의 비로 첨가되었을 때 겔강도와 변형 값이 가장 높았다. 또한 이 조건에서 기질단백질 농도가 $4{\sim}l2%$로 증가함에 따라 겔강도는 비례적으로 증가함을 보였으나 겔의 변형을 고려할 때 10% 농도가 유채단백질 겔 제조에 적당한 농도로 조사되었다. 최적 활성을 나타내는 반응온도는 $45^{\circ}C$로 관찰되었고, 반응시간은 90분이면 적당한 것으로 조사되었다. 겔강도와 변형은 다른 pH와 비교할 때 pH 7에서 상당히 높은 값을 보여 pH 7이 최적조건이었다. SDS-PAGE분석에서 효소반응 에 따라 유채단백질의 본래 밴드들이 소별되거나 희미해지면서 고분자 밴드들이 형성되고 있음을 보여주었다. 또만 HPLC 분석 결과 GL교차결합 함량이 반응시간에 따라 $0\;{\mu}mol/g$에서 최고 $7.14\;{\mu}mol/g$ gel(반응 90분)까지 증가되고 있어 유채단백질의 겔화가 TGase에 의해 이루어지고 있다는 것을 확인할 수 있었다.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지하수토양환경학회 2004년도 총회 및 춘계학술발표회
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• pp.332-336
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• 2004

An anaerobic PCE(tetrachloroethylene) dechlorinating bacterial culture from a landfill soil was enriched and characterized. The enrichment culture could dechlorinate 60$\mu$mol/$m\ell$ of PCE during a month of incubation and cis-DCE(cis-dichloroethylene) was observed as a main product of PCE dechlorination. Microbial analysis of the dechlorinating enrichment culture by rising PCR-DGGE (Polymerase chain reaction-Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis) method showed that at least three microorganisms were related to the anaerobic PCE dechlorination.