• 한국가금학회지
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.15-21
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• 2005

본 연구는 인과 칼슘의 수준이 낮은 산란계 사료내 미생물 phytase의 첨가가 생산성 및 영양소 소화율에 미치는 영향을 평가하기 위하여 실시되었다. 사양시험은 50주령 ISA brown 갈색계 192수를 공시하였으며, 사양시험은 7일간의 적응기간 후, 12주간 실시하였다 시험설계는 옥수수-대두박 위주의 사료에 NRC 요구량에 맞춰 Available P과 Ca을 처리한 구(CON; 기초사료), 기초사료에 Available P과 Ca을 각각 대조구 사료의 $50\%$와 $90\%$를 함유한 사료에 3종류의 미생물phytase PHYTEX, Agranco. Co. $0.01\%$(P1), Natuphos, BASF $0.06\%$(P2), PHOSMAX GENOFOCUS $0.06\%$(P3)를 첨가한 처리구로 4개 처리를 하였다. 총 12주간의 사양 시험기간동안 산란율은 처리구간에 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았다 (P>0.05). 시험 종료시 난중은 처리구에서 유의적으로 높게 평가되었다(P<0.05). 난각 두께는 시험 9주째 phytase를 급여한 처리구가 대조구와 비교하여 두꺼워졌다(P<0.05). 시험개시시와 종료시 혈청 내 Ca 함량의 차이는 P1처리구에서 가장 적은 변화를 보였으나, 처리구간 유의적인 차이는 보이지 않았으며, P함량에 있어서도 처리구간 유의성은 보이지 않았다(P>0.05). 경골 내 Ca과 P의 함량은 phytase를 급여한 처리구가 대조구에 비하여 유의적인 차이 없이 높은 경향을 보였다(P>0.05). DM, N과 Ash의 소화율에 있어서는 대조구와 P1 처리구가 P2, P3 처리구와 비교하여 유의적으로 증가하였다(P<0.05). Ca과 P에 있어서는 P2 처리구의 소화율이 가장 높게 나타났으며(P<0.05)), 대조구와 P1 처리구는 서로 통계적인 차이를 보이지 않았다(P>0.05). 모든 처리구들이 대조구보다 유의하게(P<0.01) 낮았고 Ercherichia coli의 수는 유의한 차이가 없었다. Lactobacilli의 수는AM30구가 대조구보다 유의하게(P<0.05) 높았다. 결론적으로 활성 미네랄수 $30\%$흡착 zeolite의 사료 내 첨가는 대조구에 비하여 육계의 증체율을 개선시키는 경향이 있었으며 깔짚에서 암모니아 가스 발생도 유의하게 감소시켰고 장내 Lactobacilli의 수를 유의하게 증가시켰다.결과를 얻을 수 있으리라 생각한다.내산에서는 S.typhimurium $(33\%)$이 분리 되었으나, 미국산 닭날개에서는 Salmonella 속균이 전혀 분리되지 않아 대조적이었다. 하지만, 중국산의 닭부분육(혼합육)에서는 S. enteritidis와 L. monocytogenes도 함께 분리되었다. 그러나 부분육의 경우 국내산 및 수입산 모두에서 Campylobacter 속균과 E. coli O157:H7 균주는 전혀 분리되지 않았다. 서울${\cdot}$경기지역의 재래시장과 백화점에서 시판되고 있는 계란 총 446개에 대해서도 동일한 절차와 방법으로 조사하였던바, 재래시장에서 구입했던 계란의 난각부분(Egg-shell)에서만 가금티푸스(fowl Typhoid)의 병원체인 S. gallinarum이 1주$(0.2\%)$만이 분리되었고, 기타 세균으로서는 대장균군이 역시 난각에서 가장 높은 빈도로 분리되었고, 난황(Yolk)에서는 극히 낮은 수준의 세균오염도를 보였다. 다양한 동물종유래 S. aureus 균주들의 유전학적 분석목적에 가장 신뢰도 높고 감별능력이 뛰어난 분석기법으로 선발되었다.cid로부터 cyclooxygenase를 통해 일단 생성된 endoperoxide에서 각각의 prostaglandin을 생성하는 효소, 특히 $G-Rb_{2}$는 $TxA_{2}$

• 한국양식학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국양식학회 2001년도 추계 한국양식학회 학술대회
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• pp.233-234
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• 2001

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제10권6호
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• pp.665-670
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• 1997

The digestibility (apparent) of P and other nutrients from the RSM, SBM and 2 batches of maize, wheat and barley was investigated in two experiments with 24 castrated male growing pigs. The effect of supplemental microbial phytase (1,000 U/kg) was also evaluated. The diets contained 25% RSM (Exp. 1) or 40% SBM (Exp. 2) and had no inorganic P. In each period of digestive trial, after 9 days of adaptation, faeces were collected for 5 days. The digestibility of P contained in the RSM and SBM was calculated by difference method. The P digestibility in maize, wheat, barley was on average 20, 34 and 36%, respectively. The digestibility of P in the RSM and SBM estimated from maize-based diets were 19 and 24 %, respectively. Kind of cereal grain had significant (p < 0.05) influence on the digestibility of P which was lower in the diets based on maize than wheat or barley. The digestibility of P significantly increased with the supplemental microbial phytase (on an average of 17%). Moreover, inclusion of enzyme into the diets positively affected digestibility of other nutrients, namely the protein and organic matter.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.384-394
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• 2001

In order to prevent pollution from animal waste, P, N and pharmacological level minerals should be properly managed. Microbial phytase has been used successfully to control P excretion. Activity of natural phytase in certain plant feedstuffs is high enough to be considered in feed formulation. Nitrogen control can be achieved through amino acid supplementation and protein restriction in the diet. Supplementation with carbohydrases reduces output of excreta as well as N. Ammonia release from the manure could be reduced by using a low crude protein diet along with the supplementation with probiotics products. Excretion of minerals used at pharmacological level can be reduced by using chelated forms. Cu and Zn in the form of methionine chelate have been successfully used in the broiler and pig diets.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.143-151
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• 2008

본 실험은 사료 내 칼슘 수준과 fungal phytase의 상호 관계를 구명하고자 21주령 HyLine Brown 산란계 720수를 공시하여 시험을 실시하였다. 시험구는 phytase 첨가 수준 0, 300, 1000 DPU/kg, 칼슘 2수준(3.5, 4.0%), 무기태 인 수준 무첨가(0.095 NPP), 0.5(0.185 NPP), 1.0%(0.275%)를 조합한 $3{\times}2{\times}3$ 요인 시험으로 하였다. 실험 사료는 CP 16%에 ME 2,800 kcal/ kg 수준으로 급여하였다. 사료는 실험 전 기간 자유 채식토록 하였으며, 점등은 17시간으로 하였다. 조사 항목은 산란계의 생산 능력, 계란의 품질이다. 산란율은 fungal phytase 300 DPU 첨가구에서 증가하는 경향을 보였으며, 연.파란율은 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 처리구간별 산란율은 사료의 칼슘 수준에 따른 차이가 없었지만, NPP 무첨가구인 0.095% 첨가구에서 다른 처리구에 비하여 낮았다(P<0.05). 평균 난중 및 1일 산란량은 fungal phytase 300 DPU 첨가구에서 가장 높게 나타났다. 평균 난중은 사료 칼슘 수준이 3.5% 처리구에서 높게 나타났지만(P<0.05) 1일 산란량은 처리구간에 차이가 없었다. 평균 난중 및 1일 산란량은 NPP 무첨가구인 0.095% 첨가구에서 다른 처리구에 비하여 매우 낮았다(P<0.05). 사료 섭취량은 사료의 fungal phytase 및 칼슘 수준에 관계없이 비슷한 경향을 보였지만, 사료내 NPP 0.275, 0.165% 함유된 처리구에서 0.095% 처리구보다 통계적으로 높게 나타났다(P<0.05). 사료 요구율은 사료내 칼슘 및 NPP 수준간에 차이가 없었지만, fungal phytase 300DPU 첨가구에서 가장 크게 개선되었다(P<0.05). 난각 강도와 두께는 사료의 칼슘 수준이 높을수록 향상되는 결과를 보였고, NPP 0.275, 0.165%가 함유된 처리구에서 0.095% 처리구에 비하여 향상되었으며, 사료내 fungal phytase 수준에 따른 차이는 없었다. Haugh unit은 처리구간에 큰 차이 없이 비슷하게 나타났다. 본 실험의 결과, 산란계 사료에서 fungal phytase의 적정 수준은 300 DPU이며, 이때 사료내 TCP 첨가량은 권장량 대비 40% 이상 저감 효과가 있었으며, 사료의 칼슘 수준을 높게 하였을지라도 fungal phytase 첨가에 대한 개선 효과는 나타나지 않았다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제16권9호
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• pp.1339-1347
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• 2003

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of microbial phytase ($Natuphos^{(R)}$) supplementation in combination with carbohydrases (composed of enzymes targeted to soybean meal (SBM) dietary components such as $\alpha$-galactosides and galactomannans; $Endo-Power^{(R)}$) to corn-soybean meal based diet (CSD) and complex diet (CD) with a partial replacement of SBM with rape seed meal (RSM) and cotton seed meal (CSM) on growth performance and nutrient digestibility of growing pigs. A total of 168 growing pigs averaging $13.18{\pm}1.77kg$ of initial body weight was arranged as a $2{\times}2$ factorial design with main effects of diet types (corn-SBM based diet (CSD) and complex diets (CD; 5% of SBM was replaced with 2.5% of RSM and 2.5% of CSM in diet for phase I (0 to 3 weeks) and 6% of SBM was replaced with 3% of RSM and 3% of CSM in diet for phase II (4 to 7 weeks))) and enzyme supplementation (none and 0.1% of phytase (500 FTU/kg diet) and 0.1% of carbohydrases). The diet with enzyme application were formulated to have a 0.18% unit lower aP than diets without enzyme application. Each treatment had three replicates with 14 pigs per replicate. To determine supplementation effect of phytase and carbohydrases on ileal amino acid digestibility of SBM, RSM and CSM, a total of 18 T-cannulated pigs (initial body weight; $13.52{\pm}1.24kg$) were assigned to six dietary treatments in the present study. Dietary treatments in metabolic trial included 1) SBM diet, 2) SBM diet+with enzymes (phytase (500 FTU/kg) and carbohydrases at 0.1%, respectively), 3) CSM diet, 4) CSM diet+enzymes, 5) RSM diet and 6) RSM diet+enzymes. During whole experimental period (0 to 7 wks), there was no difference in growth performance between diets (CSD and CD). However, dietary phytase and carbohydrases supplementation significantly improved gain/feed ratio (G:F) of growing pigs. During the phase II (4-7 weeks), dietary phytase and carbohydrases supplementation significantly improved all fecal nutrient digestibilities (Dry matter (DM), gross energy (GE), crude protein (CP), crude fat (CF), calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P)). Dietary phytase and carbohydrases supplementation improved significantly overall ileal amino acid digestibilities of SBM, RSM and CSM based diets (p<0.05). The simultaneous inclusion of phytase and carbohydrases in both of CSD and CD reduced feed cost per kg body weight gain (FCG). Also, results suggest that 2.5 to 3% of RSM and CSM, respectively, might be used as a protein source in growing pig diets without having an adverse effect on the growth performance and nutrient digestibility and simultaneous phytase and carbohydrases addition improves nutritional value of SBM, RSM and CSM by improving ileal amino acid digestibilities.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.523-532
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• 2004

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of microbial phytase ($Natuphos^{R}$) supplementation in combination with enzyme complex (composed of enzymes targeted to SBM dietary components such as $\alpha$-galactosides and galactomannans; $Endo-Power^{R}$) to diet with low nutrient levels on growth performance and ileal nutrient digestibility of weaned pigs. A total of 210 crossbred weaned pigs (Landrace$\times$Yorkshire$\times$Duroc), 6.68$\pm$0.98 kg of initial body weight, were randomly allotted to five dietary treatments, based on weight and age, according to a randomized complete block design. There were three pens per treatment and 14 pigs per pen. The dietary treatments were 1) CON (Control diet with no phytase and enzyme complex (EC)), 2) LP+EC 100 (Control diet with 0.15% unit lower available phosphorus (aP) level+0.1% phytase (500 FTU/kg diet) and 0.1% enzyme complex), 3) LP+EC 80 (Control diet with 0.15% unit lower aP level+0.08% phytase (400 FTU/kg diet) and 0.08% enzyme complex, 4) LPEA+EC 100 (Control diet with 0.15% unit lower aP and 3% lower ME and amino acid levels (lysine, methionine, threonine and typtophan)+0.1% phytase (500 FTU/kg diet) and 0.1% enzyme complex), 5) LPEA+EC 80 (Control diet with 0.15% unit lower aP and 3% lower ME and amino acid levels+0.08% phytase (400 FTU/ kg diet) and 0.08% enzyme complex). For the determination of ileal nutrients digestibility, a total of 15 T-cannulated pigs (initial body weight; 7.52$\pm$1.24 kg; 3 replicates per treatment) were used in the present study. Piglets were weighted and allotted into same dietary treatments as one in growth trial and phase I experimental diets were provided for ileal digestibility study. There was no significant difference (p>0.05) in average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) among dietary treatments during the whole experimental period (0 to 5 weeks). However, piglets in LP+EC 100 group had a significantly higher gain/feed ratio (G:F) than piglets had in control (p<0.05). Crude protein, energy and phosphorus digestibilities were significantly improved when both of phytase and enzyme complex were supplemented at the revel of 0.1%, respectively to diets with low nutrient level (aP or (and) ME and amino acids) (p<0.05). Piglets in LP+EC 100 and LPEA+EC 100 groups showed significantly higher phosphorus content (%) in bone than that of piglets in control group (p<0.05). Supplementation of both of phytase and enzyme complex at 0.1%, respectively, to diet with low nutrient levels (aP or (and) ME and amino acids) significantly improved total ileal essential amino acid and nonessential amino acid digestibilities compared to control group (p<0.05). In conclusion, the results from the present study suggest that the simultaneous inclusion of phytase and enzyme complex to diets at recommended level is advantageous with respect to improving growth performance and nutrient digestibility of weaned pigs and may contribute to increased economic return when added to corn-soy based weaned pig diets.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.305-327
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• 1999

In the paper insight is given in the legislation policy to restrain environmental pollution by pig husbandry, focused on The Netherlands (Mineral Accounting System). Besides, nutritional measures are presented to reduce environmental pollution by lowering excretion of N and P, emphasizing (multi) phase feeding, the use of low protein, synthetic amino acids supplemented diets, phytase and its effect on phosphorus and calcium digestibility, its interaction with phytic acid and proteins, and the environmental impact of the use of phytase in pig diets. Also, nutritional means are indicated to reduce ammonia volatilization from pig operations. It is concluded that nutrition management can substantially contribute to reduction of N and P excretion by pigs, mainly by lowering dietary protein levels, (multi) phase feeding and the use of microbial phytase, and that the use of phytase on a large scale in The Netherlands has a tremendous environmental impact. In 20 years the excretion of P in growing-finishing pigs has more than halved. Ammonia emission from manure of pigs can be reduced substantially by lowering dietary protein content, but also by including additional non-starch polysaccharides in the diet. A very promising method to reduce ammonia emission is to manipulate dietary cation-anion difference, e.g. by adding acidifying salts to the diet, which will lower pH of urine substantially. Further research is desirable. This also applies to determining dietary factors influencing the odour release from manure. Finally, some speculation on the future of pig farming from an environmental viewpoint is presented.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.651-656
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• 1999

In current animal production in Japan, a large surplus of nitrogen and phosphorus is given to animals as their feed which are mostly imported from outside of our own country. Today, an excess of nitrogen and phosphorus from animal manure has been spread out of the area of animal production and the surroundings. These components have become the major reason for eutrophication of ground, surface and inland water. Nutritional studies for the reduction of nitrogen and phosphorus from animal waste has been done by many researchers. The reduction of excess protein in animal feed and the supplementation of deficient essential amino acids to feed have a possibility to increase the biological value of feed and to reduce nitrogen excretion, especially, via urine. The use of phytase activity to degrade phytate and to release utilizable inorganic phosphorus make it possible to cut an excess supply of feed additive inorganic phosphorus and to reduce phosphorus excretion from animal waste.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.284-293
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• 2010

To reduce anti-nutritional factors in plant protein sources for fish meal replacement in fish feeds, cottonseed and soybean meal (CS) were fermented with Aspergillus oryzae. A feeding trial was conducted to verify the effects of fermented CS (FCS) with phytase supplementation on gossypol detoxification, phosphorus digestibility, antioxidant activity, and growth performance of juvenile olive flounder over 10 weeks. Four diets were formulated to replace 0, 30, or 40% fish meal protein with CS or FCS (designated as CS0, CS30, FCS30P, and FCS40P). Phytase (1,000 FTU/kg) was added to FCS30P and FCS40P. The microbial fermentation significantly increased dietary total polyphenols and consequently led to higher DPPH radical-scavenging activities in fish feed and fish tissue. Dietary and liver gossypol concentrations were dramatically decreased by the fermentation process. Phosphorus digestibility was significantly increased in fish fed the FCS40P diet. However, growth performance decreased in fish fed FCS diets. This study demonstrates that the fermentation process and phytase supplementation can improve the phosphorus availability of plant protein sources in fish. The fermentation of CS by A. oryzae could increase antioxidant activities in feed and fish and effectively degrade toxic gossypol in cottonseed meal.