• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.29 no.12
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• pp.1360-1365
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• 2007

The purpose of this study is to present the basic data for nonpoint pollutant loads from bridge road drainage sediments using the results to analyze organic matter and heavy metals from the four bridge drainage sampling sites with sediments of different particle size ranges. The sediment sample was collected from the bridge road drainage and the masses of nine sediments fractions were obtained after drying the separated sediment in an over at $85^{\circ}C:>2,000{\mu}m$, $1,000\sim2,000{\mu}m$, $850\sim1,000{\mu}m$, $425\sim850{\mu}m$, $212\sim425{\mu}m$, $125\sim212{\mu}m$, $90\sim125{\mu}m$, $75\sim90{\mu}m$, $<75{\mu}m$. The sediment extract was analyzed water quality constituents, including chemical oxygen demand(COD), total nitrogen(T-N), total phosphorus(T-P), heavy metals and particle size distribution. The results indicate that most of particle size ranges of the bridge road sediments was $125\sim425{\mu}m$, and portion of $<75{\mu}m$ was low. But most of the pollutants are associated with the finer fractions of the load sediments. As the results of analysis, the range and average values of COD, T-N, T-P, Fe, Cu, Cr, and Pb were $177\sim198.8$ mg/kg(77.6 mg/kg), $23\sim200$ mg/kg(83 mg/kg), T-P $18\sim215$ mg/kg(129 mg/kg), and $1,508\sim5,612$ mg/kg(3,835 mg/kg), $9.2\sim69.3$ mg/kg(49 mg/kg), $19.1\sim662.2$ mg/kg(214 mg/kg), and $28.4\sim251.4$ mg/kg(114 mg/kg), respectively. The relationship between sediment size and pollutants concentration have an inverse proportion. The removal of road sediments with frequently could be reduced the significant nonpoint pollutant load, because of the bridge road sediment contains considerable micro-particles and heavy metals.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.35 no.12
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• pp.937-942
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• 2013

Fluid generated within the sonic or ultrasonic waves are reflected by the wall, while the opposite direction forming a predetermined sound wave to the acoustic standing wave is referred to. In this study, the frequency of 1.0 MHz and 2.0 MHz acoustic standing wave generation module is installed in a continuous particle separation device, the laminar flow of influent, taking into account the hydraulic retention time (HRT) in accordance with changes in particle separation characteristics investigated. Operation of a standing wave in the particle separation device about $1.3{\sim}2.8^{\circ}C$ temperature is increased, but did not significantly affect the formation of standing waves. During operation, the HRT 1 hr frequency 1.0 MHz 2 hr, 4 hr longer as the particle separation efficiency (turbidity) were 64.1%, 70.0%, 74.3% and, 2.0 MHz has 58.0%, respectively, depending on HRT, 61.8%, 70.7% in the respectively. That is, the same frequency, the HRT treatment efficiency is 10% or more, depending on differences in generation and, 1.0 MHz frequency, 2 hr, 2.0 MHz 4 hr at about 70% or more of the processing efficiency can be maintained. Frequency of 1.0 MHz and 2.0 MHz operation at the same time, as a result, HRT 1 hr, 2 hr, 4 hr particle separation efficiency of 63.8%, respectively, 70.6%, 77.6%, rather than the generation of standing waves appear continuous HRT is affecting a lot of particles to separate could know.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.199-208
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• 2002

Background: The washing of packed red blood cells could remove pro-inflammatory mediators, cell debris, and micro-particles contained in packed red blood cells, and the preci-rculation-ultrafiltration (recirculation and ultrafiltration of circuit itself before cardiopulmonary bypass) could attenuate the initial inflammatory reaction and remove the initial proinflam-matory mediators. This study was performed to evaluate whether the washing of packed red blood cells and precirculation-ultrafiltration can reduce the production of cytokines that have an important role in myocardial reperfusion injury. This study investigated the effects of washing the packed red blood cells and precirculation-ultrafiltration on the production of cytokines during and after cardiopulmonary bypass and open heart surgery. Material and Method: Forty eight infants with VSD undergoing open heart surgery under cardiopulmonary bypass were randomized into control group (group C, n=12), washing group (group W, n= 12), precirculation-ultrafiltration group (group F, n: 12), and combined group(washing and precirculation-ultrafiltration, group WF, n=12). Blood samples were obtained before, during, and after the bypass to assess plasma level of tumor necrosis factor-$\alpha$(TNF-$\alpha$), interleukin-6(IL-6), and interleukin-8 (IL-8). Results: Expressions of TNF-$\alpha$ were significantly reduced in combined group (group WF) compared with group C, group W, and group F (p<0.05). Expression of IL-6 were significantly reduced in group W, group F, and group WF compared with group C (p<0.05), but similar among group W, group F, and group WF (p=0.053). Expression of IL-8 were reduced in group W and group WF compared with group C (p<0.05), but similar among group W, group F, and group WF (p=0.067). Conclusion: In conclusion, the washing of packed red blood cells and precirculation-ultrafiltration blunted the increase of TNF-$\alpha$ , IL-6, and IL-8 during and after open heart surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. However, the clinical benefits of these treatments remains unproven.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.51 no.4
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• pp.345-358
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• 2018

In this study, we have performed electron probe micro analyzer (EPMA), X-ray differaction (XRD), inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy (ICP), Fourier transform Raman spectroscopy (FT-Raman), far-infrared (FIR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and pH-DO Analyses for characterizing medicinal mineralogy aspect of the black tourmaline (Shantung, china), black and pink tourmaline (Minas Geraris, Brazil), black touemaline (Daeyu mine, Korea). In addition, heating effects of the tourmaline sauna as well as the effects of tourmaline powder-added soap on skin troubles have been investigated. It has been revealed that chemical composition of the tourmaline is either high in Fe-, Al-, B-rich types. Ratio of the K-Ca, Na-K, and Fe-B reflects the component change property of solid solution. $CaO/CaO+Na_2O$ and MgO/FeO+MgO ratio show high positive correlation. When tourmaline reacts with distilled water, extended reaction time DO values approximately decrease and it stabilizes at DO = 10. Otherwise, pH values increase until 6 hours and it stabilizes at pH = 8 after 24 hours. Distilled water changes to alkaline when it reacts with tourmaline powder and particles. Tourmaline showed lower absorption spectrum strength and transmittance at short wave, where absorption spectrum wavelength and strength were determined by the content of the composition elements and characteristics of crystallography. Increase of the Fe content has been confirmed to be the cause for the reduction of irradiation. For the chemical composition and spectral property of the tourmaline particle samples, it has been found that Si and Fe contents show positive correlation with Far-Infrared irradiation, while Al and Mg contents show negative correlation. For tourmaline powder, it has been confirmed that $^{17}O-NMR$ FWHM (full width at half maximum) decreases when reacts with distilled water. Tourmaline sauna (approximately $100^{\circ}C$) was found to increase $0.5-1.5^{\circ}C$ of body temperature, average of 12 heartbeat, and 10mg Hg of blood pressure. Tourmaline soap had very good aesthetic effect to skin and was confirmed to have above the average improvements to skin troubles (e.g., allergy or atopy).

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.125-139
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• 2010

Behavior of heavy metals and arsenic in the tailings of Songcheon Au-Ag mine was characterized via both mineralogical and geochemical methods. Mineral composition of the tailings was investigated by X-ray diffractometry, energy-dispersive spectroscopy, and electron probe micro-analyzer (EPMA) and total concentrations of heavy metals and arsenic and their chemical forms were analyzed by total digestion of aqua regia and sequential extraction method, respectively. The results of mineralogical study indicate that the tailings included mineral particles of resinous shape mainly consisting of galena, sphalerite, pyrite, quartz, and scorodite, and specifically socordite was identified in the form of matrix. EPMA quantitative analyses were performed to evaluate the weatherability of each mineral, and the results suggest that it decreased in the sequence of arsenopyrite > galena > sphalerite > pyrite. The weathering pattern of galena was observed to show distinctive zonal structure consisting of secondary minerals such as anglesite and beudantite. In addition, almost all of arsenopyrite has been altered to scorodite existing asmatrix and galena, sphalerite, and pyrite which have lower weatherability than arsenopyrite were identified within the matrix of scorodite. During the process of alteration of arsenopyrite into scorodite, it is likely that a portion of arsenic was lixiviated and caused a great deal of detrimental effects to surrounding environment. The results of EPMA quantitative analyses verify that the stability of scorodite was relatively high and this stable scorodite has restrained the weathering of other primary minerals within tailings as a result of its coating of mineral surfaces. For this reason, Songcheon tailings show the characteristics of the first weathering stage, although they have been exposed to the surface environment for a long time. Based on the overall results of mineralogical and geochemical studies undertaken in this research, if the tailings are kept to be exposed to the surface environment and the weathering process is continuous, not only hazardous heavy metals, such as lead and arsenic seem to be significantly leached out because their larger portions are being partitioned in weakly-bound (highly-mobile) fractions, but the potential of arsenic leaching is likely to be high as the stability of scorodite is gradually decreased. Consequently, it is speculated that the environmental hazard of Songcheon mine is significantly high.