• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.35-42
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• 1970

한국의 경기, 충청, 강원, 전라 및 경상도에서 각각 한개씩 취한 5개의 한국 재래식 메주의 발효 미생물을 분류 및 생태학적 견지에서 조사 연구한바 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 발효 미생물중 molds는 메주 덩어리의 표면층의 부분에만 존재하며 그 종류는 잡다하여 주요 균종을 알아낼 수는 없었으나 본 실험에서는 3종의 Mucor, 2종의 Penicillium, 각 1종의 Scopulariosis 및 Aspergillus를 분리할 수 있었다. 2. 발효 미생물중 bacteria는 메주덩어리 전체에 골고루 조밀하게 분포되어 있었으며 특히 덩어리 내부에는 bacteria만이 존재하였다. Bacteria의 균종은 단순하여 Bacillus subtilis와 Bacillus pumilus가 한국 메주의 거의 전 bacteria군을 형성하고 있어 한국 메주의 발효 숙성은 bacteria군의 발효에 의한 것이 그 특색이 아닌가 생각되었다. 한국 메주에서는 그외에 Staphylococcus의 1종도 분리되었다. 3. 5개의 메주 시료중 2개의 메주 시료에서는 Rhodotorula flava 및 Torulopsis dattila의 2종의 yeasts가 분리되었으나 이들 yeasts가 메주의 발효 미생물군 형성에 괼요한 것인지의 여부는 아직 분명치 않았다. 4. 한국 재래식 메주는 그 부피의 약 1/2을 차지 하늘 덩어리의 표면층의 부분과 내부부분에있어서 발효 미생물의 생태가 다르며 따라서 이들 발효미생물에 의한 메주의 발효 숙성에 따른 화학적인 변화도 이 두 부분이 서로 상이하여 숙성된 메주는 그 질이 이 두 부분에 있어서 다르다고 인정되었다. 즉 메주의 외측부분은 견고하게 건조하여 삶은 콩이 그리 변질되지 않았으나 메주내부는 삶은콩이 세균에 의하 연하고 끈끈하고 암갈색으로 심하게 변하였다. 5. 한국 재래식 메주 5재 시료중 한개 시료에서만 Aspergillus oryzae가 분리되었으며 그 생육밀도도 ${\sim}10^4/g$의 희박한 것이고 또 이 mold가 자랄수 있는 것은 메주 덩어리의 표면 층 뿐이므로 한국재래식 메주에 있어서는 이 mold가 생산하는독소 aflatoxin은 일본식 메주의 경우처럼 심각한 문제가 되지는 않는다고 생각되었다.

• 식물분류학회지
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• 제43권4호
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• pp.274-284
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• 2013

본 연구는 제주도 한라산 북동사면의 선흘 곶자왈에 위치하고 있는 동백동산의 선태식물을 대상으로 하였다. 식물상 조사 결과, 선류는 22 과 44 속 62 종, 태류는 12 과 16 속 23 종으로 총 85 종이 확인되었다. 이 중 Diphyscium perminutum Takaki, Racomitrium japonicum Dozy & Molk., 그리고 Isopterygium minutirameum (M$\ddot{u}$. Hal.) A. Jaeger.는 한국미기록식물에 해당하여 본 연구를 통해 기재하였다. 태류지수는 27.0%이고, 직물형의 생활형에 해당하는 선태식물이 가장 많이 분포하는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 중습성 또는 습성의 환경에 주로 생육하는 선태식물의 비율이 건조한 환경에서 주로 출현하는 선태식물의 비율보다 높았다. 본 연구를 통해 조사지 내의 상록활엽수림, 습지, 나지 등에 의한 다양한 환경 요인이 종의 조성과 분포에 영향을 미치고 있는 것으로 파악되었다. 그리고 이 지역에서 암석은 선태식물에 미소환경을 제공하는 데 있어 주요한 요인으로 작용하는 기질이었다. 특히, 동백동산의 소택지에 분포하는 선태식물은 면적에 비해 독특하고 다양하며, 관속식물과 함께 모자이크 공간 유형의 식물군락을 이루는 것으로 나타났다. 아울러 제주고사리삼과 자생지의 보존과 복원을 위한 기초 자료를 제공할 수 있도록 한국 고유 양치식물인 제주고사리삼이 자생하는 소택지를 대상으로 한 보다 정밀하고 종합적인 조사를 제안하는 바이다.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.387-392
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• 2010

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of fermented spent mushroom substrate (FSMS) on growth performance, blood profile, intestinal microflora and ammonia gas production of feces in broiler chickens. A total of three hundred sixty, 1-day-old male broiler chicks (Ross) were randomly divided into 3 groups with 6 replicates of 20 birds each. The treatments were control (free FSMS), 15% FSMS (basal diet with 15% FSMS) and 30% FSMS (basal diet with 30% FSMS). The final body weight and body weight gains were slightly improved in 30% FSMS than control (P<0.05). Feed intake and feed conversion were significantly improved as compared to those of the control groups. The Leukocytes of blood serum in FSMS groups were significantly decreased as compared to those of control groups. There are no significant differences among the groups in the contents of albumin (ALB), total cholesterol (TCHO), glucose (GLU), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in blood serum. The content of total glucose (TG) in 30% FSMS containing dietary groups was significantly decreased as compared to that of the control groups. The content of HDLC in 30% FSMS containing dietary groups was significantly increased as compared to that of the control group. The number of lactobacillus in the intestinal microflora were significantly increased in chicks fed FSMS groups. The ammonia gas production in FSMS groups was siginificantly decreased as compard to that the control groups. These results indicated that dietary FSMS exerted growth performance for feeding broiler.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.8-13
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• 2000

A study was carried out to determine the probiotic effect of Lactobacillus reuteri BSA-131 by investigating the growth performance and fecal microbial population of piglets. Five dietary treatment groups, the basal diet (control, BD), basal diet with antibiotics(BA), basal diet with 2$\times$106/g of probiotics (BP6), 2$\times$108/g of probiotics (BP8) and basal diet with antibiotics and 2$\times$108/g probiot-ics(BAP8) were divised. Each dietary treatment group was consisted of 1 month of age piglets(male 13, female 12). Fecal micro-flora, body weights and feed consumption were measured at before, after and stop feeding of probiotics. The results showed that the CFU of fecal Enterobacteriaceae of piglets of the group BA, BP6, BP8 and BAP8, were reduced (P<0.05) compared to control BA. On the contrary, Lactobacillus counts were increased significan시 (P<0.001) in all groups fed probiotics dites, but not antibiotics. Body weight of probiotics treated piglets were improved 5% (p<0.001) in BP6 group than that of control group and antibiotic treated piglets BAP group was 27% (P<0.001) higher than BA group. The amount of feed consumption value of probiotics treated piglets showed 21-30% (P<0.001) lower intake than the control group, whereas antibiotic treated piglets BAP was 20% (P<0.001) higher than BA group. The results showed that body weights and feed to gain ratios were improves 19% when compared to control piglets for groups fed diets probiotic. It is very suggestive that productivity of probiotic piglets would be economical in pig farming.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제18권6호
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• pp.1109-1114
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• 2008

To understand the role of intestinal microflora in the biological effect of functional herbs, which have been used in Korea, Japan, and China as traditional medicines, and suggest new bioactive compounds transformed from herbal constituents, the metabolic activities of the functional herb components (ginsenoside Rb1, crocin, amygdalin, geniposide, puerarin, ginsenoside Re, poncirin, hesperidin, glycyrrhizin, and baicalin) toward their bioactive compounds (compound K, crocetin, benzaldehyde, genipin, daidzein, ginsenoside Rh1, ponciretin, hesperetin, 18b-glycyrrhetic acid, and baicalein) were measured in fecal specimens. The metabolic activities of these components were $882.7{\pm}814.5$, $3,938.1{\pm}2,700.8$, $2,375.5{\pm}913.7$, $1,179.4{\pm}795.7$, $24.6{\pm}10.5$, $11.4{\pm}10.8$, $578.8{\pm}206.1$, $1,150.0{\pm}266.1$, $47.3{\pm}58.6$, and $12,253.0{\pm}6,527.6\;{\mu}mol/h/g$, respectively. No differences were found in the metabolic activities of the tested components between males and females, although these metabolic activities between individuals are extensively different. The metabolites of functional herb components showed more potent cytotoxicity against tumor cells than nonmetabolites. These findings suggest that intestinal microflora may activate the pharmacological effect of herbal food and medicines and must be the biocatalytic converter for the transformation of herbal components to bioactive compounds.

• Journal of Microbiology
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• 제39권3호
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• pp.154-161
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• 2001

In recent years, colon cancer has been reported to be one of the most important causes of cancer morbidity and mortality in Korea. Epidemiological and experimental studies suggest that lactic acid bacteria (LAB) used to ferment dairy products inhibits colon carcinogenesis. The present study was designed to determine whether the colon cancer inhibitory effect of LAB (Bifidobacterium longum Hy8001; Bif and Lactobacillus acidophilus HY2l04; Lac) of Korean origin, is associated with intestinal microflora composition and certain enzyme activity in rats treated with azoxymethane (AOM). At five weeks of age, SD rats were divided at random into four (AOM alone, Bif, Lac, and Bif+Lac) groups. Oral administration of lactic acid bacteria cultures were performed daily until the termination of the study. Two weeks later all animals were given a subcutaneous injection of AOM dissolved in normal saline at a dose of 15 mg/kg of body weight once weekly for 2 weeks. Every two weeks for 10 weeks, five of the rats in each group were randomly chosen for fecal specimen collection. The fecal specimens were used for assay of $\beta$-glucuronidase and nitroreductase, and analysis of intestinal microflora composition. The activity of $\beta$-glucuronidase which plays an important role in the production of the carcinogenic metabolite of azoxymethane was remarkably increased in the AOM alone group after AOM injection and maintained the high level during the experiment. However, LAB inhibited the AOM-induced increase in $\beta$-glucuronidase activity. Nitroreductase activity decreased by 30-40% in LAB treated groups in comparison with that of the AOM alone group. The results of the present study suggest that LAB inhibits colon carcinogenesis by modulating the metabolic activity of intestinal micro-flora and improving the composition of intestinal microflora.

• Advances in environmental research
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.61-80
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• 2013

Quantification of viable forms of microbial community (bacteria and fungi) using culture-dependent methods was done in order to characterize the indoor air quality (IAQ). Role of those factors, which may influence the concentration of viable counts of bacteria and fungi, like ventilation, occupancy, outdoor concentration and environmental parameters (temperature and relative humidity) were also determined. Volumetric-infiltration sampling technique was employed to collect air samples both inside and outside the schools. As regard of measurements of airborne viable culturable microflora of schools during one academic year, the level of TVMCs in school buildings was ranged between 803-5368 cfu/$m^3$. Viable counts of bacteria (VBCs) were constituted 63.7% of the mean total viable microbial counts where as viable counts of fungi (VFCs) formed 36.3% of the total. Mean a total viable microbial count (TVMCs) in three schools was 2491 cfu/$m^3$. Outdoor level of TVMCs was varied from 736-5855 cfu/$m^3$. Maximum and minimum VBCs were 3678-286 cfu/m3 respectively. Culturable fungal counts were ranged from 268-2089 cfu/$m^3$ in three schools. Significant positive correlation (p < 0.01) was indicated that indoor concentration of viable community reliant upon outdoor concentration. Temperature seemed to have a large effect (p < 0.05, p < 0.01) on the concentration of viable culturable microbial community rather than relative humidity. Consistent with the analysis and findings, the concentration of viable cultural counts of bacteria and fungi found indoors, were of several orders of magnitude, depending upon the potential of local, spatial and temporal factors, IO ratio appeared as a crucial indicator to identify the source of microbial contaminants.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.379-385
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• 2015

We studied the effects of the proprietary prebiotic Immunogen$^{(R)}$ on the growth, hematology and gut microbiota of common carp fingerlings. A basal diet was formulated using common feed ingredients and supplemented with Immunogen$^{(R)}$ at concentrations of 0, 5, 10, 20 and $40g\;kg^{-1}$, each of which was tested experimentally on replicated groups of fish. The trials ran for 8 weeks. Common carp fingerlings with an initial weight of $4.82{\pm}0.05g$ were randomly distributed among the experimental tanks at a stocking density of 25 fish per tank. The experimental diets were provided thrice per day; on each occasion the fingerlings were given a weight of feed that amounted to 4% of fish biomass. At the end of the experimental period, we determined the growth performance, feed conversion ratio, hematological parameters, body composition and gut micro-flora parameters of the test fish. Inclusion of $5g\;kg^{-1}$Immunogen$^{(R)}$ in the diet significantly improved growth performance and feed utilization in comparison with controls. However, the whole-body composition of the fish was not significantly influenced by prebiotic inclusion. Inclusion of $5g\;kg^{-1}$ Immunogen$^{(R)}$ significantly increased the total bacterial and Lactobacillus counts in fish intestines, but these bacterial parameters were significantly negatively impacted by higher concentrations of the prebiotic. Red blood cells counts were increased by prebiotic dietary supplementation at concentrations of 5 and $10g\;kg^{-1}$ prebiotic. Glucose and cholesterol levels were elevated by administration of Immunogen$^{(R)}$. Thus, dietary supplementation with $5g\;kg^{-1}$ Immunogen$^{(R)}$ improved fingerling common carp growth performance and feed utilization, and beneficially influenced the gut microflora

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제5권3_4호
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• pp.29-36
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• 1990

Aflatoxins, produced by strains of Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus, can be found worldwide in corn, barley, peanuts, and other commodities. Among this group of toxins, aflatoxin B$_1$was realized to be one of the most potent environmental carcinogens, mutagens and teratogens. It is routinely monitored by methods such as thin layer chromatography, liquid chromatography, fluorodensitometric technique and radioimmunoassay. However, these assays are expensive, necessitate radioactive reagents, and require overnight incubation. In this study, the determination of fungal flora in several sorts cereals has been carried out in order to obtain an appropriate information of the population of fungi. The quantitative analysis of aflatoxin B$_1$has been carried out by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) method and Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). The results were summarized as follow: 1) From the 100 samples,313 colonies of fungi were isolated. Among the 313 colonies, 274 were possible to identify into 11 genera. The identified genera were Aspergillus Penicillium, Mucor, Rhizopus, Alternaria, Cladosorium, Fusarium, Circinella, Chrysosporium, Paecilomyces and Phoma. 2) Six of Aspergillus flavus were aflatoxin-producing strains. Aspergillus flavus isolated from sample barleys was contained the highest content (21.8 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml) of aflatoxin B$_1$. 3) The yield of aflatoxin B$_1$-oxime compound was appromately 75%. Aflatoxin B$_1$-oxime-Human serum albumin was approved by formal consent as complete antigen. 4) Direct competitive ELISA permitted detection of 0.15 ng levels. In the quantitative microanalysis, ELISA was superior to HPLC method.

• 아시안잔디학회지
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.41-48
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• 1988

Research was conducted to obtain easy and secure methods for promoting germination of Korean lawngrass (Zoysia japonic a Steud.) seed. The effect of sodium hypochiorite (NaOCl) treatment on germination of seeds was compared with that of potassium hydroxide (KOH) treatment under conditions of duration of seed storage after harvest and temperature of treatment. Emergence of seedlings from soil and micro-flora infection rate among seed treatments were investigated. 1. The promotion of germination was much more evident in seeds treated with 4% NaOCl for 8 and 10 hours than in seeds treated with 25% or 30% KOH for 30 and 40 minutes. Longer durations of storage before seed treatment in KOH than in NaOCl were required to initiate enough germination. 2. Differences in temperature of treatment with NaOCT did not have much influence on germination of seeds and treatment temperature of 15˚C was better than that of 200˚C and 300˚C for promoting germination. But seed treatment with KOH significantly promoted germination with increasing temperature of treatment from I 5˚C to 20˚C and 30˚C. 3. GA$_3$ treatment enhanced germination in NaOCl-pretreated seeds at early stage of imbibition and in-creased about 10% germination after 10 days of imbibition in KOH-pretreated seeds. 4. NaOC1 treatments significantly decreased the rate of the infection of microflora in seed samples and enhaced emergence of seedlings from soil compared with KOH treatment. 5. NaOC1 treatment had advantage over KOH treatment with respect to ease of preparing, securing and handling in stimulating germinating of Korean lawngrass seeds.