• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.331-338
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• 1995

Purpose : To evaluate our clinical experience with the combination of teletherapy and intraluminal brachytherapy in patients with unresectable or inoperable esophageal cancers. Materials and Methods : From Nov 1989 to Mar 1993, twenty patients with esophageal cancer were treated with radical radiotherapy and intraluminal brachytherapy at Yonsei Cancer Center. All patients had squamous histolgy and stage distribution was as follows: stage II, 4($20{\%}$)patients; III, 15 ($75{\%}$)patients; IV, 1($5{\%}$)patients. A dose of S-12Gy/1-3weeks with intraluminal brachytherapy (3-5Gy/fraction) to 5mm from the outside of the esophageal tube using high dose rate Iridium-192 remotely afterloading brachytherapy machine was given 2 weeks after a total dose of 59-64Gy with external radiotherapy. Induction chemotherapy using cisplatin and 5-FU was performed in 13 patients with median 3 cycles(1-6 cycles), Response rate, local control rate, survival and complications were analysed retrospectively. Results : Two-year overall survival rate and median survival were $15.8{\%}$ and 13.5 months. Response rates were as follows complete remission(CR) 5($25{\%}$): partial remission a(PRa) 7($35{\%}$): partial remission b(PRb) 7($35{\%}$), no response(NR) 1($5{\%}$). Patterns of failure were as follows; local failure 13($65{\%}$), local and distant failure 3($15{\%}$), distant failure 0($0{\%}$). Ultimate local control rate was $20{\%}$. Treatment related complications included esophageal ulcer in two patients and esophageal stricture in one. Conclusion : Though poor local conrol rate, median survival was improved as compared with previous results of radiation therapy alone(8months) and chemoradiation combined treatment(11 months) in Yonsei Cancer Center High-dose-rate intraluminal brachytherapy following external irradiation is an effective treatment modality with acceptable toxicity in esophageal cancer.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.935-943
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• 2011

This study was conducted to investigate the proximate composition, meat color, Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBS), cooking loss (CL), fatty acids composition, amino acid composition and mineral contents of Hanwoo beef (QG $1^+$, 1) and imported New Zealand black Angus beef with loin, strip loin, eye of round and chuck tender. The intramuscular fat contents were higher in the strip loin, loin and chuck tender of Hanwoo beef than New Zealand beef (p<0.05). Hanwoo QG 1 beef had higher Fe contents in the strip loin (30.52 mg/100g) and chuck tender (40.70 mg/100g) (p<0.05). Hanwoo beef had lower cooking loss and than those of New Zealand beef, whereas New Zealand beef had higher protein and amino acids contents (%) than their counterpart. There was no significant difference in the WBS between two origin samples except the chuck Hanwoo beef had significantly lower saturated fatty acids (SFA) and higher monounsaturated fatty acids contents than New Zealand beef (p<0.05). WBS values indicated that Hanwoo and New Zealand beef had similar tenderness in the loin, striploin and eye of round due to the longer aging periods of the New Zealand beef than Hanwoo beef during the distribution.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.38 no.7
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• pp.935-945
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• 2009

This study was performed to find the optimum ratio of ingredients in the Chinese quince jam. The experiment was designed according to the D-optimal design of mixture design, which included 14 experimental points with 4 replicates for three independent variables (Chinese quince paste $45{\sim}60%$, pectin $1.5{\sim}4.5%$, sugar $45.5{\sim}63.5%$). A mathematical analytical tool was employed for the optimization of typical ingredients. The canonical form and trace plot showed the influence of each ingredient in the mixture against final product. By use of F-test, sweetness, pH, L, b, ${\Delta}E$, and firmness were expressed by a linear model, while the spreadmeter value, a, and sensory characteristics (appearance, color, smell, taste, and overall acceptability) were by a quadratic model. The optimum formulations by numerical and graphical method were similar: Chinese quince paste 54.48%, pectin 2.45%, and sugar 53.07%. Optimum ingredient formulation is expected to improve use of Chinese quince and contribute to commercialization of high quality Chinese quince jam.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.523-532
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• 2002

The rare earth elements (REE) and Nd, Sr and noble gas isotopic compositions eHer'He, 4$^{\circ}$Arp6Ar) for the Quaternary alkali basaltic rocks and mantle xenoliths in the basaltic rocks from the Baegryongdo were investigated to decipher the origin of alkali basaltic magma and xenolith beneath the Sino-Korean craton. Analytical results are summarized as follows; (1) The alkali volcanic rocks with voluminous xenoliths which are represented by the Mg-olivine and clinopyroxene dominant spinel-lherzolite in the Baegryongdo consist mainly of the basalt-mugearite and basaltic andesite. (2) The REE pattern of alkali basaltic rocks characterized by high HREE is similar to that of oceanic island basalt (OlB). Relatively concordant REE patterns of the basaltic rocks suggest that the alkali basaltic magma be formed by the identical source materials. (3) The Nd-Sr isotopic data of the alkali basaltic rocks suggest that the alkali basaltic magma be originated from the depleted mantle source with a little contamination of the continental crustal materials. (4) The $^3$He/ $^4$He ratios in olivines of xenoliths ranging from 5.0${\pm}$1.lRa to 6.7${\pm}$1.3Ra are lower than that of MORB (ca. 8.0Ra). It suggest that the xenolith be derived from the subcontinental lithospheric mantle. However, the high $^3$Her'He value of 16.8${\pm}$3.IRa at 1800$^{\circ}$C fraction (sample no OL-7) might be resulted from the post-eruptive cosmogenic $^3$He. The 4OAr/ 36 Ar ratios in olivines of mantle xenoliths are comparable to that of atmospheric argon, and are much lower than that of the MORB type mantle. These facts can lead to conclusion that the olivine of the xenolith in the Baegryongdo is affected by the post-eruptive atmospheric contamination during the slow degassing process.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.117-124
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• 2005

Livestock manure has been utilized as fertilizer, and trying to make resources natural circulation of organic material. This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of application level of swine slurry on agronomic characteristics and yield of silage corn and $NO_3-N$ content of soil for three years in the experimental field of Grassland and Forage Crops Division, National Livestock Research Institute. Summary of the results were as follows. The experiment was conducted according to a randomized complete block design. Six treatments were non fertilizer(NF), chemical fertilizer(CF), $100\%$ swine slurry(SS100), $150\%$ swine slurry(SS150), $200\%$ swine slurry(SS200) and mixture fertilizer(MF, $100\%$ swine slurry + $50\%$ chemical fertilizer) with three replications. The application level of swine slurry(SS) $100\%$ was highest in Brix as $8.6^{\circ}$ and stay green was as swine slurry application increased. Deficiency of plant, plant height, ear height and lodging were increased in above $100\%$ swine slurry application level. Dry matter yield was decreased in SS 100 but increased in SS 150 and SS 200. Significant effect was observed for all treatments. The content of $NO_3-N$ in infiltration water was high in above swine slurry nitrogen $150\%$ but that content in run off water was very small. Conclusively, application to swine slurry below $150\%$ would be recommended to produce higher yield and to conserve environment in corn field.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.27-43
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• 2017

The objectives of the study were to evaluate fish compositions, endangered species, community structure, physical habitat, and general water quality for a preliminary environmental impact assessment of Jeokbyeok River on the road construction between two regions. Total number of species and total number of individuals, based on CPUE, were 23 and 1186, respectively. The endangered species (I, II) as the legal protection species were Pseudopungtungia nigra (79 samples) Gobiobotia brevibarba) (5) Gobiobotia macrocephala (2), indicating a requiring of endangered species conservation. In the meantime, exotic species and ecological disturbing species such as Micropterus salmoides and Lepomis macrochirus, were not present, indicating a well conserved area. According to fish community analysis, values of species diversity index were high (range: 0.788 - 1.030), and the dominance index were low (range: 0.097 - 0.183), indicating that the fish community in this area was maintained well without high dominacne by specific species. Also, fish analysis on tolerance guilds and trophic guilds showed that the proportions of sensitive species were largely exceeded the proportions of the tolerant species, while the proportions of insectivore species were largely exceeded the proportions of the omnivore species. This outcome suggests that the ecosystem was well maintained in terms of tolerance and trophic compositions (food chain). Ecological health, based on the multi-metric fish model of Fish Assessment Integrity (FAI), reflected those fish conditions. In other words, values of FAI model averaged 82.4, which means a "good condition" in the criteria of ecological health by the Minstry of Environment, Korea. In addition, general water quality and physical habitat analyses showed that the system was in good condition. Under these conditions, if the road constructions between the two regions happen in the future, inorganic suspended solids may increase in the waterbody, and this may result in indirect or direct influences on the physical habitats and food chain as well as fish compositions, so the ecological protections and prevention strategy from the soil erosion are required in the system.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.161-170
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• 2007

A submerged biofilm sequencing batch reactor (SBSBR) process, which liquor was internally circulated through sandfilter, was designed, and performances in swine wastewater treatment was evaluated under a condition of no external carbon source addition. Denitrification of NOx-N with loading rate in vertical and slope type of sandfilter was 19% and 3.8%, respectively, showing approximately 5 times difference, and so vertical type sandfilter was chosen for the combination with SBSBR. When the process was operated under 15 days HRT, 105L/hr.m3 of internal circulation rate and 54g/m3.d of NH4-N loading rate, treatment efficiencies of STOC, NH4-N and TN (as NH4-N plus NOx-N) was 75%, 97% and 85%, respectively. By conducting internal circulation through sandfilter, removal performances of TN were enhanced by 14%, and the elevation of nitrogen removal was mainly attributed to occurrence of denitrification in sandfilter. Also, approximately 57% of phosphorus was removed with the conduction of internal circulation through sandfilter, meanwhile phosphorus concentration in final effluent rather increased when the internal circulation was not performed. Therefore, It was quite sure that the continuous internal circulation of liquor through sandfilter could contribute to enhancement of biological nutrient removal. Under 60g/m3.d of NH4-N loading rate, the NH4-N level in final effluent was relatively low and constant(below 20mg/L) and over 80% of nitrogen removal was maintained in spite of loading rate increase up to 100g/m3.d. However, the treatment efficiency of nitrogen was deteriorated with further increase of loading rate. Based on this result, an optimum loading rate of nitrogen for the process would be 100g/m3.d.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.723-729
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• 2004

To develop foods using dried persimmon, hot-water extracts of dried persimmons were added into strong wheat flour in the ratio of 10, 20, 30, and 40% and the quality characteristics of baked products were investigated. The proximate compositions of dried persimmons hot-water extracts were 70.37% of moisture, 1.72% of crude protein, 0.18% of crude lipids, 1.99% of crude ash and 4.37% of crude fiber, respectively. With increasing the addition of dried persimmons hot-water extracts, moisture content of the added breads was increased to 47.20% from 41.12% of non-added bread and water activity to 0.576 from 0.495. Water binding capacity of the added dried persimmons hot-water extracts rasied weight of the bread but decreased specific volume. In the hunter's color values the more dried persimmons hot-water extracts was added, the lower L vaules we, and the higher a and b values we. In the texture property, the addition of dried persimmons hot-water extracts increased hardness, gumminess and chewiness, while decreased adhesiveness and fracturability. Judging from texture, taste and overall acceptability of the product, recommended substitution level for hot-water extracts of dried persimmons in bread was 30% or less.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.53 no.4
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• pp.519-524
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• 2010

Purpose : To determine the efficacy of the N-terminal fragment of B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) as a useful diagnostic method in children with incomplete Kawasaki disease (KD). Methods : Ninety-six patients who were diagnosed as having KD between January 2008 and June 2009 were enrolled in the study. American Heart Association recommendations for diagnosis were used, and patients were divided into the complete KD and incomplete KD groups. Blood tests including NT-proBNP were performed on admission day. Nineteen patients who had other febrile diseases other than KD were enrolled as control. Results : Thirty-three patients (34%) had incomplete KD. Change in the lips and oral cavity and conjunctivitis were the most common clinical features, but their frequency was lower than complete KD (76% vs 98%, 76% vs 90%). Patients with incomplete KD exhibited significantly higher NT-proBNP level than that of control ($1,407.7{\pm}1633.5pg/mL$ vs $126.2{\pm}135.5pg/mL$, $P$<0.001). An NT-proBNP cutoff value of 158 pg/mL provided a sensitivity of 81% and a specificity of 74% for diagnosis of incomplete KD. Conclusion : NT-proBNP assay can be clinically useful for the diagnosis of incomplete KD, if the patient has persistent fever, change in the lips and oral cavity, and conjunctivitis, and if the patient with those symptoms is suspected to have incomplete KD.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.35-63
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• 1989

Geochemical characteristics of the Guryongsan (Ogcheon) uraniferous black slate show that this is an analogue to the conventional Chattanooga and Alum shales in occurrences. Whereas, its highest enrichment ratio in metals including uranium, among others, is explained by the cyclic sedimentation of the black muds and quartz-rich silts, and the uniform depositional condition with some what higher pH condition compared to the conditions of the known occurrences. The cyclic sedimentation, caused by the periodic open and close of the silled basin, has brought about the flush-out) of the uranium depleted water and the recharge with the new metal-rich sea water, which consequently contributed to the high concentration of metals in mud. The metal-rich marine black muds, which mostly occur in the early to middle Palaeozoic times, is attributed by the geologic conditions which related to the atmospheric oxygen contents, and these are scarcely met in the late Precambrian and/or with the onset of Palaeozoic era in the geologic evolution of the earth.