• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.685-691
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• 2008

An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of dietary copper (Cu) on performance, carcass characteristics and lipid metabolism in lambs. Fifty DorperMongolia wether lambs (approximately 3 month of age; 23.80.6 kg of body weight) were housed in individual pens and were assigned randomly to one of five treatments. Treatments consisted of 1) control (no supplemental Cu), 2) 10 mg Cu/kg DM from Cu-lysine, 3) 20 mg Cu/kg DM from Cu-lysine, 4) 10 mg Cu/kg DM from tribasic copper chloride (Cu2(OH)3Cl; TBCC), 5) 20 mg Cu/kg DM from tribasic copper chloride. The Cu concentration was 6.74 mg/kg DM in the basal diet. Body weight was measured on two consecutive days at the start and the end of the 60-day experimental period. Blood samples were collected and then the lambs were slaughtered on d 60. Performance was not affected (p>0.05) by dietary Cu treatment. Cu-supplemented and control lambs had similar hot carcass weight, dressing percentage and longissimus muscle area, but Cu supplementation, regardless of source and level, reduced (p<0.01) 12th rib backfat and kidney fat in lambs. Plasma tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-) and serum triglyceride concentrations were increased (p<0.05), total cholesterol concentrations were decreased (p<0.05) and nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) concentrations tended to be increased (p<0.07) by Cu supplementation. However, Serum concentrations of HDL-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol were not affected (p>0.05) by dietary treatment. Fatty acid profile of longissimus muscle was similar across treatments. These results indicate that Cu-lysine and TBCC are of similar availability in lambs. Cu supplementation given to DorperMongolia wether lambs altered lipid metabolism. The reduction in backfat depth may be due to copper altering TNF- metabolism in lambs. Supplementation of 10 or 20 mg Cu/kg DM showed similar effects on lipid metabolism in lambs.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.629-632
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• 1999

Constructed wetlands are being used for the removal of nutrients from livestock wastewater. However, natural vegetation typically used in constructed wetlands does not have marketable value. As an alternative, agronomic plants grown under flooded or saturated soil conditions that promote denitrification can be used. Studies on constructed wetlands for swine wastewater were conducted in wetland cells that contained either natural wetland plants or a combination of soybeans and rice for two years with the objective of maximum nitrogen reduction to minimize the amount of land required for terminal treatment. Three systems, of two 3.6 by 33.5 m wetland cells connected in series were used; two systems each contained a different combination of emergent wetland vegetation: rush/bulrush (system 1) and bur-reed/cattail (system 2). The third system contained soybean (Glycine max) in saturated-soil-culture (SSC) in the first cell, and flooded rice (Oryza sativa) in the second cell. Nitrogen (N) loading rates of 3 and $10kg\;ha^{-1}\;day^{-1}$ were used in the first and second years, respectively. These loading rates were obtained by mixing swine lagoon liquid with fresh water before it was applied to the wetland. The nutrient removal efficiency was similar in the rush/bulrush, bur-reed/cattails and agronomic plant systems. Mean mass removal of N was 94 % at the loading rate of $3kg\;N\;ha^{-1}\;day^{-1}$ and decreased to 71% at the higher rate of $10kg\;N\;ha^{-1}\;day^{-1}$. The two years means for above-ground dry matter production for rush/bulrushes and bur-reed/cattails was l2 and $33Mg\;ha^{-1}$, respectively. Flooded rice yield was $4.5Mg\;ha^{-1}$ and soybean grown in saturation culture yielded $2.8Mg\;ha^{-1}$. Additionally, the performance of seven soybean cultivars using SSC in constructed wetlands with swine wastewater as the water source was evaluated for two years, The cultivar Young had the highest yield with 4.0 and $2.8Mg\;ha^{-1}$ in each year, This indicated that production of acceptable soybean yields in constructed wetlands seems feasible with SSC using swine lagoon liquid. Two microcosms studies were established to further investigate the management of constructed wetlands. In the first microcosm experiment, the effects of swine lagoon liquid on the growth of wetland plants at half (about 175 mg/l ammonia) and full strength (about 350 mg/l ammonia) was investigated. It was concluded that wetland plants can grow well in at least half strength lagoon liquid. In the second microcosm experiment, sequencing nitrification-wetland treatments was studied. When nitrified lagoon liquid was added in batch applications ($48kg\;N\;ha^{-1}\;day^{-1}$) to wetland microcosms the nitrogen removal rate was four to five times higher than when non-nitrified lagoon liquid was added. Wetland microcosms with plants were more effective than those with bare soil. These results suggest that vegetated wetlands with nitrification pretreatment are viable treatment systems for removal of large quantities of nitrogen from swine lagoon liquid.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.851-858
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• 2014

Muscat Bailey A (MBA) wine was fermented using the indigenous Korean Saccahromyces cerevisiae strains S13 and D8, and the fermentation characteristics were compared with those of S. cerevisiae W-3, an industrial wine yeast. The strains S13 and D8 showed delayed alcohol fermentation compared with the W-3 strain, but the final alcohol contents of the S13 and D8 wines after fermentation were similar to those of the W-3 wine. The S13 wine showed significantly lower malic-acid content than the W-3 wine, but the D8 wine showed a similar level. Both the wines fermented using the S13 and D8 strains showed significantly lower acetaldehyde, methanol, and fusel oil contents, including n-propanol, iso-butyl alcohol, and iso-amyl alcohol, compared to the W-3 wine. Especially, the methanol content was 98.6 mg/L in the S13 wine and 112.0 mg/L in the D8 wine, which were much lower than 192.8 mg/L in the W-3 wine. The S13 wine obtained the highest score in terms of color among the three wines in the sensory evaluation, with lower Hunter's L, a, and b values compared to the W-3 wine.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.222-227
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• 2017

Red ginseng prepared from fresh 6-year-old ginseng treated with colloidal gold nanoparticles was extracted using hot water to evaluate its total phenolic and flavonoid contents, antioxidant capacity, and neuroprotective effects. Water extract of red ginseng treated with gold nanoparticles (WERGGN) had total phenolic and total flavonoid contents of 212.2 mg gallic acid equivalents/$^{\circ}Bx$ and 3.5 mg catechin equivalents/$^{\circ}Bx$, respectively. The antioxidant capacities of WERGGN measured using ABTS, DPPH, and ORAC assays were 272.3, 141.2, and 868.4 mg vitamin C equivalents/$^{\circ}Bx$, respectively. The WERGGN showed protective effects on the viability of neuron-like PC-12 cells against oxidative stress induced by hydrogen peroxide in a dose-dependent manner, partly because of a reduction in intracellular oxidative stress. Acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase, which degrade the neurotransmitter acetylcholine to terminate neurotransmission, were inhibited by treatment with WERGGN. These results suggest that WERGGN is useful as a functional material to decrease oxidative stress and neuronal damage.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.779-786
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• 2012

Rhodiola sachalinensis fermentates by lactic acid bacteria were prepared using the adsorption process, and were investigated for changes of the main compounds and anti-oxidative activities during the adsorption and fermentation process. While the R. sachalinensis extract (RSE), which did not go through the adsorption process, showed little change in pH during fermentation and a significant reduction in the number of lactic acid bacteria, the pre-preparatory adsorption process was found to be helpful for promoting fermentation and for maintenance of bacterial numbers. The contents of total phenolic compounds mostly decreased during the adsorption process, but showed an increasing tendency to rebound during the fermentation process. The contents of salidroside and p-tyrosol in the RSE were 1153.3 mg% and 185.0 mg% respectively, and they did not significantly change after treatment with acid clay or bentonite as adsorbents, which were 1093.0 and 190.5 mg% by acid clay, and 882.2 and 157.3 mg% by bentonite. When the extract was fermented after treatment with acid clay or bentonite, the salidroside contents were decreased by 282.7 and 505.0 mg% respectively, but the p-tyrosol contents were increased by 714.0 and 522.4 mg% respectively. Compared to the DPPH radical scavenging activity of the RSE (66.8%) at the conc. of 0.1%, that of the fermented RSE, which went through adsorption process with acid clay or bentonite, was significantly increased to 79.4 and 72.7% respectively at the same concentration (p<0.05). Though fermentation by lactic acid bacteria was suppressed in the RSE, the results suggested that the adsorption process may promote fermentation without any change in the content of major active compounds. It is expected that fermentation by lactic acid bacteria could improve the antioxidant activity and various associated functionalities of R. sachalinensis.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.333-342
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• 2016

In our study, osteoporosis was induced by ovariectomized in female rats, and the prevention and treatment efficacy of the climacteric disease the postmenopausal type I pattern was examined by using the experimental substance Cassia tora (CT) ethanol extracts. Female rats were either sham-operated (sham; n=5) or surgically ovariectomized (OVX; five animals per group) and then administered to OVX control, raloxifene hydrochloride (RLX) 1 mg/kg/day, or CT (20 and 200 mg/kg/day) for 12 weeks. Serum osteocalcin and creatinine concentration were significantly lower in the CT 200 mg/kg/day group compared with the OVX control group. Serum progesterone concentration was significantly higher in the CT 200 mg/kg/day group compared with the OVX control group. Reduction grade of the trabecular bone decreased in the RLX 1 and CT 200 mg/kg/day group compared with that of the OVX control group. In conclusion, CT 200 mg/kg/day may have inhibitory effects on osteoporosis in OVX rats.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.225-232
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• 2003

Nutrients and water absorption by Citrus unshiu Marc. cv. Miyagawa Wase were examined using spray type of out-door hydroponics system. Three different concentration levels of nutrient solution were treated to citrus trees to examine nutrient uptake. To do so, concentration and the volume change of nutrient solution was measured for each treatment. By weighing the volume of solution and citrus trees, amounts of water uptake and fresh weight increase were observed periodically. Water uptake by trees increased as tree grew and time elapsed, but was lower at high level of nutrient concentration than the rest, due partly to the reduction in hydraulic conductance and to the sustained high salt concentration. Rapid increase in fresh weight and nutrient uptake occurred from May to July and from August to September. The amounts of nutrient uptake were significantly different among nutrient levels: the higher concentration, the greater uptake by citrus tree. The absorbed amounts of $NO_3$, K and Ca were much higher than those of $NH_4$, S, P, Mg, and Fe. Most mineral contents in leaves were proportional to the concentration of supplied nutrient solutions. From the results of nutrient absorption and contents in leaves at different levels of nutrient solutions, the composition of major elements for citrus nutrient solution can be modified as follows: 27.1, 16.5, 66.0, 80.0, and $24.0mg\;L^{-1}$ for N, P, K, Ca, and Mg, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.47 no.6
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• pp.480-485
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• 2014

In satsuma mandarin (C. unshiu Marc. cv. Miyagawa), alternate bearing is frequently occurred. It is very difficult to control and maintain the optimum production because satsuma mandarin is a very sensitive citrus cultivar. We carried out the experiment to find out the effects of foliar application of gibberellic acid ($GA_3$) and machine oil emulsion mixture on flowering and fruit quality of satsuma mandarin grown on open field. The treatments were composed of control (no application), $GA_3$ (25, 50 and $100mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$), machine oil emulsion 100 times and mixture of $GA_3$ (25 and $50mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$) with machine oil emulsion 100 times on 16 year-old 'Miyagawa' satsuma mandarin on December 30, 2012. Foliar application of $GA_3$ during winter season led to a reduction of the flowering in the following year. $GA_3$ decreased flowering in dose dependant manner. However, application of $GA_3$ and machine oil emulsion (100 times-diluted mixture) inhibited effectively the flowering compared to $GA_3$ only. Also, flower-leaf ratio was significantly decreased by the application of $GA_3$ 25 (0.54) and $50(0.41)mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ with machine oil emulsion mixture in comparison to $GA_3$ 25 (0.86) and $50(0.60)mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ only. The number of leaves per fruit increased in application of $GA_3$ and machine oil emulsion mixture as concentration of $GA_3$ increased. Fruit weight and sugar-acid ratio also increased in comparison to the control whereas fruit size, soluble solid content and acidity remained unchanged. From the results, it was suggested that $GA_3$ application can reduce the number of flowers on the alternate bearing of satsuma mandarin. Moreover, application of $GA_3$ (25 and $50mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$) with machine oil emulsion 100 times mixture can reduce the flowering effectively without altering fruit maturity and soluble solid contents. Therefore, it can be concluded that the application of $GA_3$ 25 and $50mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ with machine oil emulsion 100 times might be useful in controlling alternate bearing in satsuma mandarin.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.379-384
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• 2015

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: Apolipoprotein A5 gene promoter region T-1131C polymorphism (APOA5 T-1131C) is known to be associated with elevated plasma TG levels, although little is known of the influence of the interaction between APOA5 T-1131C and lifestyle modification on TG levels. To investigate this matter, we studied APOA5 T-1131C and plasma TG levels of subjects participating in a three-month lifestyle modification program. SUBJECTS/METHODS: A three-month lifestyle modification program was conducted with 297 participants (Age: $57{\pm}8years$) in Izumo City, Japan, from 2001-2007. Changes in energy balance (the difference between energy intake and energy expenditure) and BMI were used to evaluate the participants' responses to the lifestyle modification. RESULTS: Even after adjusting for confounding factors, plasma TG levels were significantly different at baseline among three genotype subgroups: TT, $126{\pm}68mg/dl$; TC, $134{\pm}74mg/dl$; and CC, $172{\pm}101mg/dl$. Lifestyle modification resulted in significant reductions in plasma TG levels in the TT, TC, and CC genotype subgroups: $-21.9{\pm}61.0mg/dl$, $-20.9{\pm}51.0mg/dl$, and $-42.6{\pm}78.5mg/dl$, respectively, with no significant differences between them. In a stepwise regression analysis, age, APOA5 T-1131C, body mass index (BMI), homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and the 18:1/18:0 ratio showed independent association with plasma TG levels at baseline. In a general linear model analysis, APOA5 T-1131C C-allele carriers showed significantly greater TG reduction with decreased energy balance than wild type carriers after adjustment for age, gender, and baseline plasma TG levels. CONCLUSIONS: The genetic effects of APOA5 T-1131C independently affected plasma TG levels. However, lifestyle modification was effective in significantly reducing plasma TG levels despite the APOA5 T-1131C genotype background.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.54-60
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• 2008

Deactivation of SCR catalyst applied in Orimusion fuel power plant was investigated to develope the technique for the regeneration of deactivated SCR catalyst and optimize the operation of SCR facility. The characterization study of the catalysts was carried out using XRD, ICP-AES, SEM and EDS. The NO$_X$ removal activity and SO$_2$ oxidation activity of the catalysts were measured. The NO$_X$ conversion of the deactivated catalyst was 5$\sim$10% lower than that of the fresh catalyst and the value of SO$_2$conversion to SO$_3$ over the deactivated catalyst was about 0.59% higher than that of the fresh catalyst. Vanadium(V), Magnesium(Mg) and Sulfur(S) were largely accumulated in the deactivated catalyst. The accumulation of Vanadium(V) and Sulfur(S) is due to the components of the Orimulsion fuel and the accumulation of Magnesium(Mg) is due to MgO that is injected in the boiler to prevent the oxidation of SO$_2$ to SO$_3$. The diffraction line of the TiO$_2$ of the deactivated catalyst was identified as the crystalline peaks of anatase as the fresh catalyst.