• KSBB Journal
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.342-350
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• 1999

Photobacterium phosphoreum was used in order to study response to heavy metal including $HgCl_2$, $CdCl_2$, $MnSO_4$ and $ZnSO_4$ in view of developing monitoring system for toxic substances. The concentrations of heavy metal causing 50% reduction($EC_{50}$) in bioluminescence intensity were determined with both free and immobilized P. phosphoreum. The bioluminescence responses were examined at various concentrations of heavy metal after 10, 20 and 30 min of exposure. The linear correlation between Gamma values and concentrations of heavy metal was obtained and $EC_{50}$ was calculated from the linear correlation. The significant inhibitory concentrations for bioluminescence emission were found to be 0.05mg/L for $HgCl_2$, 25mg/L for $CdCl_2$, 50mg/L for $MnSO_4$ and 12.5mg/L for $ZnSO_4$, respectively. The free cell and disc type were shown to be more sensitive to heavy metal than cells mixed with Na-alginate or immobilized on Sr-alginate. However, the linear regression curves were derived from the Sr-alginate immobilized cells indicating the immobilization method is a useful tool for monitoring of heavy metal under more stable condition of bioluminescence.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.222-228
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• 2006

This study was conducted to evaluate the heavy metal content (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn) of forest soil and of Lonicera japonica and to understand the correlation in contents of heavy metal between forest soil and L. japonica near the Onsan industrial region. The content of As, Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn was higher in the industrial region than in forest regions, but re, Mn and Ni content was higher in forest regions than in the industrial region. Among heavy metals, the content of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn in leaf, stem and root of L. japonica growing near industrial regions was significantly higher (p<0.05) than in forest regions. The content of As, Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn in L. japonica tissues showed a positive or negative correlation with those in forest soils. Correlation coefficients of Cu content between forest soil and organs of L. japonica ranged from 0.93 to 0.99 (p<0.01). It was concluded that L. japanica could be used in heavy metal (Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn) decontamination of forest soils of industrial regions.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.356-362
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• 1998

The study is to predict fermentation time of Korean style soybean paste by portable electronic nose that has six metal oxide sensors. Korean style soybean paste using Aspergillus oryzae was fermented at $15^{\circ}C,\;20^{\circ}C\;and\;25^{\circ}C$. The changes of sensitivity by electronic nose, amino nitrogen and reducing sugar were observed during fermentation. Sensitivities of six metal oxide sensor were decreased with increase of fermentation time while amino nitrogen was increased. Sensor #3 and #4 showed good correlation between sensitivities of the sensors and fermentation time $(r^2=0.71{\sim}0.95)$. And the good correlation between sensitivity by electronic nose and the produced amino nitrogen was shown until soybean paste was fermented. Portable electronic nose using metal oxide sensor (#3 and #4) could predict fermentation time of Korean style soybean paste.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.11 no.3_4
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• pp.23-32
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• 1996

In this study, we investgated the uptake capacity of several water plants for heavy metals (lead and cadmium) in soil of rivers where are adjacent to a industrial complex in Chun-An city and in A-San city. We also examined the deposition pattern of heavy metal in plants. The results are as follows: 1. The soil of river in Chun-An city was polluted more serious than that of A-San city. In Chun-An city, mean values of lead and cadmium contents in soil were 26.224 $\pm$ 28.037 $\mu$g/g, and 0.854 $\pm$ 1. 127 $\mu$g/g, respectively. 2. Water plants examined in this study were Slum suave KITAGAWA, Persicaria thunbergii H. GROSS, Phragmiles japonica STEUD, Echinochloa crus-galli var. frumentacea WIGHT and Persicaria hydropiper SPACH. Both metal contents of several water plants distributed in Chun-An city were higher than those in A-San city. In these plants, Slum suave showed the highest uptake capacity for lead and cadmium. The mean values of lead and cadmium contents in Slum suave were 40.957 $\pm$ 29.577 $\mu$g/g and 1. 930 $\pm$ 1. 076 $\mu$g/g, respectively. Persicaria thunbergii also showed a relatively high uptake capacity for both metal. 3. Correlation between metal contents in soil and water plants was high. In both cases of Sium suave and Persicaria thunbergii correlation coefficients were 0.605 and 0.549, respectively. 4. We analyzed lead and cadmium contents in root, stem and leaf of several water plants. Both metals were mostly deposited in root. Much of both metals were also deposited in leaf. From the results, we suggest that Slum suave KITAGAWA and Persicaria thunbegii H. GROSS can be used to reduce heavy metals from industrial waste water.

• ALGAE
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.349-357
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• 2017

Korean mariculture Undaria pinnatifida was collected during the months of January, February, March, and December of 2010, as well as from January of 2011 to investigate the changes in the carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios (${\delta}^{13}C$ and ${\delta}^{15}N$) and heavy metal with respect to it growth and to identify the factors that influence such changes. The blades of U. pinnatifida showed ${\delta}^{13}C$ and ${\delta}^{15}N$ in the range (mean) of -13.11 to -19.42‰ (-16.93‰) and 2.99 to 7.57‰ (4.71‰), respectively. Among samples with the same grow-out period, those that weighed more tended to have higher ${\delta}^{13}C$ suggesting a close association between the carbon isotope ratio and growth rate of U. pinnatifida. Indeed, we found a very high positive linear correlation between the monthly average ${\delta}^{13}C$ and the absolute growth rate in weight ($r^2=0.89$). Nitrogen isotope ratio tended to be relatively lower when nitrogen content in the blade was higher, probably due to the strengthening of isotope fractionation stemming from plenty of nitrogen in the surrounding environment. In fact, a negative linear correlation was observed with the nitrate concentration in the nearby seawaters ($r^2=0.83$). Concentrations of Cu, Cd, Pb, Cr, Hg, and Fe in the blades showed a rapid decrease in their concentration per unit weight in the more mature U. pinnatifida. Specifically, compared to adult samples, Cu, Hg, and Pb were concentrated by 30, 55, and 73 folds, respectively, in the young blades. Therefore, U. pinnatifida tissue ${\delta}^{13}C$ is as an indirect indicator of its growth rate, while ${\delta}^{15}N$ values and heavy metal concentrations serve as tracers that reflect the environmental characteristics.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2011.08a
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• pp.162-162
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• 2011

Nanometer-sized noble metals can trap and guide sunlight for enhanced absorption of light based on surface plasmon that is beneficial for generation of hot electron flows. A pulse of high kinetic energy electrons (1-3 eV), or hot electrons, in metals can be generated after surface exposure to external energy, such as in the absorption of light or in exothermic chemical processes. These energetic electrons are not at thermal equilibrium with the metal atoms. It is highly probable that the correlation between hot electron generation and surface plasmon can offer a new guide for energy conversion systems [1-3]. We show that hot electron flow is generated on the modified gold thin film (<10 nm) of metal-semiconductor (TiO2) Schottky diodes by photon absorption, which is amplified by localized surface plasmon resonance. The short-circuit photocurrent obtained with low energy photons (lower than bandgap of TiO2, ~3.1-3.2 eV) is consistent with Fowler's law, confirming the presence of hot electron flows. The morphology of the metal thin film was modified to a connected gold island structure after heating to 120, 160, 200, and 240$^{\circ}C$. These connected island structures exhibit both a significant increase in hot electron flow and a localized surface plasmon with the peak energy at 550-570 nm, which was separately characterized with UV-Vis [4]. The result indicates a strong correlation between the hot electron flow and localized surface plasmon resonance with possible application in hot electron based solar cells and photodetectors.

• Geophysics and Geophysical Exploration
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.93-98
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• 2004

The sand-covered Muweilah archaeological site in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) is a unique Iron Age site, and has been subject to intensive investigations. However, excavations are time consuming and may require twenty years to complete. Thus geophysical surveys were undertaken with the objective of characterising the site more expeditiously. This paper presents preliminary results of these surveys. Ground penetrating radar (GPR) was tested as a primary imaging tool, with an ancillary shallow time domain EM (MetalMapper) system. Dense 3D GPR datasets were migrated to produce horizontal (plan view) depth slices at 10 cm intervals, which is conceptually similar to the archaeologists' excavation methodology. The objective was to map all features associated with anthropogenic activity. This required delineating extensive linear and planar features, which could represent infrastructure. The correlation between these and isolated point reflectors, which could indicate anthropogenic activity, was then assessed. Finally, MetalMapper images were used to discriminate between metallic and non-metallic scatterers. The moderately resistive sand cover allowed GPR depth penetration of up to 5 m with a 500 MHz system. GPR successfully mapped floor levels, walls, and isolated anthropogenic activity, but crumbling walls were difficult to track in some cases. From this study, two possible courtyard areas were recognised. The MetalMapper was less successful because of its limited depth penetration of 50 cm. Despite this, the system was still useful in detecting modem-day ferruginous waste and bronze artefacts. The results (subject to ongoing ground-truthing) indicated that GPR was optimal for sites like Muweilah, which are buried under a few metres of sand. The 3D survey methodology proved essential to achieve line-to-line correlation for tracking walls. In performing the surveys, a significant improvement in data quality ensued when survey areas were flattened and de-vegetated. Although MetalMapper surveys were not as useful, they certainly indicated the value of including other geophysical data to constrain interpretation of complex GPR features.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.22-29
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• 2000

This study was performed to investigate the concentrations of TSP, PM10 and heavy metals(Pb, Cd,Hg, Ni, Zn) of underground parking lots in Taegu city. The samples were collected from 3 department stores and 1 central park in the winter and the summer, 1997. The samples of 3 department stores were divided into sale period and non-sale period in the winter and the summer. The concentrations of TSP and PM10 were 109.6±1.5㎍/㎥ and 93.3±1.5㎍/㎥. In TSP, the zinc was the highest level, 287.16±1.5ng/㎥ and the cadmium was the lowest, 2.4±2.1ng/㎥ and in PM10, the zinc was the highest level, 193.6±1.5ng/㎥ and the cadmium was the lowest, 0.6±3.9ng/㎥. The correlation coefficient between the concentration of TSP and PM10 was 0.982(p<0.05). The correlation coefficients of corresponding heavy metal in TSP and PM10 were 0.863 for lead, 0.617 for mercury, 0.890 for nickel and 0.850 for zinc(p<0.05). The concentrations of TSP, PM10 and cadmium of PM10 in the winter were higher than those of the summer. However, the concentration of Hg of PM10 in the summer was higher than that of the winter. The concentrations of TSP and PM10 in sale period was higher than those of non-sale period and the concentrations of heavy metal in TSP and PM10 were not significantly different between sale and non-sale period. The proportions of PM10 to TSP were above 60% in dust, lead, nickel, and zinc and less than 40% in cadmium and mercury. The concentrations of TSP, PM10 and heavy metal in the underground parking lots were comparatively lower than those of general atmosphere. However, this kind of research to PM10 in the underground parking lots must be continued because it is very important particulate matter that affects human beng's health.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.267-275
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• 2020

Objectives: The causes of dementia have been reported in various ways, but there has been little research on the interrelationship between heavy metals and dementia, and the results also show little consistency. Therefore, it is imperative to compare the levels of heavy metal exposure between the dementia-suffering group and a control group to confirm the correlation between the level of heavy metal exposure and the likelihood of dementia. Methods: In order to assess the dementia level of the elderly, the Global Deterioration Scale (GDS) and Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) were applied. To analyze the concentration of heavy metals in the blood, blood was collected from the veins of study subjects and measured using Inductively Coupled Plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Results: There was a statistically significant correlation between lead and manganese concentrations in the blood and the MMSE and GDS. It was found that there was a statistically significant correlation between cadmium concentration in the blood and the GDS, but the MMSE was less relevant. It was found that the blood mercury concentration and the MMSE and GDS were less relevant. The lead concentration in the blood was 0.95±0.74 ㎍/dL in the dementia patient group and 0.33±0.22 ㎍/dL in the normal group, while cadmium was 0.69±0.37 ㎍/L in the dementia group and 0.18±0.10 ㎍/L in the normal group. Mercury was 0.81±0.31 ㎍/L in the dementia group and 1.16±0.80 ㎍/L in the normal group. Manganese was 6.83±2.01 ㎍/L in the dementia group and 4.78±1.59 ㎍/L in the normal group. All of these show statistically significant differences. Conclusions: As the concentration of lead, cadmium and manganese in the blood increases, the MMSE scores and GDS scores were found to worsen, and it was confirmed that there is a correlation between heavy metal exposure and cognitive degradation.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.116-123
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• 2007

This experiment was conducted to investigate the distribution and burden characteristics of heavy metals in the rainwater sampled at Suwon area, in the middle part of Korea, from April 2002 to October 2003. The relationship between concentration of heavy metal and other chemical properties in the rainwater was also evaluated. Chemical properties in the rainwater were various differences with raining periods and years. It appeared that a weighted average pH of rainwater was ranged from 4.7 to 5.5. Heavy metal concentrations in the rainwater were ranked as Zn>Pb>Cu>Ni>Cr>As>Cd. As compared with heavy metal concentrations of rainwater in 2002, Cd, Cu and As were higher than other element in 2003. There were positive correlation between major ionic components, such as Ca, Mg, and K, and heavy metal concentrations of rainwater, and As, CU, Cu, Zn and Ni were relatively higher relationship than Pb and Cr in respective to correlation coefficient. For heavy metal distribution of rainwater, the order of average enrichment factors was Cd>Pb>AS>Cu>Zn>Ni>Cr, and these were relatively higher than the natural component such as Fe, Mg and Ca. The monthly enrichment factors were relatively high in the spring (from April to May) at Suwon. The monthly amount of heavy metal precipitation was high in the rainy season from June to August because of great influence of rainfall.