• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제54권8호
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• pp.3095-3105
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• 2022

Solid Microencapsulated Fuel (SMF) is a type of solid fuel rod design that disperses TRISO coated fuel particles directly into a kind of matrix. SMF is expected to provide improved performance because of the elimination of cladding tube and associated failure mechanisms. This study focused on the neutronics and some of the fuel cycle characteristics of SMF by using OpenMC. Two kinds of SMFs have been designed and evaluated - fuel particles dispersed into a silicon carbide matrix and fuel particles dispersed into a zirconium matrix. A 7×7 fuel assembly with increased rod diameter transformed from the standard NHR200-II 9×9 array was also introduced to increase the heavy metal inventory. A preliminary study of two kinds of burnable poisons (Erbia & Gadolinia) in two forms (BISO and QUADRISO particles) was also included. This study found that SMF requires about 12% enriched UN TRISO particles to match the cycle length of standard fuel when loaded in NHR200-II, which is about 7% for SMF with increased rod diameter. Feedback coefficients are less negative through the life of SMF than the reference. And it is estimated that the average center temperature of fuel kernel at fuel rod centerline is about 60 K below that of reference in this paper.

• Journal of Electrochemical Science and Technology
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.96-110
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• 2024

Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) are green energy conversion devices, for which commercial markets have been established, owing to their application in fuel cell vehicles (FCVs). Development of cathode electrocatalysts, replacing commercial Pt/C, plays a crucial role in factors such as cost reduction, high performance, and durability in FCVs. PtNi octahedral catalysts are promising for oxygen reduction reactions owing to their significantly higher mass activity (10-15 times) than that of Pt/C; however, their application in membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs) is challenged by their low stability. To overcome this durability issue, various approaches, such as third-metal doping, composition control, halide treatment, formation of a Pt layer, annealing treatment, and size control, have been explored and have shown promising improvements in stability in rotating disk electrode (RDE) testing. In this review, we aimed to compare the features of each strategy in terms of enhancing stability by introducing a stability improvement factor for a direct and reasonable comparison. The limitations of each strategy for enhancing stability of PtNi octahedral are also described. This review can serve as a valuable guide for the development of strategies to enhance the durability of octahedral PtNi.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국신재생에너지학회 2010년도 추계학술대회 초록집
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• pp.78.1-78.1
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• 2010

The metal-supported solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) was studied. Hydrocarbon fueled operation is necessary to make SOFC system. Different operating characteristics for metal-supported SOFC are used than for conventional ones as hydrocarbon fueled operation. Metal-supported SOFC was successfully fabricated by a high temperature sinter-joining method and the cathode was in-situ sintered. Synthetic gas, which is compounded as the diesel reformate gas composition and low hydrocarbons was completely removed by the diesel reformer. Metal-supported SOFC with synthetic gas was operated and evaluated and its characteristics analyzed. Button cell and $5{\times}5cm^2$ single stack were mainly operated and analyzed. Long-term operation using diesel reformate shows degradation, and degradation analysis was completed in the view of metal oxidation. Solution to increase stability of long-term operation was tried in the way of materials and operating conditions. Finally, $5{\times}5cm^2$ metal-supported single stack using synthetic gas was operated for 1000 hours under the modified condition.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제46권4호
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• pp.521-528
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• 2014

The surface modification of engineering materials by laser beam scanning (LBS) allows the improvement of properties in terms of reduced wear, increased corrosion resistance, and better strength. In this study, the laser beam scan method was applied to produce an oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) structure on a zirconium metal surface. A recrystallized Zircaloy-4 alloy sheet with a thickness of 2 mm, and $Y_2O_3$ particles of $10{\mu}m$ were selected for ODS treatment using LBS. Through the LBS method, the $Y_2O_3$ particles were dispersed in the Zircaloy-4 sheet surface at a thickness of 0.4 mm, which was about 20% when compared to the initial sheet thickness. The mean size of the dispersive particles was 20 nm, and the yield strength of the ODS treated plate at $500^{\circ}C$ was increased more than 65 % when compared to the initial state. This strength increase was caused by dispersive $Y_2O_3$ particles in the matrix and the martensite transformation of Zircaloy-4 matrix by the LBS.

• 방사성폐기물학회지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.77-84
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• 2010

상용원자로에서 발생하는 산화물 사용후핵연료의 부피감용과 재활용을 위하여 산화물을 금속으로 환원시키는 공정에 대한 연구가 수행되어 왔다. 다양한 환원법 중에서, 한국원자력연구원은 LiCl-$Li_2O$ 용융염을 반응매질로 사용하는 전해환원공정을 현재 개발 중이다. 파이로 공정의 전단부에 해당하는 전해환원 공정은 PWR 산화물 연료 주기를 소듐냉각 고속로의 금속연료 주기에 연결시켜 준다. 이 논문은 금속전환 공정을 개발/개선하고, 용량 증대를 수행한 한국원자력연구원의 노력을 요약한다.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제53권11호
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• pp.3704-3710
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• 2021

The characteristics of the external radiation on the surface of the casks for spent nuclear fuel (SNF) storage by dry method are investigated for the case when the spatial distribution of SNF in the basket changes due to the destruction of the fuel rod claddings. The surface areas are determined, where the changes in fluxes of neutrons, produced by ²⁴⁴Cm actinide, and γ-quanta, produced by long-lived isotopes, are maximum in the result of the decrease in the height of the SNF area. Concrete (VSC-24) and metal (SC-21) casks are considered as examples. The procedure of periodic measurement of the dose rate of neutrons or γ-quanta at the specified points of the cask surface is proposed for identifying the fuel rod cladding destruction. Under normal operation, the decrease in the dose rate produced by neutrons as the function of SNF storage duration is determined by the half-life of ²⁴⁴Cm, and for γ-quanta - by the half-lives of long-lived SNF isotopes. Consequently, a stepwise change in the dose rate of neutrons or γ-quanta, detected by the measurements, as compared to the previous one, would indicate the destruction of the fuel rod claddings.

• 공업화학
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• 제32권6호
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• pp.664-670
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• 2021

스테인리스강은 기계적 강도와 전기 전도성이 우수하고 가공이 용이하여 고분자전해질 연료전지의 분리판으로 적용되고 있다. 하지만 스테인리스강의 부식으로 인하여 접촉 저항이 증가하여 연료전지 성능이 저하하는 문제점이 있고, 귀금속 재료를 코팅하여 내식성을 높일 수 있으나 비용이 증가하는 단점이 있다. 금속 분리판의 내구성 확보와 경제성 개선을 위하여 고분자전해질 연료전지에서 스테인리스 강 분리판의 부식 거동과 부동태막에 의한 영향을 분석할 필요가 있다. 본 연구에서는 반응 면적이 25 cm²인 SUS316L 분리판을 제작하였고, 수소극과 공기극에 대한 SUS316L 분리판의 부식 거동을 분석하였다. SUS316L 분리판 부식이 연료전지 성능에 미치는 영향을 분극 곡선과 임피던스, 접촉저항을 측정하여 평가하였다. 연료전지 구동 간에 배출 수를 포집하여 SUS316L 분리판에서 용출된 금속 이온의 농도를 분석하였다. SUS316L 분리판에 대하여 공기극에서보다 수소극에서 부식이 활발하게 발생하는 것을 확인하였다. 연료전지 반응에 따라 부동태막이 형성되어 접촉 저항이 증가하였고, 부동태막이 형성된 이후에도 지속적으로 금속 이온이 용출되었다.

• 해양환경안전학회지
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.348-355
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• 2023

바이오디젤은 중립연료로써 친환경 연료로 알려져 있으며, 육상에서는 일정 비율을 의무 혼합하는 정책을 시행하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 바이오디젤의 선박 연료로써의 사용 가능성을 검증하기 위해 선박용 경유와 바이오디젤의 혼합비율 0 %, 5 %, 10 %, 20 %에 대해 성분 분석, 금속 부식성 실험, 저장 안정성 실험을 수행하였다. 성분 분석은 ISO 8217:2017 기준에 따라 밀도, 동점도, 인화점 등 총 8가지를 평가하였으며, 180일 동안 상온과 가혹 조건(60 ℃)에서 금속 부식성 실험과 저장 안정성 실험을 통해 바이오디젤 신뢰성을 검증하였다. 연구 결과, 성분 분석은 바이오디젤 모든 혼합비율에서 ISO 8217:2017 기준을 만족하였으며, 바이오디젤 비율에 따라 동점도, 밀도, 산값은 혼합비율이 높아질수록 높게 나타났으며, 황분은 혼합비율이 높아질수록 낮게 나타났다. 금속 부식성은 탄소강, 철, 알루미늄, 니켈의 경우 부식이 거의 발생하지 않았으나, 구리의 경우 60 ℃ 환경 바이오디젤 20 % 혼합에서 산소가 풍부한 바이오디젤의 영향으로 부식이 발생하였다. 저장 안정성은 모든 바이오디젤 혼합비율을 180일 동안 상온과 가혹 조건에서 저장한 결과, 변색, 슬러지 발생, 연료 분리가 육안으로 확인되지 않았다.

• 한국소성가공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국소성가공학회 2003년도 춘계학술대회논문집
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• pp.152-155
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• 2003

The automotive industry is currently trying to develop light- weight vehicle for both improvement of fuel efficiency and reduction of environmental pollution. For the reduction of vehicle weight, the substitution of aluminum for steel has been increased. However, the change of material causes a significant problem with respect to the method of joining. In this paper, strength of several aluminum joining methods such as spot welding, metal insert gas(MIG) welding, adhesive bonding was evaluated by performing lap test.

• 한국수소및신에너지학회논문집
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.219-226
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• 2014

In HI decomposition, $Pt/Al_2O_3$ has been studied by several researchers. However, after HI decomposition, it could be seen that metal dispersion of $Pt/Al_2O_3$ was greatly decreased. This reason was expected of platinum loss and sintering, which platinum was aggregated. Also, this decrease of metal dispersion caused catalytic deactivation. This study was conducted to find the condition to minimize platinum sintering and loss. In particular, heat treatment atmosphere and temperature were examined to improve the activity of HI decomposition reaction. First of all, although $Pt/Al_2O_3$ treated in hydrogen atmosphere had low platinum dispersion between 13 and 18%, it was shown to suitable platinum form that played an important role in improving HI decomposition reaction. Oxygen in the air atmosphere made $Pt/Al_2O_3$ have high platinum dispersion even 61.52% at $500^{\circ}C$. Therefore, in order to get high platinum dispersion and suitable platinum form in HI decomposition reaction, air heat treatment at $500^{\circ}C$ was needed to add before hydrogen heat treatment. In case of 5A3H, it had 51.13% platinum dispersion and improved HI decomposition reaction activity. Also, after HI decomposition reaction it had considerable platinum dispersion of 23.89%.