• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제20권5호
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• pp.768-774
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• 2007

To study the effect of dietary docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) enrichment on the expression of hepatic genes in pigs, weaned, crossbred pigs (30 d old) were fed diets supplemented with either 2% tallow or DHA oil for 18 d. Hepatic mRNA was extracted. Suppression subtractive hybridization was used to explore the hepatic genes that were specifically regulated by dietary DHA enrichment. After subtraction, we observed 288 cDNA fragments differentially expressed in livers from pigs fed either 2% DHA oil or 2% tallow for 18 d. After differential screening, 7 genes were found to be differentially expressed. Serum amyloid A protein 2 (SAA2) was further investigated because of its role in lipid metabolism. Northern analysis indicated that hepatic SAA2 was upregulated by dietary DHA enrichment (p<0.05). In a second experiment, feeding 10% DHA oil for 2d significantly increased the expression of SAA2 (compared to the 10% tallow group; p<0.05). The porcine SAA2 full length cDNA sequence was cloned and the sequence was compared to the human and mouse sequences. The homology of the SAA2 amino acid sequence between pig and human was 73% and between pig and mouse was 62%. There was a considerable difference in SAA2 sequences among these species. Of particular note was a deletion of 8 amino acids, in the pig compared to the human. This fragment is a specific characteristic for the SAA subtype that involved in acute inflammation reaction. Similar to human and mouse, porcine SAA2 was highly expressed in the liver of pigs. It was not detectable in the skeletal muscle, heart muscle, spleen, kidney, lung, and adipose tissue. These data suggest that SAA2 may be involved in mediation of the function of dietary DHA in the liver of the pig, however, the mechanism is not yet clear.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제24권8호
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• pp.1060-1068
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• 2011

The LDH isozymes are key catalysts in the glycolytic pathway of energy metabolism. It is well known that the distribution of the LDH isozymes vary in accordance with the metabolic requirements of different tissues. The substrates required for energy production change noticeably at successive stages of testes development suggesting a significant flexibility in the expression of glycolytic enzymes. Therefore, expression of LHDA and LDHB mRNAs was examined in adult and prepubertal quail testis. The mRNA of both LDHA and LDHB were expressed and no significant difference was observed in prepubertal testes. The mRNA levels of LDHB significantly increased during testicular development. In the adult testis, LDHA mRNA was not expressed. Expression studies revealed the presence of different LDH isozymes during testicular development. In contrast, electrophoresis of both testicular samples revealed only single band at a position indicative of an extreme type of LDH isozyme in quail testes. Furthermore, nucleotide and amino acid sequence analysis revealed significant similarity to chicken, duck and rock pigeon. These sequence results confirmed the similarity of LDHA and LDHB subunit protein in different avian species.

• 한국잡초학회지
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.247-253
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• 1995

The herbicide butachlor [N-(butoxymethyl)-2-chloro-N-(2,6-di-methylphenyl) acetamide] is widely used by farmers as a tool for weed management of transplanted rice(Oryza sativa L.) in Taiwan. The herbicide did not stop germination of rice and weed seeds, but strongly inhibited the subsequent growth of young shoots and roots. The inhibition was also strong on established seedlings. However, they could recover to normal growth after the herbicide effect disappeared. Butachlor greatly decreased the endogenous indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) but increased the endogenous abscisic acid (ABA) contents of rice seedlings. Addition of lAA into growth medium (Hoagland's solution) partly relieved growth inhibition. Pretreatment of both gibberellic acid ($GA_3$) and IAA 24 hours before butachlor treatment almost completely alleviated the butachlor-interfere with GA and/or IAA metabolism or their action resulting in the growth inhibition of rice. Butachlor was readily absorbed by rice roots. During 24 hours of uptake experiment, 32% of the applied herbicide was absorbed. Pretreatment of the herbicide for 2 days did ncx affect the absorption. Of the absorbed herbicide, 80% remained in roots, only 20% transported into shoots, and more than 50% was metabolized to water soluble substances. Thin-layer chromatographic (TLC) analysis indicated that the Rf value of the most abundant metabolite was butachlor-glutathione conjugate. Rice, barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv.), and monochoria (Monochoria vaginalis Presl) seedlings contained relatively high level of non-protein thiols, while the glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity was found highest in rice, barnyardgrass the next, monochoria the lowest. The difference in GST activity among these species might be related to their sensitivity to butachlor.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.61-65
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• 2008

To evaluate the effect of ground cherry extract on the activity of aniline hydroxylase, we gave ground cherry extract in doses of 100, 200 or 400 mg/kg i.p to mice for 1, 2 or 4 days. The aniline hydroxylase activity in the group treated with ground cherry extract increased in a dose dependant manner in all experimental groups compared with the control group, and was significantly higher in the group treated with ground cherry extract at a dose of 200 mg/kg, which also exhibited a time dependant increase over 4 days. Enzyzme kinetic analysis was performed for hepatic aniline hydroxylase activity in the group treated with 200 mg/kg for 4 days. There was no change of the Km values for aniline hydroxylase between the experimental group and the control group, but the Vmax values for aniline hydroxylase was 21% lower in the experimental group compared with the control. The experimental group also showed lower lipid peroxide and reduced glutathione content, and there were no significant difference in serum alanine aminotransferase activity between the experimental group and the control. Aniline was injected into both the experimental group mice treated with ground cherry extract at a dose of 200 mg/kg for 4 days and the control group, and then the level of blood aniline was assayed at 1hr. The level of blood aniline was lower in the experimental than the control group. This study suggests that ground cherry extract induces hepatic aniline hydroxylase activity and might accelerate the scavenging system of reactive oxygen species. It is likely that ground cherry extract influences the metabolism of xenobiotics by activating AH activity substituted for CYP2E1.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제42권3호
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• pp.195-200
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• 2022

Sulfur is an essential element in plants, including amino acids, vitamin synthesis, and acting as an antioxidant. However, the interaction between endogenous sulfur and proline synthesis has not been yet fully documented. White clover (Trifolium repens L.) is known as a species highly sensitive to sulfate supply. Therefore, this study aimed to elucidate the role of sulfur in regulating proline metabolism in relation to ammonia detoxification and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) accumulation in white clover. The detached leaves of white clover were immersed in solution containing different concentration of sulfate (0, 10, 100, and 1000 mM MgSO₄). As MgSO₄ concentrations were increased, the concentration of H₂O₂ increased up to 2.5-fold compared to control, accompanied with H₂O₂ detection in leaves. Amino acid concentrations significantly increased only at higher levels (100 and 1000 mM MgSO₄). No significant difference was observed in protein concentration. Proline and ∆^1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate (P5C) concentrations slightly decreased at 10 and 100 mM MgSO₄ treatments, whereas it rapidly increased over 1.9-fold at 1000 mM MgSO₄ treatment. Ammonia concentrations gradually increased up to 8.6-fold. These results indicate that exogenous sulfur levels are closely related to H₂O₂ and ammonia synthesis but affect proline biosynthesis only at a higher level.

• 운동영양학회지
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.8-15
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• 2021

[Purpose] Excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced by prolonged high-intensity exercise can cause structural and functional damage. Antioxidant polyphenol supplementation, which reduces ROS levels, may improve high-intensity exercise performance. We evaluated the effect of lychee fruit extract, which contains high levels of low-molecular-weight oligomerized polyphenols, on high-intensity exercise performance. [Methods] Ten male athletes were included in an open-label trial that consisted of control and intervention phases, with a 7-day washout period between phases. The participants were administered oligomerized lychee fruit extract for seven days, whereas no intervention was given in the control phase. High-intensity intermittent exercise and the Wingate test were performed. The power output, blood lactate levels, reactive oxygen metabolite levels, biological antioxidant potential, heart rate, and rate of perceived exertion were measured. [Results] The average power output was significantly higher in the intervention phase than in the control phase (P < 0.01), while the change in blood lactate levels was significantly lower in the intervention phase than in the control phase (P < 0.05). The average heart rate was significantly higher in the intervention phase than in the control phase (P < 0.05), without changing the rate of perceived exertion. Although there was no difference in reactive oxygen metabolite levels between the phase, the change in biological antioxidant potential was larger in the intervention phase than in the control phase (P = 0.06). The Wingate test showed no significant differences between the phase. [Conclusion] Short-term loading with oligomerized lychee fruit extract may increase performance during high-intensity intermittent exercise by improving metabolism.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.37-43
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• 1997

율무의 simazine에 대한 내성이 GSH와의 conjugation에 의한 약제의 불활성화 반응에 기인하는지 여부를 검정하기 위하여 화본과 작물인 옥수수와 비교하여 약제의 흡수 및 대사속도, GSH 함량 및 GST 활성, GST isozyme의 발현 양상 및 작용점에서의 약제에 대한 감수성의 차이를 조사하였다. 율무와 옥수수 모두 배양액중에 포함된 simazine에 대하여 약제처리 초기부터 빠른 흡수를 보였으며, 처리 12시간 후에는 두 초종 간의 흡수속도에 있어서 차이가 인정되지 않았다. 율무에 흡수된 simazine은 GSH-simazine conjugate의 형태로 신속히 대사되었으며, 특히 약제처리 $1{\sim}6$시간 까지의 처리 초기에는 율무에서의 대사속도가 옥수수에 비하여 약 2배정도 빠르게 나타났다. 두 초종 모두 초엽부에서 가장 높은 GSH 함량 분포를 보였다. 초종별로는 율무에서의 GSH 함량이 옥수수에 비하여 전반적으로 높게 나타났으며, 특히 율무의 초엽부와 근부에서 옥수수에 비하여 GSH함량이 각각 1.5배와 2.3배씩 높게 나타났다. GST[CDNB] 활성은 초종 간에 차이가 인정되지 않았으나, GST[simazine] 활성에 있어서는 옥수수에 비하여 율무의 모든 조직에서 약 2배 정도 높은 활성을 보였다. 두 초종 모두 지상부에서의 GST[simazine]활성이 근부에 비하여 $20{\sim}30%$ 정도 높게 나타났다. 율무와 옥수수에서 나타난 simazine에 대하여 특이성을 갖는 GST 활성의 차이를 이해하기 위하여 FPLC-anion exchange 컬럼을 이용하여 GST isozyme 활성을 조사하였다. 율무에 있어서 GST[CDNB] 활성을 보이는 1개 피크와 GST[simazine] 활성을 보이는 2개의 피크가 옥수수의 활성 피크와 같은 NaCl 농도범위에서 나타났으며, 이들의 활성은 옥수수에 비하여 높게 나타났다. 옥수수에서는 나타나지 않은 1개의 GST[simazine] 활성 피크가 율무에서 검출되었으며, 이 GST[simazine] 활성은 CDNB에 대하여 전혀 활성을 나타내지 않았기 때문에 율무에 simazine 특이성의 다른 GST isozyme이 존재함을 시사해 주고 있다. 율무와 옥수수의 완전 엽으로부터 추출한 엽록체 thylakoid막에 의한 전자전달 활성은 simazine $1{\sim}100\;{\mu}M$ 수준에서 매우 유사한 경향으로 억제되었다. 이상의 결과들은 율무의 simazine 내성이 흡수된 약제가 GSH와의 conjugation에 의하여 신속히 불활성화됨으로써 나타나며, 이러한 simazine 대사활성의 차이는 식물체에 내재하는 GSH 함량 및 GST 활성과 밀접한 상관성이 있음을 시사해 주고 있다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.277-283
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• 2002

횐쥐 사료에 10%와 20% 수준의 들깨기름, 옥수수기름, 소기름을 각각 배합하여 1개월간 사육한 결과를 비교하니 체중 증가율은 식이 유지 종류에 의한 영향보다도 식이내 유지 함량에 의해 영향을 더 크게 받아 20% 유지군들의 사료 섭취량이 10% 유지군보다 떨어졌음에도 불구하고 20% 유지군들이 10%유지군들보다 체중이 더 증가하였다. 혈중 중성지방량과 총 cholesterol량은 식이내 지방 함량 의존성으로 증가하여 20%유지군들이 10% 유지 군보다 증가하였고 그중에서 소기름군이 가장 높았다. GPT와 BUN값은 식이내 유지 함량 증가에 따라 측정값들이 증가하는 경향이고 20%들깨군의 측정값들은 모두 정상값의 범위를 초과하고 실험군들 중에서 가장 높았다. 혈중 $CO_2$농도는 실험군들 중에서 20% 들깨 기름군이 가장 높았고 정상값을 초과하였다. 나머지 실험군들은 $CO_2$농도 상호간 거의 차이가 없었다. 따라서 흰쥐를 들깨기름의 함량이 높은(20%)사료로 1개월간 사육하였을때 간장 및 기타 장기들의 기능에 약간의 역작용을 주는 것으로 보였다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제18권5호
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• pp.747-754
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• 2005

Nutritional regulation of gene expression associated with growth and feeding behavior in avian species can become an important technique to improve poultry production according to the supply of nutrients in the diet. Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) found in chickens has been characterized to be a 70 amino acid polypeptide and plays an important role in growth and metabolism. Although it is been well known that IGF-I is highly associated with embryonic development and post-hatching growth, changes in the distribution of IGF-I gene expression throughout early- to late-embryogenesis have not been studied so far. We revealed that the developmental pattern of IGF-I gene expression during embryogenesis differed among various tissues. No bands of IGF-I mRNA were detected in embryonic liver at 7 days of incubation, and thereafter the amount of hepatic IGF-I mRNA was increased from 14 to 20 days of incubation. In eyes, a peak in IGF-I mRNA levels occurred at mid-embryogenesis, but by contrast, IGF-I mRNA was barely detectable in the heart throughout all incubation periods. In the muscle, no significant difference in IGF-I gene expression was observed during different stages of embryogenesis. After hatching, hepatic IGF-I gene expression as well as plasma IGF-I concentration increases rapidly with age, reaches a peak before sexual maturity, and then declines. The IGF-I gene expression is very sensitive to changes in nutritional conditions. Food-restriction and fasting decreased hepatic IGF-I gene expression and refeeding restored IGF-I gene expression to the level of fed chickens. Dietary protein is also a very strong factor in changing hepatic IGF-I gene expression. Refeeding with dietary protein alone successfully restored hepatic IGF-I gene expression of fasted chickens to the level of fed controls. In most circumstances, IGF-I makes a complex with specific high-affinity IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs). So far, four different IGFBPs have been identified in avian species and the major IGFBP in chicken plasma has been reported to be IGFBP-2. We studied the relationship between nutritional status and IGFBP-2 gene expression in various tissues of young chickens. In the liver of fed chickens, almost no IGFBP-2 mRNA was detected. However, fasting markedly increased hepatic IGFBP-2 gene expression, and the level was reduced after refeeding. In the gizzard of well-fed young chickens, IGFBP-2 gene expression was detected and fasting significantly elevated gizzard IGFBP-2 mRNA levels to about double that of fed controls. After refeeding, gizzard IGFBP-2 gene expression decreased similar to hepatic IGFBP-2 gene expression. In the brain, IGFBP-2 mRNA was observed in fed chickens and had significantly decreased by fasting. In the kidney, IGFBP-2 gene expression was observed but not influenced by fasting and refeeding. Recently, we have demonstrated in vivo that gizzard and hepatic IGFBP-2 gene expression in fasted chickens was rapidly reduced by intravenous administration of insulin, as indicated that in young chickens the reduction in gizzard and hepatic IGFBP-2 gene expression in vivo stimulated by malnutrition may be, in part, regulated by means of the increase in plasma insulin concentration via an insulin-response element. The influence of dietary protein source (isolated soybean protein vs. casein) and the supplementation of essential amino acids on gizzard IGFBP-2 gene expression was examined. In both soybean protein and casein diet groups, the deficiency of essential amino acids stimulated chickens to increase gizzard IGFBP-2 gene expression. Although amino acid supplementation of a soybean protein diet significantly decreased gizzard IGFBP-2 mRNA levels, a similar reduction was not observed in chickens fed a casein diet supplemented with amino acids. This overview of nutritional regulation of IGF-I and IGFBP-2 gene expression in young chickens would serve for the establishment of the supply of nutrients to diets to improve poultry production.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.213-223
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• 2002

본 연구는 산란계에 대한 유산균주 및 첨가수준 효과를 구명하기 위하여 실시되었다. 21주령된 ISA Brown 360수를 공시하여 12주 동안 사양하면서 산란생산성, 영양소 이용성, 회장 및 맹장내 미생물 변화, 계란 품질 변화 및 계분내 암모니아 가스 발생 량을 조사하였다. 첨가된 유산균은 LCB(Lactobacillus crispatus avibrol: KFCC-11195), LRB(Lactobacillus reuteri avibro2: KFCC-11196), LCH(Lactobacillus crispatu avihenl： KFCC-11197), LVH(Lactobacillus vaginalis avihen2: KFCC-ll198) 4종류였다. 처리구는 무첨가구와 유산균 4종을 균주별로 사료 g당 $10^{4}$ 및 $10^{7}$ cfu 수준으로 첨가한 9개 처리로 배치하였으며, 처리구당 4반복, 반복당 10수씩 공시하였다. 산란율은 유산균첨가구가 무첨가구에 비하여 현저하게 증가하였으며, 급여기간이 길수록 더욱 차이가 크게 나타났다(P<0.05). 유산균주 및 첨가수준간 차이는 나타나지 않았으며, 평균난중은 처리간 차이를 보이지 않았다. 1일 산란량은 유산균 첨가구가 모두 무첨가구에 비하여 향상되었으며 (P<0.05), 유산균주 및 첨가수준간 차이는 나타나지 않았다. 사료섭취량은 처리간 차이가 없었으며, 난생산 사료효율은 유산균 급여로 인하여 현저하게 개선되었지만(P＜0.05), 유산균 계통별, 첨가수준별 차이는 없었다. 건물, 조단백질, 조지방, 조회분 등의 영양소 소화율은 LVH첨가구가 무첨가에 비하여 증가하였고(P<0.05)다른 처리는 대조구와 차이가 없었다. 4주 단위로 조사한 난각질과 Haugh unit은 처리간에 차이가 없었다. 회장내 유산균 수는 유산균 급여구들이 대조구보다 현저하게 높았다(P<0.05). 회장내 효모와 혐기성 미생물 및 맹장내 미생물의 수는 처리구간에 비슷한 경항을 나타냈다. 계분내 암모니아 가스 발생량은 배분후 3일부터 6일차까지 최대로 발생하였는데, 이 기간 중에 유산균 급여구는 대조구보다 발생량이 현저하게 낮아서 약 50%감소하였다(P<0.05). 본 연구 결과 산란계에게 유산균의 급여는 산란 생산성을 향상시키고 계분의 암모니아 가스 발생량을 감소시키는 것으로 나타났다. 유산균을 사료 g당 $10^{4}$ 및 $10^{7}$ cfu 수준으로 첨가한 바, 대조구보다 생산성을 높게 하였지만 첨가 수준간에 차이는 없었으므로, 적정 유산균 첨가수준은 사료내 약 $10^{4}$ cfu/g 으로 판단된다.