• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제51권6호
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• pp.564-568
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• 2008

The prevalence of obesity in Korean children is estimated to be around 10%, and has increased significantly over the past 20 years. Metabolic syndrome, which includes central obesity, glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and hypertension, is a well documented risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, but there is no general consensus concerning its definition for children. In this study, ablut 30-40% of overweight or obese children had metabolic syndrome compared to less than 10% in the general population. Dyslipidemia was the most common component and hyperglycemia was the least common component of metabolic syndrome. If the prevalence of childhood obesity continues to increase, it is highly likely that the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome will also increase. These findings emphasize the importance of preventing obesity in addition to the diagnosis and management of metabolic syndrome in Korean adolescents.

• 대한임상검사과학회지
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• 제46권2호
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• pp.68-74
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is to provide an academic basis regarding the necessity of managing depression and stress among metabolic syndrome patients by understanding 5 components of metabolic syndrome, perceived stress, and degree of depression, and by investigating their association using the national nutrition survey reference. This study was conducted by using mental health surveys and health screening test data of the 5th (2010~2012) primitive data of the national health and nutrition survey. A total of 19,599 respondents over 19 years of age were selected for the final analysis. The level of depression and stress was set as the dependent variable to identify its connection with 5 components of the metabolic syndrome. For the stress recognition, none of the metabolic syndrome components showed a significant correlation. For experiencing the depression symptom, the fasting glucose among the factors showed a significant correlation (p<0.05) among the metabolic syndrome factors. When it falls within the criteria of fasting glucose of metabolic syndrome, it has a great probability of falling under the group who experienced greater depression symptoms. As a result of the analysis by controlling cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease which is tightly related with metabolic syndrome and depression, this study observed that glucose out of 5 metabolic syndrome components is related with depression.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.261-269
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• 2018

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and diagnostic components in adult women. Methods: The subjects of this study were 12,016 women that were aged twenty years or older and underwent an annual health check-up for National Health Insurance Service (NHIS) from 2009 to 2013. Data including blood pressure, waist circumstance, fasting glucose, triglyceride, and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) were received from the NHIS. This data was analyzed through the use of descriptive statistics, ${\chi}^2$-test, and multiple logistic regression. Results: The prevalence of metabolic syndrome and diagnostic components increased with age. In the five diagnostic components of the metabolic syndrome, the prevalence of low HDL-C was highest in 20s to 40s. The prevalence of high blood pressure was highest in the people aged fifty or older. The risk of metabolic syndrome in 2013 was higher in women with abnormal diagnostic component of metabolic syndrome in 2009 and highest in women with abnormal waist circumstance in 2009. Conclusion: There was a need to investigate the prevalence of metabolic syndrome components according to age. Education on metabolic syndrome was required for those that had one or two abnormal diagnostic components. The risk of abdominal obesity related to metabolic syndrome needs to be emphasized. Moreover the education for management of abdominal obesity also needs to be emphasised.

• 치위생과학회지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.178-186
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• 2020

Background: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association between metabolic syndrome and periodontal disease in Korean adults. Methods: This study analyzed the screening data of 12,686 adults aged ≥19 years, including demographic characteristics, lifestyle habits, and each component of metabolic syndrome, obtained from the sixth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey database. Periodontal health status was measured by the community periodontal index. Subjects with three or more risk factors were considered as having metabolic syndrome. The Rao-Scott chi-square test was performed to assess the relationships between demographic characteristics, lifestyle habits, components of metabolic syndrome, and periodontal disease. Logistic regression analysis was performed based on the complex sample to evaluate the relationship between metabolic syndrome and periodontal disease. Results: The prevalence of periodontal disease was higher among the subjects with advancing age, lower average household income and education level, those working in production, residents of eup-myeon areas, in past or current smoker, those with excessive alcohol consumption habit in a week, and reduced brushing frequency and the use of oral care products (p<0.001). Each component of metabolic syndrome was associated with higher prevalence of periodontitis in the subjects with abnormal than in those with normal levels (p<0.001). The prevalence of periodontal disease in subjects with metabolic syndrome was approximately 1.443 times higher than that in normal subjects (odds ratio,1.443; p<0.001). Conclusion: This study confirmed the association between metabolic syndrome and periodontitis in Korean adults, and further studies will be needed to determine the causal relationship between the two conditions.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.425-434
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• 2018

Metabolic syndrome is a risk factor for cardiovascular and type 2 diabetes. This study was conducted to examine the relevance between nutrition intake, meal quality, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein in Koreans with metabolic syndrome. The 2,536 subjects, aged 19~64, who participated in 2015 National Nutrition Survey were included in this study. The 24-hour recall method was employed to analyze nutrition intake and dietary quality. Subjects were grouped into either the non-metabolic syndrome group (n=1,938) or the metabolic syndrome group (n=598). Total males and females were divided into 3 groups according to the high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) level to study its relationship to metabolic syndrome and its components, including odds ratio (OR) and confidence interval (CI). Results showed the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) value was higher in the metabolic syndrome group (3.37) than non-metabolic syndrome group (1.57) (p<0.001). In the Index of Nutrition Quality, males in the non-metabolic syndrome group showed higher niacin (p<0.05) than males in metabolic syndrome group. Females in the non-metabolic syndrome group had higher vitamin $B_1$ (p<0.01), vitamin $B_2$ (p<0.001), niacin (p<0.05), calcium (p<0.001), and phosphate (p<0.01). Female in the high hs-CRP group showed high OR in blood glucose component (OR 2.488, 95% CI: 1.269~4.879) and metabolic syndrome risk (OR 2.856, 95% CI: 1.292~6.314). Females in the middle hs-CRP group had high triglycerides component (OR 2.956, 95% CI: 1.920~4.551), compared to the low hs-CRP group. The study showed females with higher hs-CRP had a higher risk of metabolic syndrome.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제42권8호
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• pp.732-739
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• 2009

Metabolic syndrome has been strongly associated with elevated alanine aminotransferase (ALT), a surrogate of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. We investigated the relationship between metabolic syndrome and elevated ALT in the general Korean population. The study sample was comprised of 4,781 Korean adults who had participated in the 2005 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Metabolic syndrome was defined by National Cholesterol Education Program for Adult Treatment Panel III. Elevated ALT was defined as an enzyme activity > 40 IU/L for men, and > 31 IU/L for women. ALT was measured by enzymatic methods. Among participants, 425 (8.9%) subjects displayed elevated ALT. The odds ratios (ORs) for elevated ALT increased in subjects with obesity or one of components of metabolic syndrome such as abdominal obesity, high blood pressure, high fasting glucose, high triglyceride, and low HDL cholesterol after adjusting for age and sex. The unadjusted OR for elevated ALT increased according to the number of components of metabolic syndrome (OR = 1.5, 95% CI: 0.96-2.32 for 1 component; OR = 3.0, 95% CI: 1.98-4.61 for 2 components; OR = 6.3, 95% CI: 4.29-9.35 for ${\geq}3$ components; p for trend < 0.0001). This trend did not differ after adjustments for putative risk factors including age, sex, BMI, smoking status, and alcohol intake. Metabolic syndrome is implicated as a strong risk factor of elevated ALT in Korean adults.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제52권3호
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• pp.268-276
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• 2019

본 연구의 목적은 건강한 한국 성인을 대상으로 손쉽게 측정 가능한 지표인 TG/HDL콜레스테롤 비에 영향을 주는 영양소 섭취 및 일반적 요소를 파악하고, 이 비와 대사 증후군과의 연관성을 통해 대사증후군을 미리 예측하기 위함이다. 본 연구는 2016년도 국민건강영양조사에 참여한 건강한 성인 2,828명을 대상으로 건강 설문조사, 식이 섭취 현황과 검진조사를 활용하여 TG/HDL콜레스테롤 비와 대사증후군 유무, 영양소 섭취와의 상관성을 알아보았다. 연구결과 TG/HDL콜레스테롤 비와 연관성이 있는 일반적 지표는 나이, 성별, 흡연, 음주 횟수, 혈압, 공복 시 혈당, 당화혈색소, 총콜레스테롤, 고밀도지단백콜레스테롤, 중성지방, 저밀도지단백콜레스테롤, 허리둘레, BMI, 고민감도 CRP, 요산, 크레아티닌, 요산/크레아티닌 비였다. 관련 요인을 보정한 후 분석한 결과 대사증후군 유무와 TG/HDL 콜레스테롤 비는 양의 상관관계를 보였고, 대사증후군 구성요소 중 공복 시 혈당, 중성지방, 고밀도지단백콜레스테롤이 이 비와 양의 상관성을 보였다. 영양소 섭취에서는 에너지와 당질 섭취량이 TG/HDL콜레스테롤 비와 연관성을 보였다. 특히 에너지 섭취량을 줄이는 것이 TG/HDL콜레스테롤 비를 낮추고 대사증후군의 위험성을 낮출 수 있음을 알 수 있다. 연구결과를 볼 때 TG/HDL콜레스테롤 비가 높은 일반인을 대상으로 하는 대사관련 영양 교육 및 보건 교육 관련 구체적인 프로그램의 실행이 필요함을 알 수 있다.

• 대한의생명과학회지
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.225-231
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• 2008

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is associated with various metabolic abnormalities, including central obesity, type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, and high blood pressure. This suggests that NAFLD may represent the hepatic manifestation of the metabolic syndrome. In this study, we investigated unfavorable effects NAFLD on components of metabolic syndrome in post-menopause women. Eight hundred sixty-nine postmenopausal women were recruited for this study. The diagnosis of fatty liver was based on the results of abdominal ultrasonography. Serum levels of fasting glucose, total cholesterol, triglyceride, and HDL-cholesterol were measured. The prevalence of component of metabolic syndrome such as hypertension, hyperglycemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and low-HDL-cholesterol was significantly higher in subjects with NAFLD as compared with those without NAFLD. The moderate to severe grade of NAFLD presented higher levels of serum fasting glucose, fasting insulin, HOMA-IR, total cholesterol, and triglycerides than the mild NAFLD and the normal group. In conclusion, metabolic syndrome risk was increased in post-menopause women with NAFLD as compared with those without NAFLD. The severity of NAFLD affected metabolic syndrome risk factors. The optimal strategy for the treatment of NAFLD is likely to include lifestyle modifications and therapy to improve insulin resistance.

• 기본간호학회지
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.487-497
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• 2010

Purpose: This study examined the validity and reliability to develop a lifestyle evaluation tool for metabolic syndrome patients. Methods: A methodological research design was used. The construct factors and preliminary items were identified by reviewing previous researches and tools related to lifestyle and reviewed by ten experts. It was tested with 195 patients with metabolic syndrome in a university hospital. The data were analyzed with SPSS/WIN 14.0. Results: To test the validity, principal component analyses were used and resulted in the extraction of six components. The convergent validity resulted r= .72 (p<.001) with Health Promotion Lifestyle Profile. The discriminant validity with Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale resulted r= -.15 (p=.004). The Internal consistency of the tool had an Cronbach's a of .92. The self-report format Lifestyle Evaluation Tool for the patients with metabolic syndrome was developed with 36 items and four-rating scales:'physical activity and weight control' eight items, 'dietary habits' sixteen items, 'drinking and smoking' three items, 'sleep and rest' two items, 'stress' three items, 'drug and health management' four items. Conclusion: This Tool will evaluate health behaviors in patients with metabolic syndrome. Also, it will contribute to the development of nursing intervention to improve the metabolic syndrome patients' lifestyle.

• 한국직업건강간호학회지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.334-342
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• 2013

Purpose: This study attempted to compare the metabolic syndrome components, liver function and heathy living habits according to abdominal obesity in male and female workers. Methods: The subjects of this study are 1,078 adult workers who visited N hospital in Incheon for health examination. The data were analyzed using t-test or $x^2$-test with the SPSS/WIN 20.0 program. Results: Prevalence of metabolic syndrome are 22.2% in male workers, and 5.2% in female workers. There were significant differences in 4 metabolic syndrome components (high blood pressure, elevated blood sugar, hypertriglyceridemia, low HDL cholesterolemia), abnormal liver function, and living habits (alcohol drinking) according to abdominal obesity in male workers. There were significant differences in 1 metabolic syndrome component (low HDL cholesterolemia), and abnormal liver function in female workers. Conclusion: It is important to manage all metabolic syndrome components and alcohol drinking in the case of male workers with abdominal obesity, and low HDL cholesterolemia in the case of female workers. Also, occupational nurses should include the relevance between abdominal obesity and liver function index when training health for workers in workplace.