• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.147-162
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• 2012

Abdominal obesity is an important factor of metabolic syndrome and is known as an independent risk factor of cardiovascular disease. The purpose of this study was to examine the fatty acid intake pattern as well as the association between fatty acid intake and abdominal obesity and hyperglycemia in Korean adults. This study was based on data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (KNHANES) I, II, III, and IV. After excluding subjects who had missing data for dietary intakes, anthropometric measurments, and laboratory tests, a total of 12,320 subjects aged 20~64y (5,266 men and 7,054 women) were included in the study. Trends in individual consumption of dietary fatty acids by year were analyzed by One-way ANOVA test, and the association between fatty acid intake and abdominal obesity and hyperglycemia was analyzed by logistic regression analysis after adjusting for age, energy intake, marital status, job, education level, alcohol intake, and smoking status. In men, intakes of TFA, SFA, MUFA, FUFA, and n-6 PUFA significantly increased with year. On the other hand, intakes of TFA, SFA and FUFA significantly increased with year in women. Logistic regression analysis showed that the risk of abdominal obesity was significantly associated with intakes of PUFA, LNA and n-3 PUFA in women. However, there was no association with any fatty acid intakes in men. The risk of hyperglycemia was significantly and positively associated with intakes of TFA, SFA, PUFA, and LNA in men, but, there was no significant association with any fatty acid intakes in women. These results show that abdominal obesity and hyperglycemia are significantly associated with individual intake of fatty acids, suggesting that fatty acid type may be associated with risk of abdominal obesity and hyperglycemia. Futher, the macronutrients of measl must be properly balanced.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.136-143
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• 2018

The rate pressure product (RPP) is expressed as a product of the heart rate and systolic blood pressure as an index indirectly measuring the myocardial oxygen consumption, and it indicates the burden on the myocardium. The aim of this study was to determine the optimal level of RPP for preventing metabolic syndrome in a treadmill exercise test in Korean adults. Metabolic syndrome was the diagnosis of the third executive summary report on the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP-ATP III) criteria. According to the criteria, the metabolic syndrome diagnosis group (MetS, N=25), pre-metabolic syndrome group (Pre-MetS, N=106), and non-risk factor group (Non-MetS, N=65) were classified. The exercise stress test was performed based on the Bruce protocol. The RPP was calculated as (heart rate${\times}$systolic blood pressure)${\div}1,000$. The results showed that the maximum systolic blood pressure was high despite the low daily dose reached in the diagnostic group of metabolic syndrome. The optimal threshold of the RPP at the time of the exercise treadmill test for a metabolic syndrome prediction was $12.56mmHg{\times}beats/min{\times}10^{-3}$ in the first stage of the exercise stress test. The second stage of the exercise test was $16.94mmHg{\times}beats/min{\times}10^{-3}$, and at the third stage of the exercise test was $21.11mmHg{\times}beats/min{\times}10^{-3}$.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.53 no.4
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• pp.285-295
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• 2021

Sleep plays an important role in maintaining overall human health. There is increasing interest regarding the impact of sleep related disorders on metabolic diseases. Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common health problem, and in the last decade, the emergence of increasing obesity rates has further led to a remarkable increase in the prevalence of OSA, along with more prominent metabolic diseases. Obesity is the strongest risk factor for OSA. However, OSA is also known to cause obesity, suggesting an interaction between OSA and obesity. Although the underlying mechanisms leading to OSA-induced metabolic diseases are probably multi-factorial and are yet to be fully elucidated, the activation of inflammation and oxidative stress and the dysregulation of appetite-regulating hormones have emerged as important pathophysiological components of metabolic dysfunction and obesity observed in patients with OSA. Here, we will review the current state of research regarding the association of OSA with metabolic diseases and the possible pathophysiological mechanisms by which OSA could lead to such diseases. This will enhance our understanding of the potential interactions between OSA and obesity and between OSA and metabolic dysfunction.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.243-256
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• 2012

Objectives : This clinical study was done to examine metabolic syndrome (MS) and plasma homocysteine (HCY) level in patients with silent lacunar infarction (SLI) and in normal controls. Methods : A total of 154 patients, who were over 20 years of age and visited the stroke prevention check-up center of a university hospital from December 2006 to December 2010, were examined by brain CT or brain MRI, and classified into two groups. We compared the components of MS and HCY levels between patients with SLI (n=74) and normal controls (n=80). Modified ATP III definition was used for diagnosis of MS while Korean standard for waist circumference was used. Results : Prevalence of MS was significantly higher in the SLI group than the normal group. HCY was also significantly higher in the SLI group than the noraml, and the odds ratio (OR) for SLI, comparing high HCY level (${\geq}10{\mu}mol/L$) with low HCY level ($<10{\mu}mol/L$), was 3.64 (95% confidence interval (CI); 1.81-7.29, p<.0001). However, there was no correlation between MS and HCY in the SLI group. Prevalence of diabetes and hypertension (HT) was higher in the SLI group than the normal group, but there was no significant difference in blood lipids level between the SLI and normal groups. Of note, HT itself was enough to be an independent risk factor for SLI (OR; 4.58, 95% CI; 1.91-11.01, p=0.001). Body mass index, waist circumference, waist-hip ratio and visceral fat area were significantly higher in the SLI than normal group, and visceral fat area was enough to be an independent risk factor for SLI (OR; 2.41, 95% CI; 1.04-5.59, p=0.040). Conclusions : SLI is shown to have significant correlation with HCY and prevalence of MS, however there is no relationship between HCY and prevalence of MS in patients with SLI.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.870-882
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• 2023

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Obesity is a major risk factor for metabolic syndrome, a global public health problem. Mentha canadensis (MA), a traditional phytomedicine and dietary herb used for centuries, was the focus of this study to investigate its effects on obesity. MATERIALS/METHODS: Thirty-five male C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into 2 groups and fed either a normal diet (ND, n = 10) or a high-fat diet (HFD, n = 25) for 4 weeks to induce obesity. After the obesity induction period, the HFD-fed mice were randomly separated into 2 groups: one group continued to be fed HFD (n = 15, HFD group), while the other group was fed HFD with 1.5% (w/w) MA ethanol extract (n = 10, MA group) for 13 weeks. RESULTS: The results showed that body and white adipose tissue (WAT) weights were significantly decreased in the MA-supplemented group compared to the HFD group. Additionally, MA supplementation enhanced energy expenditure, leading to improvements in plasma lipids, cytokines, hepatic steatosis, and fecal lipids. Furthermore, MA supplementation regulated lipid-metabolism-related enzyme activity and gene expression, thereby suppressing lipid accumulation in the WAT and liver. CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate that MA has the potential to improve diet-induced obesity and its associated complications, including adiposity, dyslipidemia, hepatic steatosis, and inflammation.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.386-393
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• 2016

The incidence of gallbladder polyps are increasing due to the extended use of ultrasonography. Although there are various reports on the risk of gallbladder polyps, there are few studies of the relationships among the presence of metabolic syndrome including serum biochemistry, lifestyle and the development of gallbladder polyps. The aim of this study was to determine association of the presence of metabolic syndrome, including serum biochemistry, with the development of gallbladder polyps in the Korean population. Among the health examination examinees, 596 people, who underwent abdominal ultrasonography from January, 2013 to December 2013, were included in this study. Physical measurements also taken, such as height, weight, blood pressure, waist measurement, and BMI. The general characteristics including age, sex, smoking, and drinking as the related factors were checked. At the same time, various blood tests were performed and the fasting blood sugar was analyzed through blood-gathering to determine the presence of metabolic syndrome. Regarding the factors associated with gallbladder polyps, the results showed that being male, smoking, non-drinking were significantly high. In addition, testing positive for HBsAg and an increasing BMI was apparently higher the group with metabolic syndrome than the non-metabolic syndrome group. The highest predictive factors for gallbladder polyps was being male (1.8 times), followed by metabolic syndrome (2.3 times) and testing positive for HBsAg (2.6 times).

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.127-134
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• 2015

This study was designed to determine the prevalence of gallstones in the last three years and evaluate the associated risk factors in the population who underwent health screening. Although there are many studies reporting the prevalence and risk factors of GB polyp, the results varied among each report. The aims of this study were to evaluate the prevalence rate and risk factors of GB polyp, colon polyp and fatty liver in the population who underwent health screening. The study population consisted of 4,877 visited the health promotion center in Dalseogu, Daegu in Korea from January 2011 to December 2013. Each participant in the study had their biliary system gallbladder examined using ultrasonography. The prevalence of GB polyp was evaluated along with age, gender, metabolic syndrom, body mass index (BMI), Fatty liver, Colon polyp. A showed of total 383 (7.9%) people were found to have GB polyps. The prevalence of sex among 256 (9.8%) patients men and 127 (5.6%) women which showed significantly higher in male than in female subjects(p=0.001). The mean size of the GB polyps 4.92 mm (1.6-17 mm). The sizes of most GB polyps (73.6%) were less than 10 mm in diameter. 122 subjects (31.28%) had multiple GB polyps which 2 or more polyps and 261 subjects (68.2%) had single polyp. Independent risk factors related with GB polyp were male gender (OR 0.551, p<0.001), overweight that BMI above $23kg/m^2$ (OR 0.713, p=0.002) triglyceride (OR 0.571, P<0.001), metabolic syndrome (OR 0.049, p=0.033) and colon polyp (OR 1.409, p=0.002). In spite of the conclusion, the prevalence GB polyp was higher than previous Korea and other country reports. The GB polyp in a healthy population was results as 7.9%. The risk factors of GB polyps were found to be male, being overweight, triglyceride, metabolic syndrome and colon polyp. Not only the subject of a health examination is needed but, a further study of the general public when possible.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.60 no.11
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• pp.359-364
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• 2017

Purpose: The risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) has been shown to be associated with systemic inflammation in obese adults with metabolic syndrome (MetS). The aims of this study were to evaluate the prevalence of MetS and its relation to inflammatory markers in obese Thai children. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted. Children with history of endogenous obesity, chronic diseases, drug ingestion, and any acute illness within 2 weeks prior to enrollment were excluded. Their fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels, oral glucose tolerance tests, insulin, lipid profiles, and selected inflammatory markers, including interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) levels, were tested. Results: In this study, 58 obese Thai children (female, 20; male, 38) with a mean body mass index z score of $5.1{\pm}2.2$ were enrolled. The prevalence of MetS and prediabetes was 31% and 17.2%, respectively. None of the children had diabetes. FBG levels, 2-hour glucose levels, and lipid profiles were not statistically different between those with and without MetS. However, obese children with MetS had higher insulin levels and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance values. Elevated hs-CRP levels were found in 69% of the cases, although it was not statistically different between the 2 groups. Conclusion: We described a substantial prevalence of MetS in Thai obese children. Regardless of MetS status, two-thirds of the obese children had elevated hs-CRP level, indicating subtle ongoing inflammatory process. This chronic inflammation feasibly predisposes them to CVD in the future, even in children without MetS.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.762-770
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• 2011

Osteoprotegerin (OPG) plays a core role in bone reformation by antagonizing the effect of receptor activator of nuclear factor ${\kappa}$-B ligand (RANKL), and mediates vascular calcification in cardiovascular disease patients. Thus, we aimed to examine the relationship between serum OPG levels and cardiovascular factors and inflammatory markers in metabolic syndrome patients (MS). This cross-sectional study included 96 men who visited the diet clinic between May and July 2011. Patients were classified into 2 groups based on NCEP-ATP guidelines: normal and with MS (n = 50 and 46, respectively). Physical measurements, biochemical assay were measured. Serum OPG and IL-6, diponectin and hs-CRP were assessed. MS were aged $50.02{\pm}10.85$ years, and normal patients $52.07{\pm}9.56$ years, with no significant differences. Significant differences were not observed in BMI between the 2 groups. Moreover, significant differences were not observed in serum OPG, however, the serum OPG level ($4.41{\pm}1.86pmol/L$) differed significantly between an overweight MS (BMI > 25) and normal patients. OPG was correlated to age (r = 0.410, p = 0.000), HDL-cholesterol (r = 0.209, p = 0.015), and log adiponectin (r = 0.175, p = 0.042). Multiple regression analyses using the enter method showed that age (${\beta}$ = 0.412, p = 0.000) and BMI (${\beta}$ = 0.265, p = 0.000) considerably affected OPG. In conclusion, out study showed that serum OPG levels are correlated with cardiovascular risk factors, such as BMI, HDL-cholesterol and adiponectin in MS and adiponectin, suggesting that serum OPG has potential as a cardiovascular disease indicator and predictor.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Rural Health Nursing
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.5-17
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• 2012

Purpose: The objectives of this study were to investigate the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome (MetS) and to identify associated factors with MetS among rural residents. Methods: Data were collected from 1,196 subjects over aged 30 years by a self-administered questionnaire, physical measurement, and blood test in a rural area. The prevalence of MetS was determined by the criteria of the American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (AHA/NHLBI) and 2005 the Korean society for the study of obesity. Results: The prevalence of MetS was 40.5% for men, 49.2% for women. The prevalence of risk factors of MetS was 57.4% for elevated blood pressure, 49.0% for low HDL-cholesterol, and 48.6% for abdominal obesity. Unemployment and higher Body mass index (BMI) were associated factors for MetS regardless of gender. And higher age and physical inactivity in women only increased the odds of the MetS. Especially, BMI was a strong risk factor of MetS in both men and women. Conclusion: The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was higher in a rural area. Therefore, health care providers should develop lifestyle modification program to increase physical activity level and to prevent the obesity among rural residents in order to decrease the prevalence of MetS.