• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.27 no.2 s.66
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• pp.14-22
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• 2006

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to find the prevalences and risk factors of the metabolic syndrome according to Sasang constitution. Methods : The medical records of 364 subjects who had taken health examinations and diagnosis of Sasang constitution from January to June of 2003 at a health examination center of a hospital in Seoul were reviewed. The prevalences and the risk factors of the metabolic syndrome according to Sasang constitution were compared and analyzed. Results : 1) Among the 364 subjects, 88 (24.2%) were Soeumin, 101 (27.7%) were Soyangin, and 175 (48.1%) were Taeumin. 2) The prevalences of high WC, high TG, low HDL-c, high BP and high FBS of Taeumin were significantly higher than those of the other constitutions (p-value < 0.05). 3) The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome of Taeumin, Soyangin, and Soeumin were 46.3%, 16.8% and 9.1% respectively. The rates were significantly different according to Sasang constitution (p-value < 0.001). 4) Taeumin had higher risk of high WC than Soeumin (adjusted OR : 3.83, 95% CI : 1.19-12.29) and higher risk of high FBS than Soeumin (adjusted OR: 5.93,95% CI : 1.11-31.77). 5) Taeumin had higher risk of the metabolic syndrome than Soeumin (adjusted OR : 3.40, 95% CI : 1.25-9.23). Conclusions : There were significant differences in the prevalence of metabolic syndrome according to Sasang constitution. Sasang constitution was identified as an independent risk factor of metabolic syndrome.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.1-13
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• 2012

Metabolic syndrome has become quite prevalent within our society. Over the past two decades, the prevalence of metabolic syndrome has sharply increased worldwide and it has become a major public health problem in several countries. It is associated with the global epidemic of obesity and diabetes mellitus and imposes numerous cardiovascular risks. Prostate cancer is the second most common cancer among men, surpassed only by non-melanoma skin cancer. A considerable body of evidence exists suggesting that some components of the metabolic syndrome have been associated with the risk of prostate cancer. These components include obesity, an abdominal fat distribution, and hyperinsulinemia. Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is the most widely used therapeutic modality in prostate cancer. It changed the body composition and lipid profile of men with prostate cancer. Androgen deficiency is associated with increased levels of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol, increased production of proinflammatory factors, and increased thickness of the arterial wall and contributes to endothelial dysfunction. The aim of this review is to evaluate the association between metabolic syndrome and prostate cancer and to discuss the implications of androgen deficiency in men with cardiovascular risk factors. A comprehensive literature search was carried out with the use of PubMed from 1980 through 2011, and relevant articles pertinent to metabolic syndrome and prostate cancer are evaluated and discussed.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.79-87
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• 2016

Objectives: This study aims to identify participants-focused health education approaches for the management of metabolic syndrome. Methods: Data for metabolic parameters of 855,282 Koreans in 2012 were extracted and analysed from the data base of Korea Association of Health Promotion. Literature and documents including study protocols, program contents, evaluation reports and published articles were reviewed in relation to increasing effectiveness and efficiency of health education for managing metabolic syndrome. Results: Health education program should be based on participants-focused perspectives, in which clients' demographic characteristics, composition patterns of metabolic risk factors, and readiness of change are appreciated. Development of theory-based strategies for healthy behavior change and evidence-based program components are also important factors in designing and conducting health education intervention. Multiple health behavior intervention can offer a new paradigm for more comprehensive and efficient health education. Implementation fidelity needs to be systematically evaluated and strengthened to improve the validity of the health education efforts. Conclusion: Enhancing participants-focused health education is the responsibility of health education specialists in promoting the management of metabolic syndrome.

• Journal of muscle and joint health
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.46-54
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• 2014

Purpose: This study was designed to explore the stage distribution of subjects according to stages of change for exercise and to identify factors that could discriminate subjects in various stages. Methods: The sample consisted of 182 subjects who had metabolic syndrome. The instruments used in this study were the stage placement instrument for exercise, the metabolic syndrome knowledge and metabolic syndrome health belief scale, and the metabolic syndrome exercise self efficacy scale. Data were analyzed using chi-square, ANOVA, and discriminant analysis by using the SPSS 19.0 program. Results: For exercise stages, exercise efficacy, occupation, and exercise benefit showed high standardized canonical discriminant function coefficients. Subjects in precontemplation/contemplation stage for exercise were more likely to have occupations, had less exercise efficacy and exercise benefit than those in other stage. Conclusion: This study implies that the level of exercise efficacy and exercise benefit of subjects in precontemplation/contemplation stage need to be enhanced in developing exercise program incorporating the stage of change for metabolic syndrome patients.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.105-112
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• 2014

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a Combined Exercise Program on Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome Factors for Chronic Psychiatric Inpatients. Methods: Thirty two subjects participated in this program who were admitted into a national mental hospital of C city. All measurements were done at baseline, 4 week, 8 week, and 12 week during the program. The effectiveness of the program was evaluated according to the change of body mass index, body fat, waist circumference, total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglyceride, and fasting blood sugar. Collected data was analyzed by frequency, percentage, and repeated measures ANOVA with SPSS WIN 19.0. Results: There were statistically significant differences in the body mass index (p=.002), body fat (p<.001), waist circumference (p<.001), triglyceride (p=.020), and fasting blood sugar (p=.008). However, there were no statistically significant differences in the total cholesterol, or high density lipoprotein cholesterol. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that a combined exercise program has positive effect on obesity and metabolic syndrome factor. Thus, a Combined Exercise program is recommended as an intervention to improve obesity and metabolic syndrome factors for chronic psychiatric inpatients.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.61-75
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• 2012

Objectives: A great number of the elderly are not aware of having metabolic syndrome, and this pattern differs among regions of the nation. This issue is particularly important for the elderly people with chronic diseases. This study was conducted in order to identify the prevalence, predicting factors of perception and exercise behaviors of among the elderly population. Methods: Using data from the 2009 Korean Community Health Survey, we employed two-level logistic regression models to determine whether individual and community factors are associated with perception and exercise behaviors among the elderly population. Results: Results from weighted two-level logistic regression analyses indicated the individual-level factors of smoking, education level, health center education, community exercise program participation and unmet needs in men, and marital status (being separated), health center education women predicted the elders' perception. As for the community-level predictors, higher smoking and living in regions with high suicide rates significantly predicted the elders' perception and exercise behaviors of metabolic syndrome. Conclusions: These findings demonstrate that education according to stage would increase the perception and motivation toward healthier behavior particularly for the elderly with lower perception levels of metabolic syndrome.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.143-151
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• 2009

Purpose: This study was to investigate the relations and odds ratio between hs-CRP and the risk factors of metabolic syndrome according to glucose intolerance and diabetes among the residents of a rural community. Methods: The subjects include 1,968 adults aged from 40 to 70 who were divided into four groups and a diabetes group according to glucose intolerance to compare the relations and risk ratio between hs-CRP and the risk factors of metabolic syndrome. Results: The results reveal that the greater the subjects' glucose intolerance was, the higher their hs-CRP became and the more risk factors of metabolic syndrome they had. The impaired glucose tolerance group showed 1.7 times higher blood pressure than the control group. The diabetes group showed a high odds ratio with 2.3 times higher blood pressure, 2.2 times higher abdominal obesity, and 2.4 times higherW/Ht than the control group. And the odds ratio increased significantly by 1.7 times in the hs-CRP intermediate risk group and 2.5 times in the high risk group compared with the control group. Conclusion: Considering the study results, it is very important to monitor abdominal obesity, blood pressure and the intermediate and high risk group of hs-CRP in order to reduce the contraction of cardiovascular diseases.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.13 no.11
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• pp.5317-5325
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to estimate the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and determine the distribution of the clustering of the metabolic risk factors, and we wanted to evaluated the related factors in urban areas. 1,388 adults of 30 years and over, not recognized as taking medicines for or having cardiovascular diseases, who underwent health package check-up at the health promotion center of a university hospital. All subjects were measured by height, weight, waist circumference, blood pressure and blood chemistry(lipid profile). As a results, the prevalence rates of metabolic syndrome of study subjects were 21.7%, and the rates of metabolic risk factors were HDL-C, blood pressure, TG, abdominal obesity and FBS in that order. And the factors such influencing on metabolic syndrome as age, BMI, smoking habits, vegetable consumption and family history of the diabetes. Consequently, it is suggested that the evaluation and intervention for lifestyle factors may be needed in order to the risk management of metabolic syndrome.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.172-179
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• 2010

Purpose: Visceral adipose tissue may be strongly linked to increased metabolic risks in adults. However, because little is known regarding the effect of visceral adipose tissue in children and adolescents, we performed this study to determine the association between abdominal fat distribution and metabolic risk factors in this population. Methods: One hundred one children and adolescents (78 males and 23 females; mean age, 10.8${\pm}$2.4 years) were enrolled. The anthropometric data and metabolic risk factors were evaluated. Theabdominal fat distribution was assessed according to the CT measurement. Age-adjusted, partial correlations were performed among the visceral adipose fat area (VFA), subcutaneous adiposefat area (SFA), metabolic risk factors, and anthropometrics. Results: The SFA increased more rapidly than the VFA with advancing years in both genders. In males, the VFA and SFA were positively correlated with anthropometrics. The VFA was correlated with low HDL-cholesterol and the SFA was correlated with diastolic blood pressure (DBP). However, there was no statistical significance between the VFA, SFA, anthropometrics, and other metabolic risk factors. The VFA and SFA were strongly linked to a number of metabolic risk factors, such as other anthropometrics. Conclusion: This study investigated how a low HDL-C was correlated with VFA and how a high DBP was associated with SFA in Korean male children and adolescents. Our results suggest that the correlation between the VFA, SFA, and metabolic risk factors was relatively weak compared to that reported in previous adult studies.

• The Journal of Korean Society for School & Community Health Education
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.17-31
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• 2015

Objectives: This study aimed to analyze the relationship between metabolic syndrome and cataract in a middle-aged men over the age of 40's by using the data from the 5th Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey(2010~2012). Methods: The subjects for the analysis were comprised of 5,808 patients who were at least 40 years or more with metabolic syndrome and cataract. The comparison between the metabolic syndrome and ophthalmic diseases according to the health demographic characteristics, health behavior and health conditions was analyzed with ${\chi}^2-test$. The complex samples logistic regression analysis was used to calculate the odds ratio of cataract according to the health demographic characteristics, health behavior and health conditions and the combination of the comprising factors of the metabolic syndrome. Results: After controlling the confounding factors, the odds ratio of cataract in the metabolic syndrome group was OR 1.30, which was significantly high (p<0.01). Furthermore, the odds ratio of cataract was significantly high in the case of males, as the age increased, educational level decreased, with exercising habits of less than 3 days a week, sun exposure of at least 5 hours, with hypertension and diabetes (p<0.01). The results of analyzing the odds ratio for the occurrence of cataract with the components of metabolic syndrome were OR 1.36 (concurrent high fasting blood glucose, high triglycerides, low HDL cholesterol), OR 1.63 (concurrent high fasting blood glucose, high triglycerides, high waist circumference) and OR 1.33 (high triglycerides, low HDL cholesterol, high waist circumference), which showed significantly high odds ratio for cataract occurrence (p<0.05). Conclusions: We come to know that the relation between metabolic syndrome and components are associate with cataract. Therefore the thorough management of metabolic syndrome and components is needed to prevent cataract.