• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제32권6호
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• pp.699-705
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• 2005

Transgender is the severe type of gender identity disorder. The prevalence rate of transgender is reported to occur to about 1 out of 50,000 men, and about 1 out of 10,000 women. As for Korea, it is estimated to have about 1400 transgender patients. Lately, not only the numbers of them are increasing but also they are influencing our society increasingly. As for female transgender patients, they take female hormone for a long term before and even after the operation to maintain their physical identity of female. We have analyzed insulin like growth factor-1(IGF-1), insulin like growth factor protein binding-3(IGFBP-3), female hormone, male hormone and thyroid hormone in female transgender patients who have undergone the gender reassignment operation. We examined the changes of hormone level due to having female hormone steadily, and also examined how the steady use of the hormone could affect body organs. As for IGF-1, it showed significantly low in the female transgender group compared to control ($319.30{\pm}37.4$ vs $539{\pm}55.0$, p<0.05). As for IGFBP-3, there was no significant difference ($2859{\pm}200.3$ vs $2607{\pm}262.5$, p>0.05). As for female hormone, there was no significant differences in FSH($13.42{\pm}13.8$ vs $8.95{\pm}3.5$, p>0.05), estradiol($104.41{\pm}97.1$ vs $121.68{\pm}60.2$, p>0.05), and LH($7.62{\pm}5.6$ vs $7.4{\pm}3.3$, p>0.05). Even in comparison of testosterone, there was no significant differences($0.23{\pm}0.09$ vs $0.33{\pm}1.33$, p>0.05). As for thyroid hormone, there was no significant differences in TSH and free T4($1.34{\pm}0.94$ vs $1.71{\pm}0.12$, $1.4{\pm}0.37$ vs $1.46{\pm}0.17$, p>0.05). Therefore, this study concludes that apart from the decreased level of IGF-1, the possible endocrine side-effect problem due to female hormone seems to be low because there was no differences of female, male, and thyroid hormone level compared with normal female. Further study will be required in metabolic change including bone metabolism occurred by decrease level of IGF-I.

• Molecular & Cellular Toxicology
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• 제4권4호
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• pp.318-322
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• 2008

Obesity is an increasing worldwide health problem that is strongly related to the imbalance of food intake and energy metabolism. It was well-known that several substances in the hypothalamus regulate food intake and energy metabolism. We planned an integrative study to elucidate the mechanism of the development of obesity. Firstly, to find candidate genes with the marvelous effect, the different expression in the hypothalamus between ob/ob and 48-h fasting mice was investigated by using DNA microarray technology. As a result, we found 3 genes [peroxisome proliferator activated receptor, gamma, coactivator 1 alpha (Ppargc1a), calmodulin 1 (Calm1), and complexin 2 (Cplx2)] showing the different hypothalamic expression between ob/ob and 48-h fasting mice. Secondly, a genetic approach on PPARGC1A gene was performed, because PPARGC1A acts as a transcriptional coactivator and a metabolic regulator. Two hundred forty three obese female patients with body mass index (BMI)${\geq}$25 and 285 control female subjects with BMI 18 to<23 were recruited according to the Classification of Korean Society for the Study of Obesity. Among the coding single nucleotide polymorphisms (cSNPs) of PPARGC1A, 2 missense SNPs (rs8192678, Gly482Ser; rs3736265, Thr612Met) and 1 synonymous SNP (rs3755863, Thr528Thr) were selected, and analyzed by PCR-RFLP and pyrosequencing. For the analysis of genetic data, chi-square ($X^2$) test and EH program were used. The rs8192678 was significantly associated with obese women (P<0.0006; odds ratio, 1.5327; 95% confidence interval, 1.2006-1.9568). Haplotypes also showed significant association with obese women ($X^2$=33.28, P<0.0008). These results suggest that PPARGC1A might be related to the development of obesity.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제62권2호
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• pp.180-186
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• 2020

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of replacing corn with soy hulls on nutrient digestibility of growing pigs. Three experimental diets were tested using a 3 × 3 Latin square design using three barrows per group (Landrace × Yorkshire × Duroc, average initial body weight of 36.9 ± 4.0 kg) in individual metabolic cages. The dietary treatments were the control (CON) basal diet (corn-soybean meal based diet), whereas in the test diets, soy hulls were included at 5% (H1), 10% (H2), gradually replacing corn. The daily feed allowance was adjusted to 2.7 times the maintenance requirement for digestible energy (DE) (2.7 × 110 kcal of DE/kg BW^0.75). Intake of crude fiber (CF) was different among treatments (p < 0.05). Pigs fed with H2 diet excreted higher concentrations of dry matter (DM), and CF than pigs fed with H1 diet and basal diet (p < 0.05). Pigs fed with H1 and H2 diets excreted higher concentrations of crude protein (CP) than pigs fed with CON diet (p < 0.05). The apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of CF from H1 and H2 diets were higher than CON diet (p < 0.05). Pigs fed with H2 diets were significantly lower (p < 0.05) the ATTD of CP than the pigs fed with CON and H1 diets. The current data suggest that 10% inclusion soy hulls can slightly decrease CP digestibility. However, soy hulls considerably increased CF digestibility.It is concluded that 5% soy hulls may be a usable alternative to corn in growing pig diets.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.210-215
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• 2002

Streptozotocin 유발 당뇨 횐쥐에서 Cordyceps mititaris와 Paecilomyces japonicus의 균사체(CM-1, CM-2, CM-3, PJ-1, PJ-2)와 C. militaris의 메탄올(CM-M) 및 물 추출물(CM-H) 항당뇨 효과와 장기에 미치는 영향, 그리고 혈청 및 간 조직에서의 중성지질, 단백질 양에 대한 영향에 대하여 실험하였다. 먼저 검체가 혈당에 미치는 영향을 살펴본 결과, CM-1 및 CM-M 투여군에서 혈당치가 유의적으로 감소하였으며, CM-2를 제외한 모든 투여군에서 당뇨로 인해 감소된 체중이 증가하였다. CM-1 투여군에서 증가된 간의 무게가 감소하였으며, CM-H 투여군에서 증가된 신장의 무게가 감소하였다. PJ-2를 제외한 모든 투여군에서 감소된 혈청단백질 양이 증가하였으며, CM-3, PJ-1 및 PJ-2 투여군에서 증가된 중성지질의 양이, CM-3 및 CM-H 투여군에서 유리지방산의 양이 각각 유의적으로 감소하였다. CM-H및 CM-M 투여군에서 간조직 내 단백질 함량이 유의적으로 증가하였으며, CM-2를 제외한 모든 투여군에서 간조직 내 2중성지방의 양이 유의적으로 감소하였으며, 글리코겐 양은 유의적으로 증가하였다. 이상의 실험결과 CM-1과 CM-M 투여군에서 혈당의 감소와 혈청단백질양의 증가 및 glycogen양의 증가를 통해 항당뇨 효과가 확인되었으며, 또한 이들 투여군에서 당뇨로 인해 증가된 중성지방의 양을 감소시킴으로서 지질대사도 개선할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.89-94
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• 2010

Melatonin is induced by light information through the retina and leads to growth factor activation. Thus, we investigated the effects of melatonin by controlling the photoperiod of growing young rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (n=6; 4 weeks old) were divided into two experimental groups: the L/D group (normal photoperiod; light/dark: 12/12 h; lights on at 9:00 a.m.) and the L/L group (light/light: 24 h). Rat body weight and food consumption were measured daily for 8 weeks. After 8 weeks, the rats were anesthetized with a mixture of ketamine (50 mg/kg) and xylazine (10 mg/kg) and sacrificed. Tissue was then collected for RNA isolation (from brain, heart, liver, kidney, adrenal gland, testis, tibia, hind limb muscles). Also, serum was isolated from blood using a centrifugal separation. The L/L group had significantly lower body weight than the L/D group from 4 to 6 weeks (p<0.05). The L/D group had increased tissue mass, compared with the L/L group, but the difference was not statistically significant. The L/D group had a significantly higher melatonin concentration than the L/L group between the hours of midnight and 2:00 a.m (p<0.01). These results indicate that photoperiod length may affect the secretion of melatonin from the pineal gland. Also, the reduction of nocturnal melatonin secretion may retard the development of growing young rats. In future studies, we plan to compare exogenous melatonin administration with endogenous melatonin concentration induced by photoperiod control. Moreover, we will confirm whether the effects seen in pathological animal models can be reversed by controlling the photoperiod.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.129-139
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• 2016

운동은 중추와 말초의 각종 성장인자(BDNF, IGF-1, VEGF)들의 상호작용에 의해 뇌신경가소성을 증진시키고 인지기능을 향상시킨다. 지금까지 저·중강도 지속성 유산소 운동의 효과를 검증하는 선행연구가 주로 이루어졌기 때문에 고강도 운동에 따른 뇌신경성장인자의 발현 및 인지기능 개선 효과에 대한 연구는 미흡한 실정이다. 하지만 최근의 과학적 증거들은 고강도 인터벌 운동이 시간 효율성, 안전성, 심폐지구력 개선 및 체중 감소에 효과적임을 암시하고 있으며, 미스포츠의학회(ACSM)에서 권장하는 일반인을 위한 운동지침에서도 무리가 되지 않는 수준에서 고강도 인터벌 운동 수행을 강조하고 있다. 특히 최근에 발표된 선행 연구에서 고강도 인터벌 운동은 말초조직과 뇌에서의 BDNF, IGF-1, VEGF의 발현을 증가시키고 그로 인한 인지기능 발달에 기여한다는 것을 보고하였으며, 관련된 유력한 생리학적 기전으로 고강도 인터벌 운동으로 인한 뇌의 저산소화와 뇌신경대사의 부가적인 에너지원이 될 수 있는 젖산 이용성 증가가 대두되고 있다. 따라서 향후 저산소화 및 젖산 이용성 증가에 따른 뇌신경성장인자 발현 개선에 어떤 분자생물학적 기전이 관여하는지를 탐구할 필요가 있으며, 또한 동일한 운동량을 가진 저·중강도 지속성 유산소 운동과의 비교 연구를 통해 뇌신경성장인자의 발현 및 인지기능 개선에 있어 고강도 인터벌 운동의 우수성을 입증하는 연구가 요구된다.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.51-64
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• 2003

Objective : This study investigated the alteration of neural activity and effect of Yanggyuksanhwa-tang (Lianggesanhuo-tang) on cerebral ischemia of rats. Methods : Considering age-related impact on cerebral ischemia, aged rats (18 months old) were used for this study. Ischemic damage was induced by the transient occlusion of bilateral common carotid arteries (BCAO) with hypotension. Yanggyuksanhwa-tang (Lianggesanhuo-tang) was administered twice a day orally. Then alterations of neural activities in the brain of aged BCAO rats were measured by the [$^{14}C$]2-deoxyglucose autoradiography method. Results : The BCAO in aged rats led to significant decrease of neural activity in the whole brain. Treatment with Yanggyuksanhwa-tang (Lianggesanhuo-tang) significantly attenuated the decrease of neural activity in the whole brain following BCAO ischemia. Treatment significantly attenuated the decrease of neural activity in the CA1, CA2, CA3, dentate gyrus of the hippocampus, activated barrel, barrel cortex, somatosensory cortex, cingulate cortex, caudate putamen, and medial septal nucleus following BCAO in aged rats. Treatment with Yanggyuksanhwa-tang (Lianggesanhuo-tang) also significantly attenuated the decrease of neural activity in the anteroventral thalamic nucleus, ventral anterior thalamic nucleus, arcuate nucleus, posterior hypothalamic area, medial mammillary nucleus, lateral periaqueductal gray, dorsal raphe nucleus, interpeduncular nucleus, median raphe nucleus, and medial pontine nucleus. Conclusion : It can be suggested that Yanggyuksanhwa-tang (Lianggesanhuo-tang) has a neuroprotecuve effect on cerebral ischemia through the control of glucose metabolic rate and cerebral blood flow.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.33-41
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• 1996

In order to study the effect of phenobarbital(PB) on the hepatic transport of diltiazem(DTZ), $Ca^{2+}$ channel blocker, we used isolated hepatocytes of rat which was intraperitoneally pretreated with phenobarbital sodium(75 mg/kg) for four days once a day. For the isolation of rat liver cells, a modification of the two step procedure of Seglen was used. DTZ was dissolved in incubation buffer to the final DTZ concentrations of 200, 400, 600, 800 and 1000 ng/ml in order to elucidate the uptake characteristics of DTZ by hepatocytes. Reactions were stopped at 10, 20, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120 and 300 sec. The initial velocity was determined by disappearance of diltiazem in the hepatocyte suspension. On the other hand, to determine the effect of PB on the in vitro hepatic intrinsic clearance of DTZ we obtained the metabolism rates of DTZ in the control and the PB-pretreated rat hepatocyte at various time intervals. According to pretreatment with PB, the size of hepatocyte and the amount of protein per $10^6$ cells were significantly (p<0.01) increased from $26.92{\pm}0.1364\;m$ to $35.31{\pm}1.00\;m$ and from $468{\pm}6.5\;{\mu}g/10^6$ cells to $628.8{\pm}12.1{\mu}g/10^6$ cells, respectively. In the case or hepatic uptake of diltiazem, $K_m$ was not different in the normalization by cell numbers and increased from $2.90\;{\mu}M\;to\;13.89\;{\mu}M$ in the normalization by protein amount. $V_max$ was increased regardless of normalization by protein amount and cell numbers, from $1.21\;{\mu}mole/min \;{\cdot}\;mg\;protein\;to\;3.96\;{\mu}mole/min\;{\cdot}\;mg\;protein\;and\;from\;2.38\;{\mu}mole/min\;{\cdot}\;10^6\;cells\;to\;2.83\;{\mu}mole/min\;{\cdot}\;10^6\;cells$, respectively. The in vitro hepatic intrinsic clearance of DTZ was significantly (p<0.01) increased from $0.640{\pm}0.038\;ml/mim\;{\cdot}\;10^6\;cells\;to\;2.385{\pm}0.212\;ml/min\;{\cdot}\;10^6\;cells$ due to PB-pretreatment. These results suggest that the uptake of DTZ by hepatocyte is extremely fast and PB enhances the hepatic intrinsic metabolic clearance of DTZ.

• 농약과학회지
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.485-489
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• 2011

Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain EXTN-1 처리에 의해 생육촉진 효과와 함께 광범위한 식물 병 방제효과가 보고되었다. EXTN-1의 PGPR 효과는 생육초기에 PR-1a, PDF1.2 등의 저항성 관련 유전자 발현에 의한 oxidative burst의 증가나 SA, JA나 ethylene 대사에 의한 유도저항성의 발현에 기인한다. 이 연구의 목표는 B. amyloliquefaciens EXTN-1가 기존에 보고된 다른 작물의 경우에서와 마찬가지로 벼의 생육촉진이나 벼줄무늬잎마름병에 대한 저항성에 관여하는지를 확인하기 위해 수행되었다. 벼 종자를 B. amyloliquefaciens EXTN-1에 침지한 후 파종하였을 때 생육촉진 효과와 병에 대한 저항성 발현이 확인되었다. B. amyloliquefaciens EXTN-1을 처리한 30일묘에서 벼의 초장, 생물중, 뿌리길이는 무처리구에 비해 각각 12.6%, 9.8%, 16.0% 증가하여 PGPR 효과가 나타남을 확인할 수 있었다. RSV 접종구에서도 B. amyloliquefaciens EXTN-1 20일묘는 초장, 생물중, 뿌리길이는 무처리구에 비해 각각 12.6%, 9.8%, 16.0% 증가하였다. 유도저항성 발현효과는 감수성 품종에서 저항성 품종에서 상대적으로 뚜렷하게 나타났다.

• Perspectives in Nursing Science
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.88-95
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• 2016

Purpose: Gestational weight gain and prepregnancy body weight are important factors of childbirth outcomes, which further cause obesity, metabolic diseases, or psychological problems later in women's lives. Changes in diet, westernized lifestyle, traditional postpartum care, and childbirth at older age are thought to be threats to proper weight management in Korean women of reproductive age. Public health and antenatal care need to focus on the proper body weight management of women by carefully planning pregnancy to postpartum periods. Purpose: This study explored the body weight changes from pregnancy to postpartum and the related characteristics in women within 12 months after childbirth. Methods: A cross-sectional, retrospective study was conducted with 102 Korean women within 12 months after childbirth. Data were collected using an online survey system, and a structured questionnaire available for electronic self-administration was modified to include demographics, obstetrical history, and body weight at 6 time points. The International Physical Activity Questionnaire and Eating Habit Measurement instruments were also used in data collection. A professional survey agency recruited the participants, and data were automatically saved and then analyzed. Results: The average age of the participants was 33.8 years, 48% were housewives and were well-educated. Seventy-two percent of the participants were primiparas and 82% had breastfed their babies. The body mass index (BMI) ranged from 17.3 to 27.8, indicating that 21.5% of the participants were overweight or obese. The mean gestational weight gain was 11.8 kg, and weight loss was apparent during the first 3 months postpartum. The mean decline in weight was 3.4 kg at one year after childbirth. Women wanted to lose 5.6 kg (range: 3~20 kg), however 44% of them reported that they had not engaged in any weight control efforts. Further, 72% of them reported having engaged in a low level of physical activity. Body weight was not associated with women's characteristics, physical activity score, and diet. Conclusion: Women's awareness of gestational weight gain, lifestyle modification, and the risk of prolonged weight retention should be promoted through the antenatal and women's healthcare systems. As pregnancy and childbirth are critical events that affect women's health, integrative education to ensure healthy transition to life after delivery is required.