• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.219-229
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• 2016

Fatty liver is a common metabolic disorder of dairy cows during the transition period. Historically, the diagnosis of fatty liver has involved liver biopsy, biochemical or histological examination of liver specimens, and ultrasonographic imaging of the liver. However, more convenient and noninvasive methods would be beneficial for the diagnosis of fatty liver in dairy cows. The plasma metabolic profiles of dairy cows with fatty liver and normal (control) cows were investigated to identify new biomarkers using $^1H$ nuclear magnetic resonance. Compared with the control group, the primary differences in the fatty liver group included increases in ${\beta}$-hydroxybutyric acid, acetone, glycine, valine, trimethylamine-N-oxide, citrulline, and isobutyrate, and decreases in alanine, asparagine, glucose, ${\gamma}$-aminobutyric acid glycerol, and creatinine. This analysis revealed a global profile of endogenous metabolites, which may present potential biomarkers for the diagnosis of fatty liver in dairy cows.

• Journal of the Korean Magnetic Resonance Society
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.90-103
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• 2011

Cornus officinalis (Cornaceae) is primarily grown in Asian countries. The pericarp of C. officinalis (Corni Fructus) is a well-known traditional medicine with tonic, analgesic, and diuretic properties. We analyzed methanolic extracts of Corni Fructus (grown in Korea and China) by $^1H$ NMR spectroscopy. Metabolite profiling was performed to characterize the metabolic difference between different Corni Fructus origins (Korea or China). Principal components analysis revealed significant separation between Comus Fructus from different origins. The metabolites responsible for differences were identified using loading plots, coefficients plots, and variable influence on projection followed by t-tests. As a result, 16 metabolites were identified and quantified; tyrosine, acetate, sucrose, and malate differed the most between origins. These data suggest that NMR-based metabolomics can be used to identify differences between Corni Fructus samples obtained from different regions.

• Journal of the Korean Magnetic Resonance Society
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.96-101
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• 2017

Metabolomics is one of latest '-omics', which is to analyze metabolome in cells, tissues and biofluids and to study metabolisms. It has become increasingly popular since 1990. The first goal of metabolomics is to analyze metabolites in a technical aspect. The major two analytical platforms in metabolomics are NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry (MS). MS is superior to NMR for detecting many more metabolites. That is one of the most important factors in metabolomics. However, NMR also has several advantages over MS. In this review, I firstly introduced metabolomics by comparing NMR-based metabolomics and MS-based metabolomics. Second, I explored technical issues on sample preparation and NMR experiments for metabolite identification and quantification.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.367-371
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• 2012

To investigate the relationship between metabolic changes in $^1H$-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra and fish vaccination, serum was collected from olive flounders treated with a formalin-killed Edwardsiella tarda vaccine and used for $^1H$-NMR metabolite profiling. Principal component analysis and partial least squares were applied to the $^1H$-NMR profile to reduce its complexity and establish class-related clusters. Relative lipid regions were distinguished in vaccinated and non-vaccinated serum. Then, the lipids were extracted from the serum and analyzed. Triolein was identified.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Toxicology Conference
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• 2006.11a
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• pp.34-45
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• 2006

Chemical toxicants are metabolically converted to numerous metabolites in the body. Toxicokinetic characteristics of metabolites could be therefore used as biomarker of exposure for human risk assessment. Biologically based dose response (BBDR) model was proposed for future direction of risk assessment. However, this area has not been developed well enough for human application. Benzo(a)pyrene (BP), for example, is a well-known environmental carcinogen and may produce more than 100 metabolites and BPDE-DNA adduct, a covalently bound form of DNA with benzo(a)pyrene diolepoxides (BPDES), has been applied to qualitatively or quantitaively estimate human exposure to BP. In addition, di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), a widely used plasticize. in the polymer industry, is one of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and has been monitored in humans using urinary or serum concentrations of DEHP or its monomer MEHP for exposure and risk assessment. However, it is difficult to estimate the actual level of toxicants using these biomarkers in humans using. This presentation will discuss a methodology of exposure and risk assessment by application of metabolic profiling kinetics.

• Mass Spectrometry Letters
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 2014

Lipids play important roles in biological systems; they store energy, play a structural role in the cell membrane, and are involved in cell growth, signal transduction, and apoptosis. Phospholipids (PLs) in particular have received attention in the medical and lipidomics research fields because of their involvement in human diseases such as diabetes, obesity, atherosclerosis, and many cancers associated with lipid metabolic disorders. Here I review experimental strategies for PL analysis based on nanoflow liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (nLC-ESI-MSn). In particular, discussed are lipid extraction methods, nanoflow LC separation of PLs, effect of ionization modifiers on the ESI of PLs, influence of chain lengths and unsaturation degree of acyl chains of PLs on MS intensity, structural determination of the molecular structure of PLs and their oxidized products, and quantitative profiling of PLs from biological samples such as tissue, urine, and plasma in relation to cancer and coronary artery disease.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.23 no.7
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• pp.923-931
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• 2013

Rapamycin, known as an inhibitor of Target of Rapamycin (TOR), is an immunosuppressant drug used to prevent rejection in organ transplantation. Despite the close association of the TOR signaling cascade with various scopes of metabolism, it has not yet been thoroughly investigated at the metabolome level. In our current study, we applied mass spectrometric analysis for profiling primary metabolism in order to capture the responsive dynamics of the Chlamydomonas metabolome to the inhibition of TOR by rapamycin. Accordingly, we identified the impact of the rapamycin treatment at the level of metabolomic phenotypes that were clearly distinguished by multivariate statistical analysis. Pathway analysis pinpointed that inactivation of the TCA cycle was accompanied by the inhibition of cellular growth. Relative to the constant suppression of the TCA cycle, most amino acids were significantly increased in a time-dependent manner by longer exposure to rapamycin treatment, after an initial down-regulation at the early stage of exposure. Finally, we explored the isolation of the responsive metabolic factors into the rapamycin treatment and the culture duration, respectively.

• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
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• 2003.10b
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• pp.213.3-213.3
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• 2003

Osteoporosis is the most common form of metabolic bone disease and is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in the elderly and especially in postmenopausal women. The possible beneficial action of essential fatty acids and their metabolites both in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis needs attention. Therefore in this study, fatty acid levels of the normal groups was compared with those of patients. And then star symbol plots were drawn based on the fatty acids values of patients normalized to the corresponding normal group values to transform into visual patterns discriminating from the normal pattern. (omitted)

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.60-68
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• 2017

Background: Various Panax ginseng cultivars exhibit a range of diversity for morphological and physiological traits. However, there are few studies on diversity of metabolic profiles and genetic background to understand the complex metabolic pathway in ginseng. Methods: To understand the complex metabolic pathway and related genes in ginseng, we tried to conduct integrated analysis of primary metabolite profiles and related gene expression using five ginseng cultivars showing different morphology. We investigated primary metabolite profiles via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and analyzed transcriptomes by Illumina sequencing using adventitious roots grown under the same conditions to elucidate the differences in metabolism underlying such genetic diversity. Results: GC-MS analysis revealed that primary metabolite profiling allowed us to classify the five cultivars into three independent groups and the grouping was also explained by eight major primary metabolites as biomarkers. We selected three cultivars (Chunpoong, Cheongsun, and Sunhyang) to represent each group and analyzed their transcriptomes. We inspected 100 unigenes involved in seven primary metabolite biosynthesis pathways and found that 21 unigenes encoding 15 enzymes were differentially expressed among the three cultivars. Integrated analysis of transcriptomes and metabolomes revealed that the ginseng cultivars differ in primary metabolites as well as in the putative genes involved in the complex process of primary metabolic pathways. Conclusion: Our data derived from this integrated analysis provide insights into the underlying complexity of genes and metabolites that co-regulate flux through these pathways in ginseng.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2017.06a
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• pp.131-131
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• 2017

Though the Platycodon grandiflorum, has a broad range of pharmacologic properties, but the mechanisms underlying these effects remain unclear. In order to profile proteins from the nodal segment, callus, root and shoot, high throughput proteome approach was executed in the present study. Two-dimensional gels stained with CBB, a total of 84 differential expressed proteins were confirmed out of 839 protein spots using image analysis by Progenesis SameSpot software. Out of total differential expressed spots, 58 differential expressed protein spots (${\geq}2-fold$) were analyzed using MASCOT search engine according to the similarity of sequences with previously characterized proteins along with the UniProt database. Out of 58 differential expressed protein, 32 protein spots were up-regulated such as ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase, endoplasmic oxidoreductin-1, heat stress transcription factor A3, RNA pseudourine synthase 4, cysteine proteinase, GntR family transcriptional regulator, E3 xyloglucan 6-xylosyltransferase, while 26 differential protein spots were down-regulated such as L-ascorbate oxidase precursor, late embryogenesis abundant protein D-34, putative SCO1 protein, oxygen-evolving enhancer protein 3. However, the frequency distribution of identified proteins using iProClass databases, and assignment by function based on gene ontology revealed that the identified proteins from the explants were mainly associated with the nucleic acid binding (17%), transferase activity (14%) and ion binding (12%). Taken together, the protein profile may provide insight clues for better understanding the characteristics of proteins and its metabolic activities in various explants of this essential medicinal plant P. grandiflorum.