• 말소리와 음성과학
• /
• 제9권3호
• /
• pp.25-32
• /
• 2017

Besides their effect on the f0 contour of the following vowel, Korean stops are undergoing a sound change in which a partial or complete consonantal merger on voice onset time (VOT) is taking place between aspirated and lax stops. Many previous studies on sound change have mainly focused on group-normative effects, that is, effects that are representative of the population as a whole. Few systematic quantitative studies of change in adult individuals have been carried out. The current study examines whether the sound change holds for individual speakers. It focuses on inter-speaker and intra-speaker variability on sound change in contemporary Korean. Speech data were collected for thirteen Seoul Korean speakers studying abroad in America. In order to minimize the possible effects of speech production, socio-phonetic factors such as age, gender, dialect, speech rate, and L2 exposure period were controlled when recruiting participants. The results showed that, for nine out of thirteen speakers, the consonantal merger is taking place between the aspirated and lax stop in terms of VOT. There were also intra-speaker variations on the merger in three aspects: First, is the consonantal (VOT) merger between the two stops is in progress or not? Second, are VOTs for aspirated stops getting shorter or not (i.e., the aspirated-shortening process)? Third, are VOTs for lax stops getting longer or not (i.e., the lax-lengthening process)? The results of remarkable inter-speaker and intra-speaker variability indicate a synchronous speech sound change of the stop system in contemporary Korean. Some speakers are early adopters or active propagators of sound change whereas others are not. Further study is necessary to see whether the inter-speaker differences exceed intra-speaker differences in sound change.

• 교육시설 논문지
• /
• 제21권5호
• /
• pp.3-12
• /
• 2014

The purpose of this study is to propose a framework to analyse the educational effects and outcome of the boarding middle school established following the merger and abolition of small schools in rural area. According to the decrease in birth rate and reduction of population in rural area, primary schools have brought about many problems for decrease of number of student, and environment of education have became deteriorated. Accordingly, primary schools be required improvement, and it should be altered placement of schools because it change number of student, distance and time of attending school, and formation of school zone are changed by alternating of human and physical environment. Merger and abolition of primary school is inevitable for change of placement standard to primary school and qualitative improvement of environment of education in rural area. This study suggests 1)educational effects and outcome, 2)changes and benefits of student's living conditions, 3)social effects to local community, and 4)economical efficiency analysis as a new framework to evaluate the validity of establishing a school. It sets up a hypothesis that the students, parents and community satisfy the boarding school in rural area, a school record be improved and the abolition of schools have little effect on community. Finally, it emphasizes that in order to success the policy of the merger of small schools and the boarding middle school, it be attributed to the social-cultural environment based on local residents and community and required provision of a variety of utilization plans reflecting local specifics and guarantee of local residents' participation and selection.

• 천문학회지
• /
• 제37권5호
• /
• pp.433-438
• /
• 2004

Clusters of galaxies generally form by the gravitational merger of smaller clusters and groups. Major cluster mergers are the most energetic events in the Universe since the Big Bang. The basic properties of cluster mergers and their effects are discussed. Mergers drive shocks into the intracluster gas, and these shocks heat the intracluster gas. As a result of the impulsive heating and compression associated with mergers, there is a large transient increase in the X-ray luminosities and temperatures of merging clusters. These merger boost can affect X-ray surveys of clusters and their cosmological interpretation. Similar boosts occur in the strong lensing cross-sections and Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect in merging clusters. Merger shock and turbulence associated with mergers should also (re)accelerate nonthermal relativistic particles. As a result of particle acceleration in shocks and turbulent acceleration following mergers, clusters of galaxies should contain very large populations of relativistic electrons and ions. Observations and models for the radio, extreme ultraviolet, hard X-ray, and gamma-ray emission from nonthermal particles accelerated in these shocks will also be described. Gamma-ray observations with GLAST seem particularly promising.

• 천문학회보
• /
• 제38권2호
• /
• pp.51.2-51.2
• /
• 2013

Galactic fly-by interactions are believed to be far more frequent than direct mergers, acting as hidden drivers of galaxy evolution. We perform a tree-particle-mesh code GOTPM, and investigate the statistical properties of the fly-by interactions as functions of halo masses and ambient environments. Based on the total energy of the two halos of interest, impulsive fly-by pairs are identified from eventual merger candidates. We find three obvious results as follows: (1) Halos in the high-dense environment experience more frequent mergers and fly-by encounters than those in the low-dense region; (2) In the massive halos, both merger and fly-by fractions evolve more dramatically with time than those in dwarfs; and (3) The fly-by fraction decreases as approaching the present epoch, in contrast to the increase of the merger fraction.

• 지식경영연구
• /
• 제14권1호
• /
• pp.95-119
• /
• 2013

Although merger and acquisition (M&A) has been considered as an important means to improve firm performance, most prior empirical research have failed to prove the relationship between M&A and firm performance. In order to fill this gap, this study attempts to identify the effect of M&A on firm performance based on knowledge resources relatedness and complementarity theory. For this purpose, this study examines complementarity patterns of knowledge resources and their impacts on acquirer's performance using M&A announcements of electronic commerce industry from 2001 to 2007. The results of this study indicate complementarity among knowledge resources are positively related with acquirer's market value. This study contributes to expand knowledge management research by identifying the relationship among knowledge resources and their impacts on firm performance.

• 천문학회보
• /
• 제37권1호
• /
• pp.34.2-34.2
• /
• 2012

In the context of structure formation in a hierarchical Universe, the relevance of mergers to radio-loud active galaxies is still under debate. I employ two different observational approaches to investigate the merger history of active galaxies, using several different samples of radio-loud AGN. I will first show results from the investigation of a complete sample of flat-spectrum radio-AGN and their role in a merger-driven evolution of galaxies. In the second part of my talk I will focus on the investigation of the close environment of radio-loud active galaxies, using data from the new VISTA-VIDEO near-infrared survey. Strong evidence is found supporting a close connection between merger events and radio-loud AGN.

• 말소리와 음성과학
• /
• 제3권1호
• /
• pp.67-75
• /
• 2011

In Korean, 'Aspiration Merger' is the result of the heteromorphemic sequence of lenis stop and /h/ becoming a single aspirated stop word-medially. However, the contrast between lenis stop-plus-/h/ and an underlying aspirated stop is maintained when they span Phonological Phrase boundaries. By varying the position in the prosodic domain such as APP (Across Phonological Phrase) and PPM (Phonological Phrase Medial) positions, the phonetic properties of the two categories are compared. In the results from noise duration and change of intensity, lenis stop-plus-/h/ show a large difference between the APP and PPM positions. The results from a noise duration comparison show that the two categories are completely neutralized into aspirated stop in the PPM position and the complete neutralization is sensitive to prosodic phrasing.

• 천문학회보
• /
• 제44권1호
• /
• pp.58.2-58.2
• /
• 2019

Recent observation of the neutron star merger event, GW170817, through both gravitational wave (GW) and electromagnetic wave (EM) observations opened a new way of exploring the universe, namely, multi-messenger astronomy (MMA). One of the keys to the success of MMA is a rapid identification of EM counterpart through optical/NIR observations. We will present the strategy for prioritization of GW source host galaxy candidates to be observed with narrow-field optical telescopes. Our method relies on recent simulation results regarding plausible properties of GW source host galaxies and the low latency localization map from LIGO/Virgo. We will show the test results for both NS merger and BH merger events using previous events and possible future events and describe observing strategy with our facilities for GW events during the ongoing LIGO/Virgo O3 run.

• 산업공학
• /
• 제12권4호
• /
• pp.506-513
• /
• 1999

We use a path analysis to identify influential latent variables on employees' anticipated commitment to a merged bank. Survey samples are taken from Hanvit bank which is a merged form of Hanil and Sangup. Latent variables used in the path analysis are perceptions of organizational support, contact conditions, organizational unity, employee threat and organizational commitment. We find an interesting pre-merger group membership effect as well as merger pattern perceived by employees on the path for the anticipated commitment to the merged bank.

• 천문학회지
• /
• 제48권4호
• /
• pp.213-228
• /
• 2015

The Horizon Run 4 is a cosmological N-body simulation designed for the study of coupled evolution between galaxies and large-scale structures of the Universe, and for the test of galaxy formation models. Using 6300³ gravitating particles in a cubic box of L_box = 3150 h⁻¹Mpc, we build a dense forest of halo merger trees to trace the halo merger history with a halo mass resolution scale down to M_s = 2.7 × 10¹¹h⁻¹M_⊙. We build a set of particle and halo data, which can serve as testbeds for comparison of cosmological models and gravitational theories with observations. We find that the FoF halo mass function shows a substantial deviation from the universal form with tangible redshift evolution of amplitude and shape. At higher redshifts, the amplitude of the mass function is lower, and the functional form is shifted toward larger values of ln(1/σ). We also find that the baryonic acoustic oscillation feature in the two-point correlation function of mock galaxies becomes broader with a peak position moving to smaller scales and the peak amplitude decreasing for increasing directional cosine μ compared to the linear predictions. From the halo merger trees built from halo data at 75 redshifts, we measure the half-mass epoch of halos and find that less massive halos tend to reach half of their current mass at higher redshifts. Simulation outputs including snapshot data, past lightcone space data, and halo merger data are available at http://sdss.kias.re.kr/astro/Horizon-Run4.