• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.123-130
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• 1995

Many types of medication regimens have been used for controlled ovarian hyperstimulation for assisted reproductive technique(ART). Questions are now being raised regarding how to lower the escalating costs of assisted reproduction and decrease the extent of patient discomfort and disruption of life style without sacrificing success rates. In this investigation, from January 1994 through August 1994 patients presenting to the Chung-Ang university hospital, infertility clinic were offered the option of the clomiphene citrate (CC)/single Human Menopausal Gonadotropin(HMG) combination and conventional GnRH-agonist combination method. 60 patients (78 cycles) were given CC/single HMG combination as a study group, and 78 patients (102 cycles) were given conventional GnRH-a combined ultrashort protocol as a control group for IVF-ET program and the resulting number of oocyte retrieved, embryo produced, and pregnancy initiated were compared. There were no differences between the two groups in mean age, serum $E_2$, LH and FSH level on menstrual cycle day 2. HMG requirement was 2 ampules in study group and $24.2{\pm}6.8$ ampules in control group. On the day of HCG injection, serum LH and FSH levels were not significantly different, but serum $E_2$, was significantly higher in control group(p<0.001). There was relatively well endometrial quality in control group but not significant compare to study group. In control group, numbers of retrieved oocyte and transferred embryo were significantly more than study group(p<0.001). Fertilization rate was not significantly different in the two groups and pregnancy rates were 20.2% in study group 28.4% in control group(p<0.001). CC/single HMG protocol for IVF-ET is less expensive than GnRH-a combined ultrashort protocol and minimizes patients discomfort. In addition, CC/single HMG protocol produces acceptable pregnancy rate and represents an attractive alternative to select patients undergoing IVF-ET.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.948-956
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• 2000

There is growing evidence that soy isoflavone play beneficial roles in the prevention of chronic diseases such as hormone dependent cancers, cardiovascular diseases, osteoporosis and also reduced incidence of menopausal symptoms. However current data are not sufficient to determine the effective doses for beneficial as well as harmful effects and to support dietary recommendation for isoflavones. Since soy products containing isoflavone are one of the common food items that Koreans consume daily basis, assessing consumption of soy isoflavone by Koreans will give a valuable information on making dietary recommendations for isoflavones. the present study was designed to assess dietary intake of isoflavone of Korean middle-aged women who might receive the most beneficial effects from isoflavone consumption thereby prevent post menopausal related symptoms and diseases. In this study isoflavone contents of soy products were analyzed and soy products and isoflavone consumption of these subjects were assessed by a self-reported dietary questionnaire and isoflavone intake data base. Subjects were consisted of 178 Korean women (35~60 y) who live in urban and rural area. All subjects provided detailed information on demographics, anthropometry, health history, menopausal symptoms, health history, menopausal symptoms, and dietary intake using food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) which was developed for Koreans. The average age of the subjects was 46.6 years. The soy products which the subjects frequently consumed were soybean paste soup, braised fried soybean, tofu residue stew, tofu, soy milk, natto stew, bean sprouts, and soybean broth which contained 10.68 mg, 3.34 mg, 2.44 mg, 2.42 mg, 2.42 mg, 1.12 mg, 1.02 mg, 0.33 mg of isoflavone per 100 g, respectively. The estimated daily intake (EDI) of isoflavones ranged from 0 to 144.3 mg, and the mean daily isoflavone (sum of daidzein and genisten) intake of the subjects was 24.41 mg.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.109-119
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to measure serum lipids concentrations by gender and age, and to investigated the relation of serum lipids levels to cigarette smoking alcohol intake exercise and menopausal status in Korean adults. The subjects consisted of 463 healthy adult(29- men and 173 women) volunteers who were visiting the health Promotion Center in the Asan Medical Center from July 1, 1994 to July 22, 1994 Subjects were ambulatory free-living people and aged 20- 80 years, Anthropometric measurement was performed and serum triglyceride(TG), HDL-cholesterol and total cholesterol(TChol) concentrations were measure by automatic system(Hitachi 736-40). Data on life styles were obtained using structured questionnaires issued by a trained interviewer, All data were statistically analyzed by PC-SAS(Version 6.04) Serum concentrations of triglyceride and total cholesterol was higher(p<0.05) in men than in women, and serum HDL-cholesterol was lower(p<0.05) in men than in women. The prevalence of hyperlipidemia(TG>170 mg/dL and TChol>220 mg /dL) was 12.5% in men and 4.1% in women. The levels of serum triglyceride, total cholesterol and BMI increased with age in women. The distribution curves of serum triglyceride, total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol of women were located in lower increased more rapidly with aging than in men, The distribution curves of BMI of women increased with aging after the thirties, The BMI of women was located in higher levels than of men in their sixties. The serum concentration of triglyceride and total cholesterol of male current-smokers and non- smokers were significantly(p<0.05) higher than those of ex-smokers. The concentrations triglyceride the male current0drinkers were higher(p<0.05) than those of male non-drinkers. In non-smokers and non- drinkers, serum TG concentration were lower (p<0.05) than those of current-smokers and current-drinkers. In exercisers, the serum triglyceride concentration was significantly(p<0.05) lower than in non- exercisers. In postmenopausal woman BMI and serum concentrations of TChol, TG and LDL-Chol were significantly by age and gender and smoking alcohol drinking, exercise and menopausal staus might be a better indicator to predict serum lipids in both genders.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.77-82
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• 2000

We carried out a case-control study to investigate protective effect of lactating against breast cancer in Korea. Cases (n=108) were the newly histologically identified breast cancer between December 1997 and August 1999. Hospital-based controls were selected by frequency matching method with age ($\pm$4 age) and menopausal status from the patients at the same hospital in the plastic surgery, general surgery and opthalmology department. Interviews included information on general characteristics of subjects, disease history, family history of breast cancer, vitamin supplementation, alcohol intake, food intake, and reproductive factors as well as lactation history. Odds ratio (OR) and 95% Confidence Intervals (CI) were calculated by using unconditional logistic regression. Age distribution of case control subjects were similar. Late menarche age $\geq$ 17 in premenopausal women was related to the lower risk of breast cancer OR = 0.41, 95% CI = 0.28-0.91. Family history of breast cancer was related to the higher risk of breast cancer only in premenopausal women (OR = 2.07, 95% CI = 1.35-2.71). Higher body mass index mass index (> 30) were associated with higher risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women. For premenopausal women, women who had lactated $\geq$ 12 months to the first child had a significantly lower risk (OR = 0.53, 95% CI = 0.24-0.97) than the women had no breast feeding experience. However, results from postmenopausal women did not show an association with decreased breast cancer risk. These findings suggest that lactation may be a protective factor of breast cancer in Korean women.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.41-46
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• 1999

Osteoporosis, which causes mainly fracture of the spine, proximal femur and distal radius by minimal trauma, is a major public health problem and its prevalence is steadily increasing in Korea according to the development of public health care. There are reliable methods for diagnosis based on bone densitometry. Early detection and intervention are important for reducing the incidence of fractures. A consensus definition of osteoporosis, based on bone density measurement, has been developed by the World Health Organization(WHO). In this study, bone mineral density(RMD) was measured by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry(DEXA) at the proximal femur and lumbar spine in 132 post-menopausal women. The purpose of this study is to find influential factors on the BMD of the proximal femur and the lumbar spine and to analyze correlation between BMD and the problematic factors. We obtained the following results : 1. Mean BMD score, T-score and Z-score of the proximal femur were $0.81(g/cm^2)$, -2.45(S.D.) and -2.09(S.D.) respectively and in the lumbar spine were $0.83(g/cm^2)$, -2.02(S.D.), -2.43(S.D.) respectively. 2. In correlation analysis between BMD and many factors, correlation coefficients were -0.467, 0.212, -0.321 and 0.241 in age, height, duration after menopause respectively. BMI and the residuals were comparatively small. 3. Correlation coefficients to age matched BMD, in height and body weight were 0.222 and 0.241, in age and duration after menopause were -0.268, -0.282. 4. The fracture threshold of proximal femur BMD to the 90th percentile was $0.845(g/cm^2)$. 5. At the result of multiple regression analysis, age, body weight, $BMI(kg/m^2)$ and duration after menopause described as significant variables.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.211-218
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• 2021

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of sex and menopausal age on the thickness and density of squamous portion of the temporal bone as the membranous bone. Patients who visited a general hospital in Chungnam and had a computed tomography (CT) examination of the head. A retrospective study was conducted with 120 subjects (30 men under 55 years old, 30 men over 56 years old, 30 women under 55 years old, and 30 women over 56 years old). Axial images of the squamous portion in the temporal bone were obtained from CT of the head. For this image, a slice sensitive profile (SSP) was acquired with an image analysis program and these were evaluated. The thickness was measured by using a digital ruler to measure the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the SSP, and the density was measured in hounsfield unit (HU). These by gender were measured to be about 0.5 mm thinner in the temporal bone in men than in women, and there was a significant difference. The density was measured to be about 200 HU higher in women than in men of it, and there was a significant difference. As a result, it in women was thicker and had a lower density. The thickness of it in men and women over 56 years of age was 0.8 mm or more thicker in women and less than 400 HU in density. As a result, the women group over the age of 56 showed a distinct increase in thickness and decrease in density, different from other target groups. It is expected that the results of this study could be used as basic data for a new bone density measurement site study.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.17
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• pp.7467-7472
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• 2015

Background: Breast cancer is known to be one of the most prevalent cancers among women in both developing and developed countries. The incidence of breast cancer in Pakistan has increased dramatically within the last few years and is the second country after Israel in Asia to have highest proportional cases of breast cancer. However, there are limited data for breast cancer available in the literature from Pakistan. Objectives: The study was conducted to bring to light the common clinical presentation of breast cancer and to evaluate the frequency of established risk factors in breast carcinoma patients and furthermore to compare the findings between premenopausal and postmenopausal women in Pakistan. Materials and Methods: A 6 months (from July 2012 to Dec 2012) cross sectional survey was conducted in Surgical and Oncology Units of Civil Hospital, Karachi. Data were collected though a well developed questionnaire from 105 female patients diagnosed with carcinoma of breast and analyzed using SPSS version 17. Institutional ethical approval was obtained prior to data collection. Results: Out of 105 patients, 43 were premenopausal and 62 were postmenopausal, 99 being married. Mean age at diagnosis was $47.8{\pm}12.4years$. A painless lump was the most frequent symptom, notived by 77.1%(n=81). Some 55.2% (n=58) patients had a lump in the right breast and 44.8%(n=47) in the left breast. In the majority of cases, the lump was present in upper outer quadrant 41.9% (n=44). Mean period of delay from appearance of symptoms to consulting a doctor was $5.13{\pm}4.8months$, from the shortest 1 month to the longest 36 months. Long delay (> 3 months) was the most frequent figure 41.9%. Considering overall risk factors most frequent were first pregnancy after 20 years of age (41%), physical breast trauma (28.6%), lack of breast feeding(21.9%), and early menarche <11 years (19%), followed by null parity (16.2%), consumption of high fat diet (15.2%), family history of breast cancer or any other cancer in first degree relatives (9.5% and 13.3%, respectively). Some of the less common factors were late menopause >54 years (8.6%), use of oral contraceptive pills (10.5%), use of hormone replacement therapy (4.7%),smoking (4.7%) and radiation (0.96%). Significant differences (p<0.005) were observed between pre and post menopausal women regarding history of physical breast trauma, practice of breast feeding and parity. Conclusions: A painless lump was the most frequent clinical presentation noted. Overall age at first child > 20 years, physical breast trauma, lack of breast feeding, early menarche <11 were the most frequent risk factors. Physical breast trauma, lower parity, a trend for less breast feeding had more significant associations with pre-menopausal than post-menopausal onset. Increase opportunity of disease prevention can be obtained through better understanding of clinical presentation and risk factors important in the etiology of breast cancer.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.204-221
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• 1999

Due to the ever increasing life-span of human beings, the average woman is living well into her 70's. Henceforth, they spend at least one-third of their life after menopause. Climacteric encompasses the time preceding, during, and proceeding menopause : a transitional period of shifting from the period of being fertile to the period of senescence. In other words, this is the time at which they lose the ability to reproduce. Menopause can influence a woman's sexual life immensely due to the physiological, social, and psychological changes that occur during that period. In korea, where some women still live according to Confucian Culture in terms of sexology, nurses can play a vital role in the dissemination of sexual facts to women. This study was designed to clarity the characteristic and satisfaction of sexual life. This was done according to the classification of three types of climacteric women : pre-meno-pausal, menopausal, and post-menopausal. I studied 159 climacteric women between the ages of 45 & 59, living in or around the vicinity of Taegu City. This study utilized the investigative tools for sexual life patterns which were constructed with field experts' consultation and reference review by the author. The sexual satisfaction was translated from DSFI. The climacteric symptoms were invented by Kupperman, This research is descriptive. The data was collected between July 15, 1998 and October 14, 1998. Statistical analysis was performed using ANOVA and Pearson Correlations, and was computed with the SPSS program. The results obtained are summarized as follows; The frequency of sexual activity was highest in pre-menopause and declined after menopause. The frequency of genital caressing declined after menopause. The difference between the frequency of masturbation and coital pain was not significant according to the classification set forth in this experiment. Congruently, the frequency of orgasms declined after menopause. The mean satisfaction of sexual life is 27.1 years. The range of expected score is 9-45 years of age. Satisfaction was highest in the pre-menopausal group and proved to be statistically significant. Some of the general characteristics that affected the satisfaction a woman's sexual life in the climacteric stage during this project were ; age, income, satisfaction in younger pre-menopausal and the large income group than the other experimental groups. The climacteric symptoms were conversely correlated with the satisfaction in one's sexual life.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.727-733
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• 2011

This study was performed to examine the relationship between the body mass index (BMI), the body fat, and the serum lipids of post-menopausal women in rural areas. The subjects were 510 women aged 50 and over. As a result of this study, we found a trend of decreasing BMI as age increased, but body fat increased. In addition, there was a significant decreasing of the lean body mass than an increasing of the body mass index according to increasing age. Therefore, this study confirmed that a main cause of rural women being classified as obese is a decrease in lean body mass, rather than an increase in of body fat. Of all subjects, 36.3% ($18.5{\leq}BMI$ < 23) of all subjects were classified as having normal BMI, whereas only 21.4% were classified as having normal body fat. Out of 190 subjects who were body fat 30% and over, 38 subjects were classified as obese ($BMI{\geq}25$) and 113 subjects were classified as overweight ($23{\leq}BMI$ < 25). The percentile of those with a BMI of $25kg/m^2$ was 70, and they had 30.82% body fat. HDL cholesterol showed a negative correlation with anthropometric factors (height, weight, body mass index, waist circumference, waist hip ratio, body fat), and total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglycerides showed a positive correlation. Especially, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and hip circumference showed significant correlations. Because of differences in the body fat and lean body mass by age group, it seems difficult to assess obesity via BMI only. The elderly especially should have a higher significance placed on body fat or abdominal fat than only BMI.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.1019-1024
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• 2015

Background: Survival of breast cancer patients depends on a number of factors which are not only prognostic but are also predictive. A number of studies have been carried out worldwide to find out prognostic and predictive significance of different clinicopathological and molecular variables in breast cancer. This study was carried out at Nuclear Medicine, Oncology and Radiotherapy Institute (NORI), Islamabad, to find out the impact of different factors on overall survival of breast cancer patients coming from Northern Pakistan. Materials and Methods: This observational retrospective study was carried out in the Oncology Department of NORI Hospital. A total of 2,666 patients were included. Data were entered into SPSS 20. Multinomial logistic regression analysis was performed to determine associations of different variables with overall survival. P values <0.05 were considered significant. Results: The mean age of the patients was 47.6 years, 49.5% being postmenopausal. Some 1,708 were ER positive and 1,615 were PR positive, while Her 2 neu oncogene positivity was found in 683. A total of 1,237 presented with skin involvement and 426 had chest wall involvement. Some 1,663 had > 5cm tumors. Lymph node involvement was detected in 2,131. Overall survival was less than 5 years in 669 patients, only 324 surviving for more than 10 years, and in the remainder overall survival was in the range of 5-10 years. Conclusions: Tumor size, lymph node metastases, receptor status, her 2 neu positivity, skin involvement, and chest wall involvement have significant effects whereas age and menopausal status have no significant effect on overall survival of breast cancer patients in Pakistan.