• 한국전기전자재료학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국전기전자재료학회 1998년도 춘계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.75-78
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• 1998

The SONOSFET Shows low operation voltage, high cell density, anti good endurance due to modified Fowler-Nordheim tunneling as memory charge injection method. In this paper, therefore, the NOR-type Flash EEPROM composed of SONOSFET, which has fast lead operation speed and Random Access characteristics, is proposed. An 8${\times}$8 bit NOR-type SONOSFET Flash EEPROM had been designed and its electrical characteristics were verified. Read/Write/Erase operations of it were verified with the spice parameters of SONOSFETs which had Oxide-Nitride-Oxide thickness of 65${\AA}$-165${\AA}$-35${\AA}$ and that of scaled down as 33${\AA}$-53${\AA}$-22${\AA}$, respectively. When the memory window of the scaled-down SONOSFET with 8V operation was similar to that of the SONOSFET with 13V operation, the Read operation delay times of the scaled-down SONOSFET were 25.4ns at erase state and 32.6ns at program state, respectively, and those of the SONOSFET were 23.5ns at erase state and 28.2ns at program state, respectively.

• E2M - 전기 전자와 첨단 소재
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.231-235
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• 1994

The multi-dielectric layer $SiO_2$/$Si_3{N_4}$/$SiO_2$ (ONO) is used to improve charge retention and to scale down the memory device. The nitride layer of MNOS device is oxidize to form ONO system. During the oxidation of the nitride layer, the change of thickness of nitride layer and generation of interface state between nitride layer and top oxide layer occur. In this paper, effects of oxidation of the nitride layer is studied. The decreases of the nitride layer due to oxidation and trapping characteristics of interface state of multi layer dielectric film are investigated through the C-V measurement and F-N tunneling injection experiment using SONOS capacitor structure. Based on the experimental results, carrier trapping model for maximum flatband voltage shift of multi layer dielectric film is proposed and compared with experimental data. As a results of curve fitting, interface trap density between the top oxide and layer is determined as being $5{\times}10^11$~$2{\times}10^12$[$eV^1$$cm^2$].

• 한국분말야금학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국분말야금학회 2006년도 Extended Abstracts of 2006 POWDER METALLURGY World Congress Part 1
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• pp.34-35
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• 2006

The development of Micro MIM as a new manufacturing process for metallic micro parts made of advanced functional materials has been the subject of considerable research over the last years. This paper addresses important quality aspects on processing of new materials by Micro-MIM. Three examples of new functional materials that can be processed are reviewed in this paper. The first example is two-component-Micro-MIM to obtain multi-functional devices. A micro positioning encoder consisting of a magnetic / non-magnetic material combination is presented. The second issue is series production of the replicate of the smallest human bone in the ear (stapes) from Titanium as an example of medical application. Quality assurance and reproducibility in terms of injection moulding parameters are addressed. In the third part, first results on the processing of the shape memory alloy NiTi by Micro-MIM are presented. Potential applications include biocompatible devices and transportation, for example automotive and aerospace. Processing routes and initial microstructures obtained are discussed.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.228-235
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• 2010

This study was performed to investigate the memory enhancing effect of Poria cocos Wolf (Hoelen cum radix) against scopolamine-induced amnesia in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. To induce amnesia, scopolamine (0.75 mg/kg) was intraperitonically injected into SD rats 30 min before starting behavior tests. We have conducted Morris water-maze and Y-maze tests to monitor learning and memory functions. Poria cocos effectively reversed scopolamine-induced memory impairment in SD rats which was represented by an improvement of mean escape latency in water-maze test and spontaneous alterations in Y-maze test. To elucidate possible molecule mechanism, we have measured mRNA as well as protein expression of acetylcholine esterase (AchE), choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAchR), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) using RT-PCR and Western blot analysis, respectively. Poria cocos increased mRNA levels of ChAT and mAchR in rat hippocampus compared with those in the scopolamine-injected amnesic group. In addition, protein expression of ChAT and BDNF was also elevated by Poria cocos intake. Furthermore, as an upstrem regulator, the activation of cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) was assessed by immunohistochemistry. In this immunohistochemical analysis, the phosphorylation of CREB (p-CREB) was reduced by scopolamine injection, which was restored back to control levels by administration of Poria cocos. These results suggest that Poria cocos may improve memory and cognitive deficit in amnesia and have therapeutic potentials through up-regulation of ChAT, mAchR, and BDNF, which seemed to be mediated by activation of CREB.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.10-23
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• 2014

Objectives: This study evaluated the effects of Guibi-tang (GBT) on neuronal apoptosis and cognitive impairment induced by beta amyloid ($A{\beta}$), (1-42) injection in the hippocampus of ICR mice. Methods: $A{\beta}$ (1-42) was injected unilaterally into the lateral ventricle using a Hamilton syringe and micropump ($2{\mu}g/3{\mu}{\ell}$, $0.6{\mu}{\ell}/min$). Water extract of GBT was administered orally once a day (500 mg/kg) for 3 weeks after the $A{\beta}$ (1-42) injection. Acquisition of learning and retention of memory were tested using the Morris water maze. Neuronal damage and $A{\beta}$ accumulation in the hippocampus was observed using cresyl violet and Congo red staining. The anti-apoptotic effect of GBT was evaluated using TUNEL labeling in the hippocampus. Results: GBT significantly shortened the escape latencies during acquisition training trials. GBT significantly increased the number of target headings to the platform site, the swimming time spent in the target quadrant, and significantly shortened the time for the 1st target heading during the retention test trial. GBT significantly attenuated the reduction in thickness and number of CA1 neurons, and $A{\beta}$ accumulation in the hippocampus produced by $A{\beta}$ (1-42) injection. GBT significantly reduced the number of TUNEL-labeled neurons in the hippocampus. Conclusion: These results suggest that GBT improved cognitive impairment by reducing neuronal apoptosis and $A{\beta}$ accumulation in the hippocampus. GBT may be a beneficial herbal formulation in treating cognitive impairment including Alzheimer's disease.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제17권6호
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• pp.388-396
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• 2009

The present study investigated an ethanol extract (HS0608) of a mixture of three medicinal plants of Curcuma longae radix, Phellinus linteus, and Scutellariae radix for possible neuroprotective effects on neurotoxicity induced by amyloid $\beta$ protein ($A{\beta}$) (25-35) in cultured rat cortical neurons and antidementia activity in mice. Exposure of cultured cortical neurons to $10\;{\mu}M$ $A{\beta}$ (25-35) for 36 h induced neuronal apoptotic death. At $1-50\;{\mu}g/m{\ell}$, HS0608 inhibited neuronal death, elevation of intracellular calcium concentration ($[Ca^{2+}]_i$), and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced by $A{\beta}$ (25-35) in primary cultures of rat cortical neurons. Memory loss induced by intracerebroventricular injection of ICR mice with 15 nmol $A{\beta}$ (25-35) was inhibited by chronic treatment with HS0608 (25, 50 and 100 mg/kg, p.o. for 7 days) as measured by a passive avoidance test. From these results, we suggest that the antidementia effect of HS0608 is due to its neuroprotective effect against $A{\beta}$ (25-35)-induced neurotoxicity and that HS0608 may have a therapeutic role in preventing the progression of Alzheimer's disease.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.8-15
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• 2012

The present study investigated an ethanol extract of Chaenomeles sinensis fruit (CSF) for possible neuroprotective effects on neurotoxicity induced by amyloid ${\beta}$ protein ($A{\beta}$) (25-35) in cultured rat cortical neurons and also for antidementia activity in mice. Exposure of cultured cortical neurons to $10{\mu}M\;A{\beta}$ (25-35) for 36 h induced neuronal apoptotic death. At $0.1-10{\mu}g/m{\ell}$, CSF inhibited neuronal death, elevation of intracellular calcium concentration ($[Ca^{2+}]_i$), and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced by $A{\beta}$ (25-35) in primary cultures of rat cortical neurons. Memory loss induced by intracerebroventricular injection of mice with 15 nmol $A{\beta}$ (25-35) was inhibited by chronic treatment with CSF (10, 25 and 50 mg/kg, p.o. for 7 days) as measured by a passive avoidance test. CSF (50 mg/kg) inhibited the increase of cholinesterase activity in $A{\beta}$ (25-35)-injected mice brain. From these results, we suggest that the antidementia effect of CSF is due to its neuroprotective effect against $A{\beta}$ (25-35)-induced neurotoxicity and that CSF may have a therapeutic role for preventing the progression of Alzheimer's disease.

• 동의신경정신과학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.119-128
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• 2005

Objective : The purpose of this study was to estimate the effects of Ramulus et Uncus Uncariae DM fraction on memory enhancing in rats Methods : We oral administered Ramulus et Uncus Uncariae DM fraction to rats then executed passive avoidance test and observed figure of pyramidal neuron on CA1 Results : Findings from our experiments have shown that REUD(>1mg/100g/ml) was effective in memorial improvement. and oral administration of REUD(100mg/100g/ml) for 2 weeks was found to induced the figure of pyramidal neuron on CA1 in rat hippocampus injured by scopolamine. Conclusions : As the result of this study, Decrease of memory induced by injection of scopolamine into rat was also attenuted by REUD, based on passive avoidance test, and REUD was found to reduce the activity of AChE and induced about the CA1 in rat hippocampus. Base on these findings, REUD may be beneficial for the treatment of AD.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.382-391
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• 2016

인지기능 활성을 가진 생약복합물을 선정하여 최적조성물을 조제한 다음, 생약복합물의 첨가비율을 달리하여 치매유도 동물모델에서 항산화 효과와 인지기능 개선을 확인한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 20일간 사육한 흰쥐 혈청의 GOT, GPT, creatinine 및 BUN 활성을 측정한 결과, 생약복합물을 투여한 군(3, 4군)이 정상군(1군)에 비해 GOT 농도는 감소하였고, GPT 농도와 Creatinine 농도는 유의적인 차이는 없었다. BUN 농도는 정상군(1군)에 비해 생약복합물을 투여한 군(3, 4군)이 유의적으로 감소하였다. 2. 혈액 중의 총 콜레스테롤과 HDL-cholesterol은 유의적인 차이가 없었으나, 중성지방은 전군에서 정상군(1군)에 비해 치매유발군인 2군이 낮았고, 생약복합물 투여군(3, 4군), 치매치료군(5군)은 가장 낮았으며, 이들 군 간에는 유의적인 차이는 없었다. 3. 혈액 SOD 활성은 정상군(1군), TMT 투여군(2군) 및 tacrine 투여군(5군) 간에는 유의적인 차이가 없었으나, 생약복합물 투여군(3, 4군)이 다소 높아 유의적인 차이를 나타내었다(p<0.05). MDA 함량은 정상군인 1군과 치매치료군인 5군이 치매유발군인 2군과 생약복합물 투여군(3, 4군)에 비해 유의적으로 높았으며, 2, 3, 4군 간에는 유의적인 차이가 없었다. 4. AChE 활성은 TMT로 치매를 유발한 2군이 가장 높았으며, 치매치료군(5군)은 정상군(1군)의 수준으로 가장 낮게 나타났다. 그리고 생약복합물을 투여한 3군, 4군에서는 유의적 차이는 없으나, TMT로 치매를 유발한 2군보다는 유의적으로 감소하였고(p<0.05), 치매치료군인 5군보다는 다소 높게 나타났다. 5. 단기기억능력을 시험하기 위한 Y-maze를 실시한 결과는 Y-maze의 각 arm을 통과한 총 횟수는 전군에서 유의적인 차이는 없었다. 교차행동력은 TMT 투여군인 2군이 가장 낮았으며, 치매치료제인 tacrine을 투여한 5군이 가장 높아 5군(tacrine 투여)은 TMT 투여군인 2군에 비해 약 125% 현저한 기억력 증가를 보였다. 이에 반해 생약복합물 투여한 2, 3군은 정상군과 유의적인 차이가 없었으나, TMT 투여군인 2군에 비해 각각 117.32%와 120.38% 수준으로 기억력 증가를 보였다. 장기기억능력을 시험하기 위한 수동회피실험의 결과, TMT 투여군(2군)은 전군에서 가장 낮았으나, 생약복합물 중, 고용량 투여군(3, 4군) 및 tacrine 투여군은 증가하였고, 특히 고용량(4군)에서 유의성 있는 증가를 나타내어(p<0.05) 정상군에 가깝게 회복시켜 주는 경향을 보여 주었다. 이상의 결과를 통하여 생약복합물은 치매 유발 동물모델의 항산화능의 저하를 억제하고, AChE 활성을 억제하여 ACh의 활성을 촉진하므로 장 단기 기억능력의 회복 및 개선효과를 확인할 수 있었다. 그러나 향후 생약복합물의 농도에 따른 첨가군을 확대하여 인지기능 개선에 가장 효과적인 최적농도를 도출하는 연구가 계속 진행되어야 할 것으로 사료된다.

• 대한한의학방제학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.131-145
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• 2008

With tablets and powder, decoction has been a widely-used method of medicine formula. However, for these formulas have unique bitter tastes and flavors of herbal component materials as it is, the compliance of herbal medicine is severly decreased especially for female and younger patients. Consequently, expected treatment effects can't be acquired completely. If loathsome tastes and flavors of decoction were effectively reduced while pharmacological activity were kept intact, the compliance could be promoted Chong-Myung-Tang has been widely prescribed for student patients with memory This study shows that Chong-Myung-Tang+chocolate have no difference from Chong-Myung-Tang in terms of pharmacological activity. Sensory difference with net chocolate was also surved. In order to observe the difference of Chong-Myung-Tang+chocolate and Chong-Myung-Tang, memory impairment was induced by intraventricular injection of $A{\beta}_{25-35}$ peptides on mice and Chong-Myung-Tang and Chong-Myung-Tang+chocolate were administered orally for 14 days. In water maze task, improvement of learning ability during acquisition period and significant increase of memory score during retention period resulted from the treatment of Chong-Myung-Tang and Chong-Myung-Tang+chocolate with respect to the $A{\beta}-injected$ control animals. Furthermore, the $A{\beta}_{25-35}$ toxicity on the hippocampus was assessed with immunohistochemistry (Bax, TUNEL), and differences in antioxidant activity was observed through TBARS and DPPH test. We employed sensory tests using chocolate flavor, herb flavor, and bitter taste & hardness as standards to show sensory differences with net chocolate. In this study, it is demonstrated that Chong-Myung-Tang+chocolate do not disturb the pharmacological activity of Chong-Myung-Tang, and have no sensory difference with net chocolate. Chong-Myung-Tang+chocolate can be used to enhance the compliance remarkably and thought of as an effective, functional formula to maximize expected treatment.