• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.371-375
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• 1988

$32^{\circ}C$에서 분획분자량 100,000인 막을 사용하여 Cheese whey를 농축시켰을 때 그 농축한계는 38%로 이는 보통의 폐액중의 whey농도의 약 6배의 농도에 해당한다. 겔층의 형성은 농축효과를 저하시킬 뿐만 아니라 저분자용질과 고분자용질과의 분리도 나쁘게 한다. 한외여과가 고분자 용질의 분리를 대상으로 하는 이상 겔층의 형성은 피할 수 없으므로 운전시간의 합리적인 관리가 필요하다고 생각된다. 투과유속이 큰 한외여과인 경우, 경막물질이동계수는 온도 $32^{\circ}C$에서 관내선속도의 1.1승에 비례하는 결과를 얻었으며 종래의 보고치에 비하여 관내선속도의 영향이 큰 것으로 나타났다.

• Membrane and Water Treatment
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• 제3권3호
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• pp.151-168
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• 2012

Gas sparging is one of the techniques used to control the concentration polarization during ultrafiltration. In this work, the effects of gas sparging in stratified flow regime were investigated during gel layer controlling cross flow ultrafiltration in a rectangular channel. Synthetic solution of pectin was used as the gel forming solute. The liquid and gas flow rates were selected such that a stratified flow regime was prevalent in the channel. A mass transfer model was developed for this system to quantify the effects of gas flow rates on mass transfer coefficient (Sherwood number). The results were compared with the case of no gas sparging. Gas sparging led to an increase of mass transfer coefficient by about 23% in this case. The limitation of the developed model was also evaluated and it was observed that beyond a gas flow rate of 20 l/h, the model was unable to explain the experimental observation, i.e., the decrease in permeate flux with flow rate.

• 한국막학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국막학회 2003년도 The 4th Korea-Italy Workshop
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• pp.17-20
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• 2003

Separation of MEK(methylethylketone) was carried out experimentally by a flat membrane contactor using a variety of extracting organic compounds. A correlation equation of Sherwood number was determined in terms of Reynolds number and Schmidt number for the flat membrane contactor system. This correlation equation was applied to get theoretically the overall mass transfer coefficient of MEK: it was compared to the experimental one. It was found that they are in good agreement.

• Membrane and Water Treatment
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• 제6권6호
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• pp.451-476
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• 2015

Membrane distillation (MD), which can utilize low-grade thermal energy, has been extensively studied for desalination. By incorporating solar thermal energy, the solar membrane distillation desalination system (SMDDS) is a potential technology for resolving the energy and water resource problems. Small-scale SMDDS (s-SMDDS) is an attractive and viable option for the production of fresh water for small communities in remote arid areas. The minimum-cost design and operation of s-SMDDS are determined by a systematic method, which involves a pseudo steady state approach for equipment sizing and the dynamic optimization using overall system mathematical models. The s-SMDDS employing three MD configurations, including the air gap (AGMD), direct contact (DCMD) and vacuum (VMD) types, are optimized. The membrane area of each system is $11.5m^2$. The AGMD system operated for 500 kg/day water production rate gives the lowest unit cost of $5.92/m^3$. The performance ratio and recovery ratio are 0.85 and 4.07%, respectively. For the commercial membrane employed in this study, the increase of membrane mass transfer coefficient up to two times is beneficial for cost reduction and the reduction of membrane heat transfer coefficient only affects the cost of the DCMD system.

• 공업화학
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• 제7권5호
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• pp.977-984
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• 1996

실관막 모듈을 이용한 액-액추출은 반응기 단위부피당 표면적이 크므로 신속히 진행된다. 이러한 실관막내에서 추출제와 원료액은 빠른 속도로 접촉하며 두 흐름이 완전히 독립적이므로 부하나 편류현상이 일어나지 않는다. 본 연구에서는 실관막을 이용하여 수용액으로부터 중금속들을 추출하기 위한 추출제들의 선택성을 고찰하였다. 또한, 실관막 내에서 용질의 물질전달에 미치는 분배비의 영향을 확인하기 위하여, 분배비와 총괄물질전달계수를 비교하였다. 이로부터, 분배비가 높은 계는 낮은 계에 비해 실관막 모듈 내에서 물질전달에 미치는 분배비의 영향이 미약함을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국생물공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국생물공학회 2002년도 생물공학의 동향 (X)
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• pp.269-270
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• 2002

Oxygen is a key substrate in animal cell metabolism and its consumption is thus a parameter of great interest for monitoring and control in animal cell culture bioreactor. The use of a gas-permeable membrane offered the possibility to provide the required quantity of oxygen into the culture. while avoiding problems of foaming or shear damage generally linked to sparging. For determining the optimum DO control strategy of this gas-permeable membrane aeration bioreactor, the oxygen transfer rate coefficient was measured with varying $N_2$ ratio in inlet air. The results showed that an increasing mass flow rate of nitrogen reduced the $K_La$ value. and 5% nitrogen in air did not result in any oxygen limitation.

• Membrane and Water Treatment
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.111-121
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• 2020

The fouling of Nanofiltration membrane (NF) was examined using wastewater containing reactive black dye RB5 of 1500 Pt/Co color concentrations with 16890 mg/l TDS collected from El-alamia Company for Dying and Weaving in Egypt. The NF-unit was operated at constant pressure of 10 bars, temperature of 25℃, and flowrate of 420 L/min. SEM, EDX, and FTIR were used for fouling characterization. Using the ROIFA-4 program, the total inorganic fouling load was 1.07 mM/kg present as 49.3% Carbonates, 10.1% Sulfates, 37.2% Silicates, 37.2% Phosphates, and 0.93% Iron oxides. The permeate flux, recovery, salt rejection and mass transfer coefficients of the dye molecules were reduced significantly after fouling. The results clearly demonstrate that the fouling had detrimental effect on membrane performance in dye removal, as indicated by a sharp decrease in permeate flux and dye recovery 68%. The dye mass transfer coefficient was dropped dramatically by 34%, and the salt permeability increased by 14%. In this study, all the properties of the membrane used and the fouling that caused its poor condition are identified. Another study was conducted to regeneration fouled membrane again by chemical methods in another article (Abdel-Fatah et al. 2017).

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.81-88
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• 2010

This study was conducted to find the capability of comparison of overall oxygen transfer coefficient in the membrane coupled high performance reactor (MPHCR) in treating high organic loading wastewater. Effluent quality had been analyzed while the influent organic loading rate was changed from 2 to $7kg\;COD/m^3{\cdot}day$. The oxygen transfer coefficients had been investigated using two-phase nozzle for operating variables which were internal circulation flowrate (5~8 L/min), air flow rate (0.0125~0.2 L/min), liquid temperature ($10{\sim}20^{\circ}C$), and pure-oxygen flow rate (0.0125~0.2 L/min). The overall oxygen transfer coefficient was increased with flowrate of internal circulation and air and high temperature. Especially, internal circulation flow rate showed distinct effect on overall oxygen transfer coefficient due to an increase of gas holdup and air-liquid contract area by two-phase nozzle. In the high range of organic loading rate from 4 to $7kg\;COD/m^3{\cdot}day$, the removable efficiency of COD was 91%. Conventional activated sludge process usually treat organic loading from 0.32 to $0.64kg\;COD/m^3{\cdot}day$ however, the MPHCR can treat 10 to 20 times higher if it would be compared to the conventional activated sludge process. Foaming problem often happened and caused biomass wash out of the reactor, therefore, the foaming should be controlled for the enhanced operation.

• 멤브레인
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.65-77
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• 1991

PP 및 PTFE 실관막을 이용하여 xylene-HAc(acetic acid)-water계, MIBK-ethanol-water계 및 TBP-ethanol-water계에서의 압력차 변화, 수용상 및 유기상 유속 변화에 따른 아세트산 및 에탄올의 투과추출 실험을 행하였다. xylene-HAc-water계에서 구한 막상에서의 물질전달계수로 부터 실관막의 굴곡률을 구할 수 있었는바, PP 재질의 Celgard X10-400 및 PTFE 재질의 Tex TA001실관막의 굴곡률은 각각 1.82 및 1.43이었다. 에탄올의 투과추출시 투과 flux 및 총괄물질전달계수는 추출 용매로서 MIBK를 사용한 경우가 TBP를 사용한 경우보다 큰 것으로 나타났으며 이러한 경향은 유기상 유속이 증가함에 따라 뚜렷이 나타났다. 또한 총괄물질전달계수는 유기상 유속의 증가에 따라 비선형적으로 증가하였는 바, 이들 사이에 $K_o {\propto} V_{or}^{-0.35}$인 관계가 있음을 확인하였다. 에탄올의 투과추출에 있어서 Gore Tex TA001실관막을 사용한 경우 율속단계는 막상에서의 물질전달이었다.

• KSBB Journal
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.332-338
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• 1994

역미생용액으로 단백칠을 추출하는 공정에셔 수용 액의 이온세기와 pH가 중요한 공정변수가 된다. 본 실험에셔 사용한 역미생용액은 AOT를 Isooctane에 5 50mM의 농도로 용해시켜 사용하였고 단백칠로서 alkaline protease를 model compound로 사용하여 추출설험을 수행한 결과 본 설험의 범위에서 pH가 낮을수록, 이온세기가 낮을수록 효율적인 추출이 이루어졌으며, pH가 3.0 그리고 이온세기가 O.lM KCI 일때 분배계수가 4.0으로 가장 크게 나타났다. 단백질의 용매추출 장치로서 설관막 모률을 제작 하여 alkaline protease를 역미생을 이용하여 용매 추출을 수행하였는 바, 단백질 분리공정에 효과적인 장치로 사용될 수 었음을 보여주였다. 본 실험의 조 건에서 총괄물질전달계수 Ko가 $6.7{\times}10^{-5}cm/s$이었으며 유기용매상의 개별물칠전달저항이 수용액상의 물질전달저항보다 중요하게 나타났다. 실관막 추출 장치의 조업시 설관막 양쪽 상의 압력차를 $0.1kg/cm^2$. 이하로 조절하여 emulsion의 형성을 방지할 수 있었다.