• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.697-704
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• 2003

The purpose of this experimental study is to investigate the relationship of the shear behavior and the variety of width, depth and location of an opening in reinforced concrete deep beams with rectangular web openings, and to present an improved shear strength equation of those members. The main parameters considered were concrete strength(fck), shear span-to-overall depth ratio(a/h), and the size and vortical position of the web openings. Twenty five deep beams were tested under two symmetric loading-points. Test results showed that the shear behavior of deep beams with web openings was influenced by a/h and the size of opening. In addition, the KCI shear design provision is a tendency to be more unconservative according to the increase in a/h and the area-ratio of opening to shear span(Ao/Ash). Based on the concrete strut action of top and bottom member of an opening and the tie action of longitudinal reinforcement, a proper design equation which closely predicts the capacity of deep beams with rectangular openings is developed.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.18 no.2 s.92
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• pp.177-188
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• 2006

Conventional nonlinear finite element analysis requires complicated modeling and analytical technique. Furthermore, it is difficult to interpret the analytical results presented as the stress-strain relationship. In the present study, a design-oriented analytical method using the truss model was developed. A reinforced concrete member to be analyzed was idealized by longitudinal, transverse, and diagonal line elements. Basically, each element was modeled as a composite element of concrete and re-bars. Simplified cyclic models for the concrete and re-bar elements were developed. RC beams and walls with various reinforcement details were analyzed by the proposed method. The inelastic strength, energy dissipation capacity, deformability, and failure mode predicted by the proposed method were compared with those of existing experiments. The results showed that the proposed model accurately predicted the strength and energy dissipation capacities, and to predict deformability of the members, the compression-softening model used for the concrete strut element must be improved.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.67-74
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• 2007

We perform an experimental study of concrete beam with pultruded fiber reinforced polymer(FRP) plank using as a permanent formwork and the tensile reinforcement. A satisfactory bond at the interface between the smooth surface of the pultruded plank and the concrete must be developed for the FRP plank and the concrete to act as a composite structural member. Two kinds of aggregate were bonded to the FRP plank using a commercially available epoxy. No additional flexural or shear reinforcement was provided in the beams. For comparison we test two types of control specimen. One control did not have any aggregate bonded to the FRP plank and the other control had infernal steel reinforcing bars instead of the FRP plank. The beams were loaded by central patch load to their ultimate capacity. The experimental results were compared to current ACI 318 (2005) and ACI 440 (2006) code predictions. This study demonstrates that the FRP plank has the potential to serve as formwork and reinforcing for concrete structures.

• Magazine of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.10 no.6
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• pp.345-352
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• 1998

Compressive strength of concrete compression members strengthend with carbon fiber laminate(CFL) were studied from the test results. Test parameters are spacing, thickness, width, ply and spliced length of carbon fiber laminates. Specimens strength with sheets failed with sudden tensile rupture of the laminate, which indicate very brittle failure mode. Test result shows that closer spacing and to increas thickness of CFL is more effective. But strengthening ratio with 1-ply CFL is more effective than that of specimen with 2-ply CFL. Compressive strength capacity of specimen splied 24cm shows almost similar strength to that of non-spliced specimen. The ultimate load carrying of specimen strengthened with CFL ranges 1.11~1.86 times of that of non-strengthened specimen.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.527-534
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• 2016

Beams strengthened in shear with Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) which had different transverse reinforcement ratio were tested to evaluate shear contribution in the CFRP and to analyze shear behavior of each test with Mohr's circle. Strain in the CFRP should be evaluated to estimate the shear contribution in the CFRP which is brittle material. Test results were compared each other based on the Mohr's circle which can correlate shear strain with both principal tensile strain and crack angle. With low transverse steel ratio, shear strengthening with CFRP not only increases the shear strength effectively but also minimizes the loss in shear contribution of concrete by limiting the development of crack. With high transverse steel ratio, the effect on shear strengthening with CFRP is not as much as the beam with low ratio. Therefore, the shear contribution in the CFRP should be evaluated based on the strain compatibility which can consider the interaction between steel and CFRP when determining the shear capacity of a strengthened member.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.11 no.12
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• pp.764-773
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• 2011

Modern police activity is achieved than individual achievement by police officers through member's interaction. It is police's goal which protect citizen's life and body, property and is public order maintenance and to achieve this, suitable police official's selection and public official upgrading the quality and capacity strengthening are important element. But, polices organization has characteristic that do activity by team, and therefore, mutual cooperation of police officers is important first of all for public order preservation. Therefore, this study limited as patrol police officers and investigated realization difference about organizational effectiveness for public order maintenance. Analysis result, realization of organizational effectiveness appeared difference according to sex, age, area, police departments, class, period.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.20 no.10
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• pp.1473-1477
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• 2007

Four-and-a-half LIM-only protein 3 (FHL3) is a member of the LIM protein superfamily and can participate in mediating protein-protein interaction by binding one another through their LIM domains. In this study, the 5'- and 3'- cDNA ends were characterized by RACE (Rapid Amplification of the cDNA Ends) methodology in combination with in silico cloning based on the partial cDNA sequence obtained. Bioinformatics analysis showed FHL3 protein contained four LIM domains and four LIM zinc-binding domains. In silico mapping assigned this gene to the gene cluster MTF1-INPP5B-SF3A3-FHL3-CGI-94 on pig chromosome 6 where several QTL affecting intramuscular fat and eye muscle area had previously been identified. Transcription of the FHL3 gene was detected in spleen, liver, kidney, small intestine, skeletal muscle, fat and stomach, with the greatest expression in skeletal muscle. The A/G polymorphism in exon II was significantly associated with birth weight, average daily gain before weaning, drip loss rate, water holding capacity and intramuscular fat in a Landrace-derived pig population. Together, the present study provided the useful information for further studies to determine the roles of FHL3 gene in the regulation of skeletal muscle cell growth and differentiation in pigs.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information Security & Cryptology
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.515-530
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• 2013

The results of investigations into marine incidents have become an important basis in determining not only possible causes, but also the extent of negligence between the perpetrator and victim. However, marine incidents occur under special circumstances i.e. the marine environment, and this leads to difficulties in identifying causes due to problems in scene preservation, reenactment and acquisition of witnesses. Given the aforementioned characteristic of marine incidents, the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) has adopted mandatory regulations on the carriage of Voyage Data Recorders (VDRs) and Automatic Identification Systems (AIS) for ships of a certain gross tonnage and upwards, so as to reflect recent developments in radio communication and marine technology. Adopted to provide an international standard for investigations and to promote cooperation, the Code of the International Standards and Recommended Practices for a Safety Investigation into a Marine Casualty or Marine Incident (Casualty Investigation Code) recommends member states to build capacity for analysis of VDR data. Against this backdrop, this paper presents methods for efficient investigations into the causes behind marine incidents based on data analysis of VDR, which serves as the black box of ships, as well as digital forensic techniques.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation
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• v.2 no.1 s.4
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• pp.119-126
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• 2002

This paper presents the appropriateness for using high strength reinforcement according to the use of high strength concrete. Nine flexural tests were conducted on full-scale beam specimens according to the concrete strength, reinforcement strength and reinforcement ratio as main variable. The structural behavior was analyzed due to the flexural strength, stress-strain curve, deflections at yielding and fracture point, crack appearance and ductility factor. The member with high-strength reinforcements showed large deflection at yielding point and this was analyzed as a main cause to decrease the ductility factor. Structural behavior after yielding point, however, showed similarity to behavior of members with normal strength reinforcements of same stiffness. It was found that in the case of using reinforcements of $5500kgf/cm^2$ strength, the combination with concrete of $800kgf/cm^2$ strength demonstrated the great appropriateness which can increase the flexural capacity without any reduction of maximum reinforcement ratio.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.157-167
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• 2016

The interspecific estimation for tolerance capacities of upland crop species to excessive soil water stress in paddy field is significant in agricultural practices. Most of upland crops can be damaged by either excessive soil water or capillary rise of the water table during rainy season in paddy fields. The major objective of this study was to evaluate water stress of upland crops under different drainage classes in converted paddy field. This experiment was carried out in poorly drained soil (PDS) and imperfectly drained soil (IDS) of alluvial sloping area located at Toero-ri, Bubuk-myeon, Miryang-si, Gyeongsangnam-do. The soil was Gagog series, which was a member of the fine silty, mixed, nonacid, mesic family of Aeric Endoaquepts (Low Humic-Gley soils). Two drainage methods, namely under Open ditch drainage methods (ODM) and, Closed pipe drainage methods (PDM) were installed within 1-m position at the lower edge of the upper paddy fields. The results showed that sum of excess water days ($SWD_{30}$), which was used to represent the moisture stress index, was 42 days (the lowest) in the PDM compared with 110 days in the ODM. Most of upland crops were more susceptible to excessive soil water during panicle initial stage on more PDS than on IDS. Yield of upland crops in the PDM was continuously increased by the rate of 15.1% on sorghum, 15.4% foxtail millet, 53.6% proso millet, 49.6% soybean and 47.9% adzuki bean as compared in the ODM. The capacity for tolerance by excessive soil water based on yield of each upland crop in the poorly drained sloping paddy fields was the order of sorghum, soybean, foxtail millet, proso millet and adzuki bean. Therefore, Sorghum is relatively tolerant to excessive soil water conditions and, may be grown successfully in converted paddy field.