• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• 제35권2호
• /
• pp.176-190
• /
• 2011

There seems to be some controversy about the effect of total ginseng saponin (TGS) on the secretion of catecholamines (CA) from the adrenal gland. Therefore, the present study aimed to determine whether TGS can affect the CA release in the perfused model of the adrenal medulla isolated from spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). TGS (15-150 ${\mu}g/mL$), perfused into an adrenal vein for 90 min, inhibited the CA secretory responses evoked by acetylcholine (ACh, 5.32 mM) and high $K^+$ (56 mM, a direct membrane depolarizer) in a dose- and time-dependent fashion. TGS (50 ${\mu}g/mL$) also time-dependently inhibited the CA secretion evoked by 1.1-dimethyl-4 -phenyl piperazinium iodide (DMPP; 100 ${\mu}M$, a selective neuronal nicotinic receptor agonist) and McN-A-343 (100 ${\mu}M$, a selective muscarinic M1 receptor agonist). TGS itself did not affect basal CA secretion (data not shown). Also, in the presence of TGS (50 ${\mu}g/mL$), the secretory responses of CA evoked by veratridine (a selective $Na^+$ channel activator (50 ${\mu}M$), Bay-K-8644 (an L-type dihydropyridine $Ca^{2+}$ channel activator, 10 ${\mu}M$), and cyclopiazonic acid (a cytoplasmic $Ca^{2+}$-ATPase inhibitor, 10 ${\mu}M$) were significantly reduced, respectively. Interestingly, in the simultaneous presence of TGS (50 ${\mu}g/mL$) and N${\omega}$-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride [an inhibitor of nitric oxide (NO) synthase, 30 ${\mu}M$], the inhibitory responses of TGS on the CA secretion evoked by ACh, high $K^+$, DMPP, McN-A-343, Bay-K-8644, cyclopiazonic acid, and veratridine were considerably recovered to the extent of the corresponding control secretion compared with the inhibitory effect of TGS-treatment alone. Practically, the level of NO released from adrenal medulla after the treatment of TGS (150 ${\mu}g/mL$) was greatly elevated compared to the corresponding basal released level. Taken together, these results demonstrate that TGS inhibits the CA secretory responses evoked by stimulation of cholinergic (both muscarinic and nicotinic) receptors as well as by direct membrane-depolarization from the isolated perfused adrenal medulla of the SHRs. It seems that this inhibitory effect of TGS is mediated by inhibiting both the influx of $Ca^{2+}$ and Na+ into the adrenomedullary chromaffin cells and also by suppressing the release of $Ca^{2+}$ from the cytoplasmic calcium store, at least partly through the increased NO production due to the activation of nitric oxide synthase, which is relevant to neuronal nicotinic receptor blockade, without the enhancement effect on the CA release. Based on these effects, it is also thought that there are some species differences in the adrenomedullary CA secretion between the rabbit and SHR.

• Natural Product Sciences
• /
• 제27권2호
• /
• pp.86-98
• /
• 2021

This study was designed to characterize the effect of ginsenoside-Rg2 (Rg2), one of panaxatriol saponins isolated from Korean ginseng root, on the release of catecholamines (CA) in the perfused model of the rat adrenal medulla, and also to establish its mechanism of action. Rg2 (3~30 µM), administered into an adrenal vein for 90 min, depressed acetylcholine (ACh)-induced CA secretion in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Rg2 also time-dependently inhibited the CA secretion induced by 3-(m-chloro-phenyl-carbamoyl-oxy)-2-butynyltrimethyl ammonium chloride (McN-A-343), 1.1-dimethyl-4-phenyl piperazinium iodide (DMPP), and angiotensin II (Ang II). Also, during perfusion of Rg2, the CA secretion induced by high K⁺, veratridine, cyclopiazonic acid, methyl-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-3-nitro-4-(2-trifluoro-methyl-phenyl)-pyridine-5-carboxylate (Bay-K-8644) depressed, respectively. In the simultaneous presence of Rg2 and N^ω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride ʟ-NAME), the CA secretion induced by ACh, Ang II, Bay-K-8644 and veratridine was restored nearly to the extent of their corresponding control level, respectively, compared to those of inhibitory effects of Rg2-treatment alone. Virtually, NO release in adrenal medulla following perfusion of Rg2 was significantly enhanced in comparison to the corresponding spontaneous release. Also, in the coexistence of Rg2 and fimasartan, ACh-induced CA secretion was markedly diminished compared to the inhibitory effect of fimasartan-treated alone. Collectively, these results demonstrated that Rg2 suppressed the CA secretion induced by activation of cholinergic as well as angiotensinergic receptors from the perfused model of the rat adrenal gland. This Rg2-induced inhibitory effect seems to be exerted by reducing both influx of Na⁺ and Ca²⁺ through their ionic channels into the adrenomedullary cells as well as by suppressing Ca²⁺ release from the cytoplasmic calcium store, at least through the elevated NO release by activation of NO synthase, which is associated to the blockade of neuronal cholinergic and AT₁-receptors. Based on these results, the ingestion of Rg2 may be helpful to alleviate or prevent the cardiovascular diseases, via reduction of CA release in adrenal medulla and consequent decreased CA level in circulation.

• 대한본초학회지
• /
• 제36권1호
• /
• pp.9-17
• /
• 2021

Objectives : Tetrapanacis Medulla and Akebiae Caulis are one of the most frequently adulterated herbal medicines because of their confusability of terms in the ancient writings and the similarity of morphological features of dried herbal products. The major adulterant is Aristolochia manshuriensis (Guanmutong) which has a serious safety concern with its toxicity. To ensure the safety and quality of the two herbal medicines, it is necessary to discriminate the toxic adulterant from authentic species. The aim of this study is to develop SCAR markers and to establish the multiplex-SCAR assay for discrimination of four plant species related to Tetrapanacis Medulla and Akebiae Caulis. Methods : ITS regions of fifteen samples of four species (Tetrapanax papyrifer, Fatsia japonica, Aristolochia manshuriensis, and Akebia quinata) collected from different sites were amplified and sequenced. Fifteen obtained ITS sequences were aligned and analysed for the detection of species-specific sequence variations. The SCAR markers were designed based on the sequence alignments and then, multiplex-SCAR assay enhancing rapidity was optimized. Results : ITS sequences clearly distinguished the four species at the species level. The developed SCAR markers and multiplex-SCAR assay were successfully discriminated four species and detected the adulteration of commercial product samples by comparison of the amplified DNA fragment sizes. Conclusions : These SCAR markers and multiplex-SCAR assay are a rapid, simple, and reliable method to identify the authentic Tetrapanacis Medulla and Akebiae Caulis from adulterants. These genetic tools will be useful to ensure the safety and to standardize the quality of the two herbal medicines.

• ALGAE
• /
• 제19권3호
• /
• pp.191-199
• /
• 2004

Morphological and phonological characteristics of brown alga Spatoglossum crassum Tanaka new to Korea were described based on the field and the indoor cultured plants. The taxonomic characteristics of the plants were agreed to those from the type locality-submerged reproductive organs in cortex, anatomical features, and absence of phaeophycean hairs on the surface. But they have rudimentary midrib on lower portion of thallus. We can observe the young plants on November, adult ones in June, and senile ones in August. This species has an annual life-cycle in the field, starting with germ lings in early November. The differentiation of thallus is quite different from other species of genera in tribe Zonarieae, e.g. Zonaria and Homoeostrichus. Three different tissues, meristoderm, cortex and medulla are discerned. The outmost cortical one celled layer as a meristoderm produce cortex by unequal periclinal division. In the apical cell division, the primary inner cells are developed into 3-4 cell layered medulla of thallus. The distribution of this species extends from Korea to Shizuoka Peninsula (34°40'N) Japan, which is the type locality of this species.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
• /
• 제41권3호
• /
• pp.190-192
• /
• 2007

Rarely, downbeat nystagmus can occur due to compression of the lower brainstem by the ectatic vertebral artery and be resolved by microvascular decompression. We present a case of a 67-year-old man with downbeat nystagmus associated with brainstem compression by ectatic vertebral artery. He presented with oscillopsia and vertigo. When he turned his head upward, his symptoms were aggravated and a gait disturbance occurred. Magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomographic angiography demonstrated compression of the medulla oblongata by the left ectatic vertebral artery and other medical causes of downbeat nystagmus were ruled out. Retromastoid craniotomy was performed and after lifting the vertebral artery off the medulla, a trough-shaped indentation in the lower brainstem was identified. The ectatic vertebral artery was repositioned and a Teflon was inserted between the brainstem and the ectatic vertebral artery. Postoperatively, downbeat nystagmus had disappeared.

• 약학회지
• /
• 제30권6호
• /
• pp.334-342
• /
• 1986

The relationship between the maintenance of hypertension and the central noradrenergic nervous system activity in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) was studied. The norepinephrine turnover rates in 5 brain areas; telencephalon, hypothalamus/thalamus, midbrain, pons/medulla, cerebellum as a measure of noradrenergic neuronal activity were measured at the ages of 14 weeks in SHR and normotensive Wistar rats. In 14-week old SHR, blood pressure was significantly higher than in normotensive rat, and central norepinephrine turnover rates were significantly greater in telencephalon, hypothalamus/thalamus, midbrain. There were no differences between norepinephrine turnover rates in pons/medulla, cerebellum of SHR and those of normotensive rats.

• 한국동물학회지
• /
• 제38권3호
• /
• pp.375-381
• /
• 1995

쥐에 sodium selenite 를 피하주사하여 연수에 분포하는 아연이 풍부한 뉴런의 세포체 위치를 autometallography 방법으로 조사하였다. 표지된 세포체의 분포양상은 앞쪽 부위에서 뒤쪽 부위까지 다양하였다. 표지된 세포체는 C1 adrenaline cells, gigantocellular reticular uncleus, inferior olive, paragigantocellular uncleus, prepositus hypoglossal uncleus, raphe obscurus uncleus, 및 reticular uncleus 부위에 나타났다.

• 한국자원식물학회지
• /
• 제17권2호
• /
• pp.102-106
• /
• 2004

남부 지방의 답전작 재배에 적합한 왕골의 재식밀도를 구명코자 다수성 품종으로 선발된 광산조생종을 공시하여 시험했다. 그 결과, 경장, 분얼수, 출수된 경수, 경태 등의 수량구성형 질은 18${\times}$18 cm 이식구에서 가장 우수하였고, 건피수량, 건수 수량에서도 18${\times}$18 cm 이식구에서 가장 우수하였다.

• 대한수의학회지
• /
• 제7권2호
• /
• pp.19-24
• /
• 1967

Normal Albino rats were received glycerin via subcutaneously and Staphylococcus aureus intravenously. The microorganism was coagulase-positive and non-hemolytic. The rats received glycerin alone showed an acute tubular nephrosis, and the others such as glycer in induced nephrotic rats showed a number of different findings: At the first hours of the bacterial injection, in medulla, the bacterial clumps and inflammatory cell infiltration, and microabscesses with retrogressive changes of proximal convoluted tubulles were observed. The suppurative inflammation was observed in days. Five weeks after the initial innoulation of the organism kidney was shown restoration to a histologically normal cortex. The proliferation of fibrous connective tissue and small numbers of chronic inflammatory cells were observed in the medulla where an acute inflammatory process was enhanced presumably. On the other hand, the Albino rats administered Staphyloceccus aureus alone resulted in n moderate degree of vacuolization in proximal convoluted tubules and a number of casts in the early stage. No, bacterial clumps and microabscesses were observed in the rats.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
• /
• 제3권1호
• /
• pp.29-34
• /
• 1999

The hyperactivity of cholinergic system in the RVLM of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) may contribute to the sustained elevation of blood pressure. However, the hyperactivity mechanisms of cholinergic system are controversial. Thus, to clarify the mechanisms of cholinergic hyperactivity in RVLM of the SHR, we studied the activities of enzymes that participate in the biosynthesis and degradation of acetylcholine (ACh) and the density of muscarinic receptors in RVLM of the 14- to 18-week-old SHR and age-marched Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY). Choline acetyltransferase activity was far greater in RVLM of SHR than that of WKY. $[^3H]ACh$ release from RVLM was also greater in SHR than in WKY. Acetylcholinesterase activity and $[^3H]NMS$ binding of RVLM slice of SHR were not significantly different from that of WKY. These results suggest that the enhanced cholinergic mechanisms in the RVLM of SHR is due to the enhanced presynaptic cholinergic tone rather than the altered postsynaptic mechanisms.