• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
• /
• 제38권2호
• /
• pp.59-64
• /
• 2000

To determine a suitable condition for in vitro infection model of cryptosporidium parvum, four different cell lines, AGS, MDCK, HCT-8 and Caco-2, were used as host cell lines which were cultured at various concentrations of added supplements. These supplement include fetal bovine serum (FBS), sodium choleate, ascorbic acid, folic acid, calcium pantothenate, para-aminobenzoic acid and pyruvate and their effects on the cell lines which were infected with C. parvum were evaluated. The results of this study showed that the AGS cell line was most susceptible to C. parvum whereas the Caco-2 cells appeared to be least susceptible to C. parvum. In regards to the serum condition, 10% FBS was suitable for the growth of AGS and HCT-8 cells, and 1% FBS was good for the growth of the MDCK cells when they were inoculated with C. parvum. Vitamines had a positive effect on the AGS cells, and pyruvate also showed positive effects on all of the cell lines except for Caco-2. Modified medium for each cell line was prepared by adding appropriate amounts of each supplement which resulted in the highest parasite infection number. Modified media increased the number of parasites infected on AGS cells to 2.3-fold higher when compared to the control media. In this study, we found that the AGS cell line was a suitable host model for evaluating C. parvum in vitro study and the media contents for the optimal infection conditions were suggested.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• 제23권9호
• /
• pp.1327-1338
• /
• 2013

The humanized anti-hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) monoclonal antibody (mAb) YYB-101 is a promising therapeutic candidate for treating various cancers. In this study, we developed a bioprocess for large-scale production of YYB-101 and evaluated its therapeutic potential for tumor treatment using a xenograft mouse model. By screening diverse chemically defined basal media formulations and by assessing the effects of various feed supplements and feeding schedules on cell growth and antibody production, we established an optimal medium and feeding method to produce 757 mg/l of YYB-101 in flask cultures, representing a 7.5-fold increase in titer compared with that obtained under non-optimized conditions. The optimal dissolved oxygen concentration for antibody production was 70% $pO_2$. A pH shift from 7.2 to 7.0, rather than controlled pH of either 7.0 or 7.2, resulted in productivity improvement in 5 L and 200 L bioreactors, yielding 737 and 830 mg/ml of YYB-101, respectively. The YYB-101 mAb highly purified by affinity chromatography using a Protein A column and two-step ion exchange chromatography effectively neutralized HGF in a cell-based assay and showed potent tumor suppression activity in a mouse xenograft model established with human glioblastoma cells.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
• /
• 제14권8호
• /
• pp.3843-3849
• /
• 2013

이배체 단위발생 돼지 난자를 체외 배양시 배반포 형성 단계에서 FBS (우태아 혈청), BSA (우혈청 알부민), EGF(상피세포 성장인자)를 배양액에 첨가하였을 때 이배체 단위발생 에서 총세포수, 세포사멸 및 세포사멸에 관여하는 유전자의 발현 효과를 조사하고자 본 연구를 수행하였다. 0.4% BSA를 배양액에 첨가 하였을 때 2 세포기 단계 단위발생의 발달은 배반포 까지는 강화 되었다 (p<0.01). FBS 처리 시는 배반포의 세포 수는 감소시켰으나 세포 사멸률은 증가하였다(p<0.01). 하지만 EGF가 존재할 때 BSA 처리는 총 세포수를 증가 시켰다. RT-PCR의 결과에 의하면 EGF는 0.4% BSA가 존재하는 배양액에서는 Bcl-xL mRNA 발현을 증가시키고 BSA와 EGF 가 단독으로 존재 할 때는 효과가 없었다. 하지만 FBS 처리시 Bcl-xL 유전자 발현은 감소하고 Bak 유전자의 발현은 증가시킨다. 이러한 결과 세포사멸에 관여하는 유전자의 발현은 배양액의 첨가물에 따라 유의적으로 영향을 받으며, 돼지 배아의 체외 배양시 세포사멸과 초기발달에 관여함을 시사한다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제15권5호
• /
• pp.615-621
• /
• 2002

We investigated the effects of the mitogen supplements of 3 types, pokeweed mitogen (PWM), phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and concanavalin A (ConA), to a whole blood culture system on the number of metaphase spreads obtained in perinatal bovine chromosome analysis. In addition, the supplementation of ${\beta}$-mercaptoethanol (${\beta}$-ME) and FBS was examined in such system. Significant differences (p<0.05) were seen in the number of metaphase spreads with PHA stimulation compared to both PWM and ConA stimulation. When examined the effects of ${\beta}$-ME supplementation, the number of metaphase spreads was significantly (p<0.05) increased at $30{\mu}M$ ${\beta}$-ME compared to control. When evaluated FBS supplementation during PWM stimulation, no significant effect of the supplementation was found. Finally, the effects of the cortisol concentration (10-20, 20-30 and >30 ng/ml) of the blood samples were examined. There was no significant effect of cortisol concentration (p>0.05) among these 3 cortisol concentration groups. The mean percentages of normal metaphase plates (2n=60) from each calf 1) with ${\beta}$-ME, 2) without ${\beta}$-ME and 3) with FBS stimulated with PWM were not significantly different (p>0.05). In conclusion, these findings may be useful in cytogenetic screening programs for not only perinatal calves but also for mature cattle.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제7권2호
• /
• pp.273-277
• /
• 1994

A $3{\times}3$ latin square design experiment was conducted to study eating and rumination behavior in sheep fed rice straw (RS) supplemented with soybean meal (SBM) and barley at three different levels of crude protein: low (40 g CP/d, LCP), medium (67 g/d, MCP) and high (94 g/d, HCP). In addition, all the supplements were formulated to contain the same amount of total digestible nutrients (TDN; 275 g). Daily time spent eating and eating rate of RS were not affected by any supplementation. However, time spent ruminating in sheep fed HCP diet was markedly shorter (p<0.05) than in those fed LCP and MCP diets. Rumination index (ruminating time/100 g DM intake) was also significantly reduced (p<0.05) by increasing level of protein supplementation. Although no significant differences were observed, the daily number of rumination periods tended to be lower, while daily number of boli regurgitated was considerably higher in sheep fed HCP diet than in those fed LCP and MCP diets. Increasing level of protein supplementation did not affect the number of chews per bolus, bolus time and rate of chewing during rumination. It is suggested that increasing level of protein supplementation was associated with more effective microbial reduction of rumen digesta particle size and consequently reduced the time spent ruminating.

• 대한한의학회지
• /
• 제32권1호
• /
• pp.12-35
• /
• 2011

Objectives: The two criteria to clarify the toxicity of a herbal diet are well known. Although mechanical analysis of effective ingredients, a western approach, is widely used, the toxicity presence classification through the herbal analysis from a viewpoint of a theory of the herbal medicine properties has been disregarded. This study is for the safe use of a herbal diet through classification and study of toxicity presence in the herbal diet from the view of a theory of herbal medicine properties, one of the methods of Oriental Medicine. Methods: We classified and studied the toxicity presence in four kinds of herbal diets, waters and grains, animals groups, fruits and vegetables, and herbs and trees, excluding mineral natural drugs, of 1,400 kinds of medicines in 16 chapters of Tang-aec-pyeon, Dong-ui-bo-gam, for which the herbal analysis from a viewpoint of the theory of the herbal medicine properties has been used. The criteria of the toxicity presence in the herbal diet have been largely classified into the toxicant and the non-toxicant, and the toxicant is in turn classified into the insignificant, the medium and the significant. The category to clarify herbal diet has been limited to simultaneous utilization of food and natural drugs. The main text is Dong-ui-bo-gam, although diverse other references have also been used. Results: There are toxicant diets: a kind of tortoise meat of animals groups; five kinds of grains part in fruits and vegetables: aengdo, peach, oyat, small apple and gingko nut; and 12 kinds of vegetables part in fruits and vegetables: ginger, oriental cabbage, lettuce, chongbaek, onion, garlic, leek, fern, houttuynia cordata (myeol), pyeongji, geundae, and spinach, which should be prohibited from long-term use both as food and medicine. Conclusion: If herbal diet is used as health food supplements or food, the toxicity presence should be considered on the grounds of an Oriental Medicine theory of the herbal medicine properties.

• 한국항공우주학회지
• /
• 제40권2호
• /
• pp.129-138
• /
• 2012

에너지 균형조건을 고려하여 중형 태양광 추진 고고도 장기체공 무인기의 다분야 통합 최적설계를 수행하였다. 무인기의 공력 모델로 Vortex Lattice Method (VLM)를 사용하였으며 Cruz가 제안한 중량분석 모델로서 비행체 중량을 추정하였다. 비행체의 세로 정안정성 확보를 위하여 꼬리날개의 부피비를 고정하고 정안정성을 확보할 수 있도록 꼬리날개의 위치를 결정하였다. 태양전지, 축전지, 비행 고도 등 사용가능한 에너지와, 비행체의 필요에너지를 비교하여 24시간 지속비행 가능성을 결정하였다. 태양 입사 에너지는 북위 $36^{\circ}$의 여름을 기준으로 하였으며, 주간비행 중 태양에너지를 이용한 상승비행으로 확보한 위치에너지를 이용하여 야간 비행에 필요한 에너지를 보충하였다. 이를 바탕으로, 무인기의 주요 치수, 중량 분포 최적 설계와 장기체공을 실현할 수 있는 비행전략을 제시하였다.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
• /
• 제16권1호
• /
• pp.99-103
• /
• 2007

The purpose of this study was to develop a simple detection method, possibly at the species-level, that allows for large-scale screening of bifidobacteria. Human fecal samples were plated on MRS-raffinose agar containing cysteine and neomycin sulfate, serving as selective pressure for bifidobacteria, and 0.003%(w/v) bromocresol green. All of the test strains grew well on this medium at $37{\pm}1^{\circ}C$, forming white colonies surrounded by yellow halos, which presented a sharp contrast against the green background. In this disc assay, the required incubation time to develop a yellowish zone varied with the species of Bifidobacterium that was tested, allowing for differential counts and easy identification at the species-level: 10-14 hr for B. bifidum, 20-22 hr for B. catenulatum and B. infantis. and 24-25 hr for B. longum and B. breve. No apparent color was observed for B. angulatum and B. adolescentis 28 hr after inoculation. To evaluate the results of pH indicator-based identification, individual isolates were subjected to a colony-PCR experiment with genus-specific primers. The amplified products from the isolates were in good accordance with those from the reference strains at a level of 95% agreement. These results suggest that the present method could be conveniently applied to cell counts, as well as to the preliminary identification of bifidobacteria from a variety of sample types including human feces, dairy products, and commercial probiotic supplements.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
• /
• 제15권6호
• /
• pp.773-788
• /
• 2021

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Due to the rapid increase of global cancer incidence and mortality and a high level of interest in cancer prevention, a systematic review of garlic intake and cancer risk is needed. SUBJECTS/METHODS: We implemented a systematic review to examine the effects of varying levels of garlic intake on cancer. We conducted comprehensive literature searches in three electronic databases (MEDLINE, Embase, and Web of Science) for studies published between database inception and July or September of 2018. Two investigators independently screened abstracts and full-texts, extracted data, and assessed risk of bias (RoB). A total of one medium-quality randomized controlled trial (RCT) and 13 cohort studies graded as high RoB were included. RESULTS: The 1-year follow-up results from a RCT showed that a significant decrease in the number and size of colorectal adenomas among participants with colorectal adenomas who received high-dose aged garlic extract (AGE) compared with those who received low-dose AGE (P < 0.05). The results of prospective observational studies provided inconsistent associations of colorectal cancer risk with garlic supplements and garlic intake as food. CONCLUSIONS: In summary, the AGE was effective in reducing the number and magnitude of colorectal adenomas in one RCT, but there were inconsistent associations between garlic intake and colorectal cancer in cohort studies. Therefore, we could not draw a firm conclusion regarding the effects of garlic on cancer, because the current strength of evidence is inadequate due to a lack of number of high-quality RCTs.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• 제32권4호
• /
• pp.430-436
• /
• 2022

Platycosides, Platycodi radix (Platycodon grandiflorus root) saponins, are used as food supplements and exert diverse pharmacological activities. Deglycosylation of saponins enhances their biological efficacy, and deglycosylated platycosides are produced mainly through enzymatic hydrolysis. However, the types of available deglycosylated platycosides remain limited because of a lack of hydrolyzing enzymes that can act on specific glycosides in glycosylated platycosides. In this study, a crude enzyme from Aspergillus tubingensis converted platycoside E (PE) and polygalacin D₃ (PGD3) into deglucose-apiose-xylosylated (deGAX)-platycodin D (PD) and deGAX-polygalacin D (PGD), respectively. The products were identified through LC/MS analysis by specifically hydrolyzing all glucose residues at C-3, and apiose and xylose residues at C-28 of platycoside. The hydrolytic activity of the crude enzyme obtained after the cultivation of the fungus using citrus pectin and corn steep solid as carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively, in culture medium was increased compared with those using other carbon and nitrogen sources. The crude enzyme from A. tubingensis was the most effective in producing deGAX platycoside at pH 5.0 and 60℃. The crude enzyme produced 0.32 mg/ml deGAX-PD and 0.34 mg/ml deGAX-PGD from 1 mg/ml PE and 1 mg/ml PGD3 (at pH 5.0 and 60℃) for 12 and 10 h, with productivities of 32.0 and 42.5 mg/l/h and molar yields of 62.1 and 59.6%, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to produce deGAX platycosides from glycosylated platycosides.