• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.137-142
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• 2015

We retrospectively analyzed the outcomes in patients who underwent reirradiation for brain metastasis. Twenty-three patients with brain metastases who were initially treated with palliative brain radiotherapy and were retreated with a second course of brain RT between June 2008 and December 2012. WBRT, 3DCRT and SRS were used for brain metastasis. The median dose of the first course of WBRT was 30 Gy (range, 23.4~30 Gy). The dose of the first course 3DCRT for lesion was 30 Gy in 3 Gy per fraction. The median dose of the first course of SRS was 16 Gy in 1 fraction (range, 12~24 Gy). The median dose of the second course of WBRT was 27.5 (range, 12~30 Gy). The median dose of the second course of 3DCRT for lesion was 30 Gy (range, 25~30 Gy). The dose of the second course of SRS was 16 Gy in 1 fraction. The second course of WBRT was administered on radiographic disease progression with symptom in all patients. With median follow-up of 25 months, overall symptom resolution rates were 47.8%. Rate of palliative efficacy was 82.6% including stable disease. The median survival time after initiation of reirradiation was 3.2 months. Median value of KPS prior to reirradiation was 30. Median value of KPS after reirradiation was 60. Reirradiation of brain metastasis maybe feasible and effective in select patients with a good performance status $KPS{\geq}60$ (: ECOG 0~2) prior to reirradiation.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Orthopedic Manual Physical Therapy
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.49-56
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• 2012

Background: When applying the upper limb neurodynamic treatment ULNT1 and upper limb neurodynamic treatment ULNT2, The object of this study evaluates the pain and grip strength, nerve conduction velocity and tries to present the treatment that is effective in the carpal tunnel syndrome through the comparison of effect between tests. Methods: The ULNT1 (n=10) and ULNT2 (n=10) was applied to the carpal tunnel syndrome in patient of 20 subject for 10 time 5 set during 4 weeks. Both groups received conventional physical therapy (hot pack with 30 minutes and ICT with 15 minutes and ultra sound with 15 minutes). Results: The ULNT1 showed the difference which the result of this study significantly in the median nerve motor latency, median nerve motor amplitude, median nerve sensory latency, median nerve sensory amplitude, grip strength and pain. ULNT2 showed the difference significantly in median nerve motor latency, median nerve motor amplitude, median nerve sensory latency, median nerve sensory amplitude and pain. Conclusions: If it implements by applying the traditional physiotherapy and ULNT1 and ULNT2 to the carpal tunnel syndrome subjects according to the subject state and function, the remedial value can be more enhanced.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.311-324
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• 2016

The characteristics of the rock cleavage in Jurassic granite from Geochang were analysed. The evaluation for three quarrying planes and three rock cleavages was performed using the parameters such as (1) reduction ratio between the value of spacing and the value of length, (2) microcrack spacing frequency(N), (3) total spacing($1mm{\geq}$), (4) exponential constant(a), (5) magnitude of exponent(${\lambda}$), (6) mean spacing($S_{mean}$), (7) difference value($S_{mean}-S_{median}$) between mean spacing and median spacing($S_{median}$) and (8) density of spacing. Especially the close dependence between the above spacing parameters and the parameters from the spacing-cumulative frequency diagrams was derived. The discrimination factors representing three quarrying planes and three rock cleavages were acquired through these mutual contrast. The analysis results of the research are summarized as follows. First, the reduction ratios of frequency(N), mean value, median value, the above difference value($S_{mean}-S_{median}$) and density for three rock cleavages are in orders of G(grain, (G1 + G2)/2) < H(hardway, (H1 + H2)/2) < R(rift, (R1 + R2)/2), H < G $\ll$ R, H < G $\ll$ R, H < G < R and H < G $\ll$ R. The values of the above five parameters for three planes show the various orders of R'(rift plane) $\ll$ H'(hardway plane) < G'(grain plane), R' $\ll$ G' < H', R' < H' < G', R' < G' < H' and R' $\ll$ H' < G', respectively. Second, the values of (I) parameters(2, 3, 4 and 5) and (II) parameters(6, 7 and 8) are in orders of (I) H < G < R and (II) R < G < H. On the contrary, the values of the above two groups(I~II) of parameters for three planes show reverse orders. Third, to review the overall characteristics of the arrangement among the six diagrams, these diagrams show an order of R2 < R1 < G2 < G1 < H2 < H1 from the related chart. In other words, above six diagrams can be summarized in order of rift(R1 + R2) < grain(G1 + G2) < hardway(H1 + H2). These results indicate a relative magnitude of rock cleavage related to microcrack spacing. Especially, two parameters for each diagram, the above difference value($S_{mean}-S_{median}$) and mean spacing, could provide advanced information for prediction the order of arrangement among the diagrams. Finally, the general chart for three planes and three rock cleavages were made. From the related chart, three exponential straight lines for three rock cleavages show an order of R(R1 + R2) < G(G1 + G2) < H(H1 + H2). On the contrary, three lines for three planes show an order of H'(R2 + G2) < G'(R1 + H2) < R'(G1 + H1). Consequently, correlation of the mutually reverse order between three planes and three rock cleavages can be drawn from the related chart.

• Journal of Korean Institute of Industrial Engineers
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.42-50
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• 2006

The multi-criteria group decision making (MCGDM) problem is to determine the best compromise solution in a set of competing alternatives that are evaluated under conflicting criteria by decision maker (DM)s. In this paper, we propose a mixed-integer programming (MIP) model to solve MCGDM. The existing method based on minimizing a distance measure such as Median Approach can not guarantee the best compromise solution because the element of median point vector is defined with respect to each criteria separately. However, by considering all criteria simultaneously, we generate median point that is better for locating the best compromise solution. We also utilize the concept of spatial dispersion index (SDI) to produce a threshold value, which is used as a guideline to choose either the Utopian Approach or the Median Approach. And we suggest using CBITP (Convex hull of individual maxima Based Interactive Tchebycheff Procedure) to provide DMs with various Pareto-optimal solutions so that DMs have broad range of selection.

• Journal of IKEEE
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.507-513
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• 2020

The median filter that is used in various fields requiring image processing converts to a median value of pixels belonging to a radius r for all pixels in the image of n×m size. For 8-bit depth images, an O(nm) time algorithm exists but for over 16-bit depth images, there is an O(nmlog²r) time algorithm of Gil and Werman. In this paper, we propose an efficient median filter algorithm that works for more than 16-bit depth images. The time complexity of our algorithm is the same as that of Gil and Werman, but theoretical analysis and experimental results show that ours is efficient than above two times.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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• 2013.05a
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• pp.883-885
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• 2013

Image restoration refers to removing different kinds of noise added to image, and to reducing effect of noise upon image. For image restoration, some methods such as mean filter, median filter and weighted filter were proposed, but the existing methods have poor denoising and edge-reserved performance. Therefore, in this paper modified median filter algorithm was proposed that enlarges mask size according to median value of mask in order to remove noise efficiently. And, it was compared by simulation to the existing methods, and MSE(mean squared error) was used on a criterion of evaluation.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.271-276
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• 2002

Purpose: To measure reliable glomerular filtration rate by using the representative values of transplanted renal depths, which are measured with ultrasonography. Materials and Methods: We included 54 patients (26 men, 28 women), with having both renal scintigraphy and ultrasonography after renal transplantation. We measured GFR with Gates' method using the renal depth measured by ultrasonography, and median and mean ones in each patient. We compared GFR derived from ultrasonography-measured renal depth with GFR derived from median and mean renal depths. The correlation coefficients were obtained among GFR derived from ultrasonography-measured renal depths, median and mean renal depths under linear regression analysis. We determined whether GFR derived from median or mean renal depth could substitute GFR derived from ultrasonography-measured renal depth with Bland-Altman method. We analyze the expected errors of the GFR using representative renal depth in terms of age, sex, weight, height, creatinine value, and body surface. Results: The transplanted renal depths range from 3.20 cm to 5.96 cm. The mean value and standard deviation of renal depths measured by ultrasonography are $4.09{\pm}0.65cm$ in men, and $4.24{\pm}0.78cm$ in women. The median value of renal depths measured by ultrasonography is 4.36 cm in men and 4.14 cm in women. The GFR derived from median renal depth is more consistent with GFR derived from ultrasonography-measured renal depth than GFR derived from mean renal depth. Differences of GFR derived from median and ultrasonography-measured renal depth are not significantly different in the groups classified with creatinine value, age, sex, height, weight and body surface. Conclusion: When median value is adapted as a representative renal depth, we could obtain reliable GFR in transplanted kidney simply.

• Hip & pelvis
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.177-184
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• 2022

This study aimed to analyse the initial results of five patients with symptomatic osteochondral lesions (OCL) and femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) who were treated successfully with osteochondral autologous transfer (OAT) and femoral neck osteochondroplasty (OCP) through surgical dislocation of the hip. Five patients with FAI and OCL of the femoral head who underwent surgery between 2015-2018 were studied retrospectively. All patients had a grade IV OCL, and the median defect size was 2 cm2 (interquartile range [IQR], 2-2). At the final follow-up, the modified Harris hip score showed a median value of 94 (IQR, 91-95) (P=0.04). Pain evaluation using the visual analogue scale showed a median value of 1 (IQR, 1-2) (P=0.04). Adequate graft union and healthy formation of the chondral surface were observed by magnetic resonance imaging. Although the procedure is demanding, the combination of OAT and femoral neck OCP appears to be an effective alternative in young patients.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.8
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• pp.4847-4851
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• 2013

Objectives: To evaluate accuracy of FDG-PET CT in prediction of persistent disease in head and neck cancer cases and to determine prognostic value of metabolic tumor response. Materials and Methods: Between 2009 and 2011, 46 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of head and neck receiving PET-CT were treated with definitive radiotherapy, with or without chemotherapy. There were 29 nasopharyngeal, 11 hypopharyngeal, 3 oropharyngeal and 3 laryngeal cancer patients, with a median age of 50.5 years (range 16-84), 32 males and 14 females. All patients were evaluated with PET-CT median 3-5 months (2.4-9.4) after completion of radiotherapy. Results: After a median 20 months of follow up, complete metabolic response was observed in 63% of patients. Suspicious residual uptake was present in 10.9% and residual metabolic uptake in 26.0% of patients. The overall sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of FDG-PET-CT for detection of residual disease was 91% and 81%, 64% and 96% respectively. Two year LRC was 95% in complete responders while it was 34% in non-complete responders. Conclusions: FDG PET CT is a valuable tool for assessment of treatment response, especially in patients at high risk of local recurrence, and also as an indicator of prognosis. Definitely more precise criteria are required for assessment of response, there being no clear cut uptake value indicating residual disease. Futhermore, repair processes of normal tissue may consume glucose which appear as increased uptake in control FDG PET CT.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.38-43
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• 2016

Purpose: Each ethnic group has a unique life style, including diets. Life style affects bowel movement. The aim of this study is to describe the results of colon transit time (CTT) tests in Korean children who had chronic functional constipation based on highly refined data. Methods: One hundred ninety (86 males) out of 415 children who performed a CTT test under the diagnosis of chronic constipation according to Rome III criteria at Konkuk University Medical Center from January 2006 through March 2015 were enrolled in this study. Two hundreds twenty-five children were excluded on the basis of CTT test result, defecation diary, and clinical setting. Shapiro-Wilk and Mann-Whitney U, and chi-square tests were used for statistical analysis. Results: The median value and interquartile range (IQR) of CTT was 54 (37.5) hours in Encopresis group, and those in non-encopresis group was 40.2 (27.9) hours (p<0.001). The frequency of subtype between non-encopresis group and encopresis was statistically significant (p=0.002). The non-encopresis group (n=154, 81.1%) was divided into normal transit subgroup (n=84, 54.5%; median value and IQR of CTT=26.4 [9.6] hours), outlet obstruction subgroup (n=18, 11.7%; 62.4 [15.6] hours), and slow transit subgroup (n=52, 33.8%; 54.6 [21.0] hours]. The encopresis group (n=36, 18.9%) was divided into normal transit subgroup (n=8, 22.2%; median value and IQR of CTT=32.4 [9.9] hours), outlet obstruction subgroup (n=8, 22.2%; 67.8 [34.8] hours), and slow transit subgroup (n=20, 55.6%; 59.4 [62.7] hours). Conclusion: This study provided the basic pattern and value of the CTT test in Korean children with chronic constipation.