• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.17-25
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of applied insole types to lower extremities muscle fatigue during treadmill exercise. The control group and each different insole type group consisted of ten healthy male subjects. In the control group and each different insole type (soft type; 10 shore, semi-rigid type; 33 shore, rigid type; 50 shore) treadmill exercise was performed in twenty-five minutes. The electromyography (EMG) signals of four muscle (tibialis anterior, gastrocnemius medialis, rectus femoris, biceps femoris) were recording at sampling rate of 1024 Hz during treadmill exercise. The localized muscle fatigue (LMF) can be investigated using power spectral analysis. When did data analysis that excepted initial five minutes. The raw EMG signals was processed using the fast Fourier Transformation (FFT) and the median power frequency value was determined in initial ten second period and in last ten second period. Fatigue index was calculated and collected data were statistically analyzed by SPSS version 10.0 two-way using analysis of variance (ANOVA) with repeated measures ($4{\times}4$) was used to determine the main effect and interaction. Post hoc was performed with least significant difference. A level of significance was .05. Muscles fatigue index were significantly decreased in insole types (p<.05) and not significantly different in muscle (p>.05). Post hoc analysis shows that fatigue index in soft insole type, semi-rigid insole type and rigid insole type were lower than that control group (p=.028, p=.146, p=.095). There were no interaction between insole type and muscles (p>.05). The finding of this study can be used as a fundamental data when insole is applied and insole can be used to decreased of a fatigue during the dynamic exercise.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.176-191
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to find the effects of the eccentric exercise induced delayed muscle soreness on proprioception, muscle strength, muscle fatigue, and muscle pain of the elbow flexor muscles. Thirty one healthy male subjects were participated in this study. Before resisted eccentric exercise of the elbow flexors and immediately and at 1, 3, 5, and 7 days post-exercise, pain threshold, proprioception, tension tracking, initial median frequency, and fatigue index were measured. Pain pressure threshold and visual analog scale (VAS) was used to measure muscle pain. Proprioception of the elbow joint was measured by using 3 dimension motion analysis system. Maximum isometric contraction was measured by using digital tensiometer. Electromyography and power spectrum analysis was used to measure initial median frequency (IMF) and fatigue index (FI). Immediately post-exercise, a significant decrease pain threshold was observed that continued to 5 days post-exercise. VAS score was significantly increased at 1 and 3 days post-exercise compared to that of immediately post-exercise. Maximum isometric contraction, IMF, tension tracking ability of the exercised elbow joint were significantly decreased at 1, 3, and 5 days post-exercise compared to that of pre-exercise. FI was significantly increased at 1 and 3 days post-exercise compared that of pre-exercise. Proprioception sense of exercised elbow joint was significantly decreased immediately and at 1, 3, and 5 days post-exercise compared to that of pre-exercise. Proprioception sense of the contralateral elbow joint was significantly decreased immediately post-exercise compared to that of pre-exercise. However, proprioception sense that was measured in close chain kinematic position was not significantly difference between pre-exercise and post-exercise. These results could be useful to determine the resume time for exercising and participating sports activities.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Clinical Electrophysiology
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.13-18
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• 2010

Purpose : This study investigates the effects on balanced ability and ankle joint muscle following balance pad and trampoline training periods in order to report a clinical directing about this matter. Methods : A total of nine members participated in a balance training program that put a balance pad and trampoline to use. Participants trained three times a week for thirty minutes in groups of six. Resting time was set for two minutes. EMG (median frequency and root mean square) was used to measure muscle activity at 3 weeks and 6 weeks, respectively. The tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius muscles were measured. Participants were measured with eyes open and closed. Results : The median frequency showed a significant difference according to the change in time in both muscles. Also, results showed a significant interaction between eyes open and closed in the gastrocnemius muscle. The root mean square only showed a significant difference according to the change in time in the gastrocnemius muscle. Conclusion : We suggest that the balance pad and trampoline training influence a decrease in the recruitment rate of slow twitch muscles through an improvement in balance ability; however, the training did not show a statistically significant difference with regards to eyes open and closed.

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.9-19
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• 2009

Repetitive movement, inadequate working posture, overuse of force, physical contact with sharp edge, vibration and temperature were well known risk factors of WMSDs (Work-related Musculoskeletal Disorders). Many researchers have investigated the relationship between inadequate working postures and incidences of WMSDs of the upper extremities, whereas relatively few researchers have tried to evaluate workload associated with the lower-body postures. The effects of lower-limb postures including various knee flexion angles on the subjective discomfort, heart rate and EMG of lower-limb muscles were investigated in this study. Thirty graduate students were asked to maintain thirteen different body postures, and heart rate and EMG data of five muscle groups (electro spine, biceps femoris, vastus medialis, gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior) from each posture were collected during fifteen minutes sustaining tasks. All participants were also asked to report their discomfort ratings of body parts. Results showed that high subjective discomfort ratings and heart rates were reported at the postures of knee angles of $60^{\circ}$ and $90^{\circ}$, whereas low discomfort ratings were founded at the postures of chair heights with 20cm, 40cm, and sitting with crossed legged. The change of median frequency for each muscle group during fifteen minutes tasks was investigated for each body posture to evaluate the relationship between muscle fatigue and body posture. It was found that the trends of changes of median frequency were different based on muscle group as well as lower-limb body posture from this study.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.319-325
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• 2018

Background: Prolonged neck flexion during smartphone use is known as a factor of neck pain and alteration of neck muscle activity. Studies on the effects of shoulder taping on neck discomfort and neck muscle responses while texting on a smartphone are still lacking. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of shoulder taping on neck discomfort using a numerical rating scale, and neck muscle activity and fatigue using a surface electromyography during a texting task on a touchscreen smartphone. Methods: Twenty-five healthy adolescents used the dominant hand to perform a 30-minute texting task using a touchscreen smartphone at two separate times under one of the following two conditions: taping across the upper trapezius muscle and no taping. Neck discomfort, normalized root mean square, and normalized median frequency slopes for upper trapezius, cervical erector spinae, and sternocleidomastoid muscles were recorded. Results: The results revealed that shoulder taping provided significantly lower neck discomfort than no taping (p < 0.001). However, shoulder taping did not significantly alter normalized root mean square and normalized median frequency slope values of all muscles when compared with no taping controls. Conclusion: Shoulder taping reduces neck discomfort but does not affect neck muscle activity and fatigue while texting on a touchscreen smartphone.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.51-56
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• 2000

Deflazacort, an oxazoline derivative of prednisolone, has been claimed to have anti-inflammatory effects with fewer side effects compared to prednisone. The objectives of the study were to evaluate efficacy and safety of deflazacort in children with nephrotic syndrome. Eligible Patients were the children with nephrotic syndrome who were treated with deflazacort from October. 1994 to April. 1999. Nephrotic syndrome was defined as having albumin level of less than 2.5 mg/dL and 24-hour urinary protein excretion of greater than $40\;mg/m^2/hr$. The primary parameters evaluating the efficacy of deflazacort were response rate, time to respond and relapse frequency. The safety profiles were the impact on children's growth, calcium sparing effect, glucose metabolism, lipid profile and adverse drug reactions. As results, total of 60 children were evaluated (47 boys, 13 girls). Response rate was $95\%$ (57/60) for initial and late responders. Median time to respond was 12 days (range 7-110 days) and median relapse frequency was one time (range 0-6). Weight/height ratio increased from $22.05\pm3.47\;to\23.20\pm3.44\;kg/m$ (p<0.001) and plasma calcium level, from $7.55\pm3.86\;to\;9.98\pm3.77\;mg/dL$ after treatment (p<0.001). Change of fasting glucose level was not statistically significant $(91.92\pm3.53\;vs.\;98.19\pm4.78\;mg/dL,\;p=0.072)$, while change of total cholesterol was significant $(362.3\pm12.0\;vs\;251.4\pm11.5\;mg/dL$, p<0.001). In conclusion, patients on deflazacort showed similar efficacy in treatment of nephrotic syndrome as reported for prednisone with less impact on growth inhibition and metabolic side effects of hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.31-37
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• 2021

The fundamental frequency, or f0, is an important acoustic measure in the prosody of human speech. The current study examined the f0 distribution of a corpus of spontaneous speech in order to provide normative data for Korean speakers. The corpus consists of 40 speakers talking freely about their daily activities and their personal views. Praat scripts were created to collect f0 values, and a majority of obvious errors were corrected manually by watching and listening to the f0 contour on a narrow-band spectrogram. Statistical analyses of the f0 distribution were conducted using R. The results showed that the f0 values of all the Korean speakers were right-skewed, with a pointy distribution. The speakers produced spontaneous speech within a frequency range of 274 Hz (from 65 Hz to 339 Hz), excluding statistical outliers. The mode of the total f0 data was 102 Hz. The female f0 range, with a bimodal distribution, appeared wider than that of the male group. Regression analyses based on age and f0 values yielded negligible R-squared values. As the mode of an individual speaker could be predicted from the median, either the median or mode could serve as a good reference for the individual f0 range. Finally, an analysis of the continuous f0 points of intonational phrases revealed that the initial and final segments of the phrases yielded several f0 measurement errors. From these results, we conclude that an examination of a spontaneous speech corpus can provide linguists with useful measures to generalize acoustic properties of f0 variability in a language by an individual or groups. Further studies would be desirable of the use of statistical measures to secure reliable f0 values of individual speakers.

• Korean Journal of Exercise Nutrition
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.43-50
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• 2012

This study was designed to investigate the effect of vibratory stimulation on recovery of muscle function from delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS). Volunteers performed 3 set of 70 % maximal voluntary eccentric muscle contraction and induced DOMS. volunteers were allocated to one of three treatment group after DOMS : group I (control), group II (ultrasound), group III (vibration). Maximal Voluntary Isometric Contraction (MVIC), Visual Analog Scale (VAS), Range Of Motion (ROM), Root Mean Square (RMS), Median frequency (MDF), Blood Serum Creatine Kinase (CK), Lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) were recorded at baseline, and 24, 48, 72 hours post-exercise. In MVIC measurement, there was a statistically significant difference in group III compared to group I (p < .05). In VAS measurements, there were a statistically significant difference in group II and III compared to group I (p < .05). In ROM measurement, there was a statistically difference in group II and III compared to group I (p < .05). In Muscle Volume with Ultrasonography measurement, there was no statistically significant difference in any groups (p > .05). In RMS and MDF measurement, there were a statistically significant difference in group II and III compared to group I (p < .05). In Blood samples of CK and LDH measurements, There were no statistically significant difference in any groups (p > .05). From the above result, Vibratory stimulation had a positive effect on recovery of muscle function from delayed onset muscle soreness. Further studies should be undertaken to ascertain the more effectiveness of vibratory stimulation and may be a promising treatment modality.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.59-70
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to examine the differences among families in terms of conflict, life satisfaction according to socio-demographic variables, and self-esteem, and to analyze the effects of these variables influencing marital satisfaction for immigrant women. The subjects of this study were 127 immigrant women in Sunchon. Trained researchers interviewed the subjects with structured questionnaires. The data were analyzed using Cronbach's ${\alpha}$, frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, ANOVA, Duncan's test, Pearson's r, and stepwise multiple regression. The statistical package of SPSS is used to perform these analyses. The result of this study is summarized as follows: The family conflict scores of the immigrant women were lower than the median. The average score of life satisfaction was higher than the median. The family conflict of the immigrant women showed significant differences according of age.

• The Proceeding of the Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.4-10
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• 1993

In mobile radio communication, propagation paths are time or spacial varying because of the motion of mobile unit. The propagation path loss not only involves frequency and distance but also the antenna height at both the base station and the mobile unit, terrain configuration, and the man made en- vironment. Thhese additional factors make the prediction of propagation path loss of mobile radio signals more difficult. In this paper, it is measured field strenght of mobile radio signals in Daejeon and Seoul area, also calculated local median, 500m sample mean, and stadard deviation. As the result of analysis, it can be seen that propagation path loss of measured data is similiar to predicted field strength, especially local median is dependent upon base antenna height, terrain configuration and the man-made environment. The standard deviation has been noted to lie between 2 and 10 dBuV.