• International conference on construction engineering and project management
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• 2022.06a
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• pp.1247-1248
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• 2022

Due to rapid urbanization and population growth, it has become crucial to analyze the various volumes and characteristics of pedestrian pathways to understand the capacity and level of service (LOS) for pathways to promote a better walking environment. Different indicators have been developed to measure pedestrian volume. The pedestrian level of service (PLOS), tailored to analyze pedestrian pathways based on the concept of the LOS in transportation in the Highway Capacity Manual, has been widely used. PLOS is a measurement concept used to assess the quality of pedestrian facilities, from grade A (best condition) to grade F (worst condition), based on the flow rate, average speed, occupied space, and other parameters. Since the original PLOS approach has been criticized for producing idealistic results, several modified versions of PLOS have also been developed. One of these modified versions is perceived PLOS, which measures the LOS for pathways by considering pedestrians' awareness levels. However, this method relies on survey-based measurements, making it difficult to continuously deploy the technique to all the pathways. To measure PLOS more quantitatively and continuously, researchers have adopted computer vision technologies to automatically assess pedestrian flows and PLOS from CCTV videos. However, there are drawbacks even with this method because CCTVs cannot be installed everywhere, e.g., in alleyways. Recently, a technique to monitor bio-signals, such as electrodermal activity (EDA), through wearable sensors that can measure physiological responses to external stimuli (e.g., when another pedestrian passes), has gained popularity. It has the potential to continuously measure perceived PLOS. In their previous experiment, the authors of this study found that there were many significant EDA responses in crowded places when other pedestrians acting as external stimuli passed by. Therefore, we hypothesized that the EDA responses would be significantly higher in places where relatively more dynamic objects pass, i.e., in crowded areas with low PLOS levels (e.g., level F). To this end, the authors conducted an experiment to confirm the validity of EDA in inferring the perceived PLOS. The EDA of the subjects was measured and analyzed while watching both the real-world and virtually created videos with different pedestrian volumes in a laboratory environment. The results showed the possibility of inferring the amount of pedestrian volume on the pathways by measuring the physiological reactions of pedestrians. Through further validation, the research outcome is expected to be used for EDA-based continuous measurement of perceived PLOS at the alley level, which will facilitate modifying the existing walking environments, e.g., constructing pathways with appropriate effective width based on pedestrian volume. Future research will examine the validity of the integrated use of EDA and acceleration signals to increase the accuracy of inferring the perceived PLOS by capturing both physiological and behavioral reactions when walking in a crowded area.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.35 no.2 s.121
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• pp.81-90
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• 2007

This study used the functions for public benefits as a standard for evaluating Green Tourism. By referring to the existing literature, the "function of building emotion", the "function of providing a natural environment", the "function of preserving traditional cultures", and the "function of maintaining the local community" have been selected as the measuring variables. Detailed sub-variables of each function were prepared to examine and analyze the recognition of these are the part of Green Tourists. The Green Tourists of Yangsuri in Yangpyeong, Sinnonri in Yangpyeong, and Jurokri in Yeoju participated in the survey for which 13 variables were used as measurement. The results are as follows: First, Green Tourists recognize farm villages as places for rest and relaxation and they laid great importance on the function of providing access to the natural environment. Secondly, out of the 13 measurement variables, "beautiful scenery in farm village", "making a contribution to village income", and "trust in agricultural products" greatly influenced the overall evaluation of Green Tourism. Thirdly, regarding the relationship between the functions for public benefits and Green Tourism, it was found that "facilities and activities for experiencing farming", "facilities for rest", and "beautiful scenery in farm villages" are closely related to building the emotion experienced in these villages, and that "cultivating environmentally-friendly agricultural products" and "beautiful scenery in farm village" are closely related to the function of providing access to the natural environment.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.14 no.10
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• pp.2343-2350
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• 2010

In this paper, new smart switch that can monitor and control the power consumption and standby power in real-time by implementing an embedded web-server is proposed. The proposed switch can perform the following functions: measuring the electric power like commercial smart meter product, monitoring the power consumption in real-time in distant places through wire and wireless devices, and finally controlling ON/OFF of each switch. In addition, it also contains auto power-shutoff functions for standy power, overvoltage and overcurrent just like existing power-saving outlet and mulitap. Finally, the proposed smart switch has lower hardware and power consumption than the existing products and can be commercialized as a small-sized product by using exclusive embedded web-server of its own, rather than using PC for monitoring and remote control.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.489-498
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• 2008

This study is on the image evaluation of the hair up-style and the wedding dress styles of prospective brides. Based on some prior theoretical studies, and information obtained from wedding magazines and interviews conducted at the beauty business places, four kinds of the hair up-style were selected, namely, top-point, golden-point, back-point, and nape point. Three styles of necklines were selected: boat necklines, V-necklines, and off-shoulder necklines. The surveyor herself did the hair styling for models, and dressed up the models, to produce the stimuli. And the stimuli were presented to percipients along with questionnaires for measuring the image evaluations. Prepared were total 12 different kinds of stimuli, in which four hair up-styles and three dress styles were combined into 12 combinations ($3^*4$), and, with respect to these 12 stimuli, 26 itemized questions were included in the questionnaire. From the factor analysis on the image evaluation of the hair up- style and wedding dresses, five factors were derived as fallowing: attractiveness, boldness, purity, cuteness, feminity. This study revealed that wedding dress styles are more sensitive to the contemporary trend, compared to the hair styles; and the selection in the wedding style is quite influenced by the dress style, but not by the hair up-style. Also, prospective brides evaluated the hair up-styles and the wedding dress styles separately without recognizing their mutual relationship, and thus did not recognize the two as the mutually coordinated relationship, but rather recognize the two as two separate elements.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.12-17
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• 1993

This book is named 'The Ryuk-Jab-Rok' because it was written in the last page of 1820's almanac. This book is written purely in Korean and has not been published yet. This book comprises twenty eight items, among which there are eight items of vegetable preserving method, ten items of Jook preparation methods(a kind of cereal soup), nine items of Pyun-Myun methods(a kind of rice cakes and noodles) and Yak-Bab(a kind of spiced rice). In vegetable preserving method, the eggplant, the cucumber and a songi mushroom were preserved with the drying method., A radish, a sorojangii, and the root of white cabbage were used with the cold temperature preservation. A garlic was dried after salting. The sprouts of DooRub, which were coming in the hot room, were used. In the Jook preparations, there were five animal materials which were lamb, chick, crudian, oyster and abalone. In nine Pyun-Myun methods, Jap-Gua-Sil was illegible because the letters were not clear. Among eight items, the stick rice was used in four cases, the regular rice in two cases. The ground pine nuts, honey and the Chinese date were used most ofter. And the sesame salt and the chestnut were next. The analysis of the terms I this book revealed that 26 items were used for cooking processes. And it also showed us that there were seven kind of cutting procedure and eight kinds of heating procedure. The shapes and size of foods were revealed at only three places in all items. The one-chi(chi ; abut three cm) and three-Ja(Ja ; about thirty cm) which the terms represent the length were revealed twice and once respectively in this book. In the taste description, 'the good', the most common word, was used in seven times, and which was the most frequently introduce case. The measuring unit is hard to revive since the measurements were taken by the container, which were Jong-Ja, Sabal and Tang-gii, then in use. Fifteen kinds of containers and cookers were used for preparing foods. And all of them are now I use.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.35-36
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• 2003

Background: Evidence based medicine has become main tools for medical practice. However, conducting a highly ranked in the evidence hierarchy pyramid is not easy or feasible at all times and places. There remains a room for descriptive clinical outcome measure studies with admitting the limit of the intepretation. Aims: Presents three Korean clinic based outcome measure studies with a view to encouraging Korean clinicians to conduct similar studies. Methods: Three studies are presented briefly here in치uding 1) Quality of Life of liver cancer patients after 8 Constitutional acupuncture; 2) Developing a Korean version of Measuring yourself Medical Outcome profile (MYMOP); and 3) Survey on 5 Shu points: a pilot In the first study, we have included 4 primary or secondary liver cancer patients collecting their diagnostic X-ray film and clinical data f개m their hospital, and asked them to fill in the European Organization Research and Treatment of Cancer, Quality of Life Questionnaire before the commencement of the treatment. The acupuncture treatment is set up format but not disclosed yet. The translation and developing a Korean version of outcome measures that is Korean clinician friendly has been sought for MYMOP is one of the most appropriate one. The permission was granted, the translation into Korean was done, then back translated into English only based on the Korean translation by the researcher who is bilingual in both languages. The back translation was compared by the original developer of MYMOP and confirmed usable. In order to test the existence of acupoints and meridians through popular forms of Korean acupuncture regimes, we aim at collecting opinions from 101 Korean clinicians that have used those forms. The questions asked include most effective symptoms, 5 Shu points, points those are least likely to use due to either adverse events or the lack of effectiveness, theoretical reasons for the above proposals, proposing outcome measures, and the time from insertion to be effective. The questionnaire is posted on the virtual notice board of the homepage of the communication KOMA (The official tool of Association of Korean Oriental Medicine).

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.188-197
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• 2016

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ozone exposure levels and the variations in ozone concentration in a semiconductor fabrication facility and office in relation to the ozone concentration in the outdoor air. Methods: This study was performed in an office, semiconductor fabrication facility(such as etching, diffusion, diffusion plenum), and outdoors from June to August, 2015. Measurements were taken six times at the same places using an active sampler(pumped) and real-time equipment. Ozone monitoring by the active sampler method and analysis were carried out by OSHA Method ID-214. Real-time measurement was carried out by ozone measuring equipment using a non-dispersive ultraviolet absorption method. Results: Ozone concentrations in the semiconductor fabrication facility and office were 0.7~7.1 ppb in area samples and 0.72~4.07 ppb in real-time measurement, which were 0.88~8.88% of the occupational exposure limit. The concentration of ozone generated by a laser printer in the office was less than 2 ppb. There was not a significant difference between ozone concentrations before and after using the laser printer. The indoor/outdoor concentration ratio(I/O ratio) in the semiconductor fabrication facility and office was 0.05 and 0.06, respectively. Conclusions: All the samples contained ozone levels lower than the occupational exposure limit and it was confirmed that the concentration of outdoor ozone had no significant effect on indoor ozone concentration.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.334-341
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• 2016

Objectives: This study is aimed at examining radon exposure in offices and the factors that can influence the concentrations. Methods: Indoor radon concentrations in a total of 30 places were measured from January 18 to 21, 2016, targeting six buildings in Seoul with different completion years. The measurement was conducted according to the radon measurement guidelines for indoor air suggested by the Ministry of Environment. Results: As a result of comparing each average concentration, underground area concentration was $42.850{\pm}22.501Bq/m^3$, and that of the ground floors was $27.850{\pm}12.232Bq/m^3$, which was lower than the concentration in the underground areas and statistically significant (p=0.045). As a result of comparing the concentration according to whether or not outside air entered, the average concentration for ventilated areas was $24.876{\pm}11.833Bq/m^3$, and the average concentration for enclosed areas was $47.892{\pm}19.375Bq/m^3$. The concentration in ventilated areas was lower at a statistically significant level (p=0.001). Finally, as a result of the multiple regression analysis for evaluating the factors influencing radon concentration, only ventilation was significant (p=0.007). Conclusions: As a result of measuring radon in office buildings, there was no place that exceeding the recommended standard of the US EPA, but the concentration in poorly ventilated areas was measured to be high. An effort to manage radon concentration and reduce it through the improvement of ventilation systems, repeated measurement is necessary in the future.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.411-417
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• 2016

Objectives: The aims of this study were to determine the indoor level of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) and to assess the implementation rate of smoke-free laws at hospitality venues around a university campus by measuring particulate matter smaller than $2.5{\mu}m$ ($PM_{2.5}$) as an indicator of ETS. Materials and Methods: We measured indoor $PM_{2.5}$ concentrations at 20 PC game rooms, 20 pubs, and 20 billiards halls using Sidepak AM510, a direct reading portable real time monitor, from October to December 2015. Results: Smoking was observed in 65% of the PC game rooms, 10% of pubs, and 85% of billiards halls. The average $PM_{2.5}$ concentrations were $98.2{\mu}g/m^3$, $29.0{\mu}g/m^3$, and $134.2{\mu}g/m^3$ at PC game rooms, pubs, and billiards halls, respectively. $PM_{2.5}$ concentrations in PC game rooms and billiards halls were 2 to 2.7 times higher than the 24-hour exposure standard for outdoor $PM_{2.5}$ ($50{\mu}g/m^3$) by the Ministry of Environment. Conclusions: Although a smoking ban has been implemented for PC rooms and pubs, smoking is still taking place in many of these places. More stringent legal action is required for successfully protecting patrons and workers from secondhand smoke exposure. A ban on smoking in billiards halls should be introduced as quickly as possible.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.117-121
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• 1998

In the study to reduce the error on the method of sampling pine needles to monitor the atmospheric concentration of polychlorinated biphenyls(PBCs),it was found that: 1. Concentration of PCBs almost linearly increased from new to three-years-old pine needles, so that the biomonitoring method using pine needles canbe applied to measuring long-term contamination from air in a local area. Needles of differernt age should not be mixed in sampling but be seperately analysed .It no good idea comparing PCB concentrations of differently aged needles. 2. Concentratio n of PCBs on pine needles had nothing to do whit the indivisual and age of the pine tree. 3. Concentration of PCBs on pine needles growing avobe was lower than that on needke below. 4. Concentration of PCBs on pine needles locatied in poorly ventilative places such as needle of a forest was lower than that on needles in well-ventilated areas.