• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.223-230
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to analysis the effect of form and hardness of outsoles on the motion of the lower extremity joints and on foot pressure during gait. The subjects were 15 women(mean age, $48.5{\pm}2.4$ years), who had no serious musculoskeletal, coordination, balance or joint/ligament problems within 1 year prior to the study. The pelvic tilt, joint angles at the lower extremities and the vertical ground reaction force(GRF) were compared during gait with 3 types of shoes (A, B, C) by using one-way repeated ANOVA(p<.05). During gait, the peak tilt angle and the range of motion(ROM) of the ankle and knee joints were found to be significantly different among the 3 types of shoes. The type C shoes showed a significantly lower mean second maximum vertical GRF than types A and B. The curved outsoles of type C shoes, which had a form and hardness different from those of A and B, was designed strategically for walking shoes to provide stability to the Additionally, type C induced the dispersion of eccentric pressure and made the center of pressure roll over to the center line of the foot.

• Journal of Korea Society of Industrial Information Systems
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.79-86
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• 2001

The CTD(Cumulative Trauma Disorder) as a new kind of occupational disease occurs mainly to workers on handling line under the highly-specialized industrial environments. This study took into account their exposure to Cumulative Trauma Disorders(CTD) by the utilization of EMG system, with respect to worker's muscle fatigue test according to fulfillment of iterative and simple task. The findings of this study were as follows : From the result of AEMG test analysis, worker's fatigue extent according to elapsed time of task was inclined to be increased continually. On the other hand, after its task ending, their fatigue extent was inclined to be decreased than before-circumstance of refractory brick lifting. The transference of MF(Median Frequency) and MPF(Mean Power Frequency) had highly significant difference between muscle fatigue and the elapsed time of work. Especially, their fatigue extent to erectorspinae and multifidus to lift firebrick was increased in the mean time. The transference of ZCR(Zero Crossing Rate) had considerable significant difference between muscle fatigue and the elapsed time of work. In short, as the work went of the muscle fatigue extent increased gradually. Thus, it can be concluded that the fatigue of erectorspinae and multifidus extent according to fulfillment of iterative and simple task is gradually being increased.

• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
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• 2000.11b
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• pp.371-376
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• 2000

In this study, the computational method is presented to simulate the hemodynamics of the patients after the Fontan procedure. The short-term feedback control models are implemented to assess the hemodynamic responses of the patients exposed to the stresses such as gravitational effect or hemorrhage. To construct the base line of the Fontan model, we assume an increase in venous tone, in heart rates, and in systemic resistance that are based on the clinical observations. For the verification of the present method we simulate the LBNP (lower body negative pressure) test for the normal and the Fontan model and we compare these with experimental data. Computational results show that the diastolic ABP(arterial blood pressure) increases but the systolic ABP decreases during LBNP. The increase in heart rate is due to the control system activated by the decreased mean ABP and CVP(central venous pressure). In case of the Fontan model, the increased venous tone is the reason of the diminished CVP change during LBNP. We also simulate 20% hemorrhage stress to the patient after the Fontan procedure and these results are compared with the experimental and the existing computational one. Computational results on the hemodynamics of patients after the Fontan procedure show that the mean ABP and cardiac output decrease. Heart rate and systemic resistance increase to compensate for the decrease in ABP. The sensitivity analysis according to the conduit resistance is also presented to delineate the effects of the local blood flow resistance. The cardiac output decreases according to the increase of the conduit resistance. The 50% increase in the conduit resistance causes about 3% decrease of cardiac output.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.1729-1732
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• 2016

In the patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC), RAS testing is the first step to identify those that could benefit from anti-EGFR therapy. This study examined associations between KRAS mutations and clinicopathological and survival data in Iranian patients with mCRC. Between 2008 to2015 in a retrospective study, 83 cases of mCRC were referred to the Clinic of Medical Oncology. The mean follow-up was 45 months that there were 27 deaths. The 3 patients that did not complete follow-up were censored from the study. KRAS and NRAS were analyzed using allele-specific PCR primers and pyrosequencing in exons 2, 3 and 4. Multivariate survival analysis using Cox's regression model was used for affecting of variables on overall survival (OS). The mean age at diagnosis for patients was 57.7 (range, 18 to 80 years) and 61.4% were male. There was no significant different between prognostic factors and KRAS mutation with wild-type. Also, There was no significant different between KRAS mutation and KRAS wild-type for survival, but there was a significant different between KRAS 12 and 13 mutations for survival (HR 0.13, 95% CI 0.03-0.66, P=0.01). In conclusion, the prevalence of KRAS mutations in CRC patients was below 50% but higher than in other studies in Iran. As in many studies, patients with KRAS 12 mutations had better OS thn those with KRAS 13 mutation. In addition to KRAS testing, other biomarkers are needed to determine the best treatment for patients with mCRC.

• Journal of Korean Port Research
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.305-320
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• 1997

The objective of this paper is to analysis & forecast on the change in spatial structures of southeast region by development of the Seoul-Pusan high-speed Rail. To measure the spatial structures, it was used the method of mean center and standard distance among of centrographic measures as analytical tools. The changes of spatial structures patten over time and space in the southeast region were surveyed using population and employment data of 57 zones. And also, to forecast the spatial structures of the southeast region after opening of the Seoul-Pusan high-speed rail, it was supposed three(3) scenarios which designed using influential area with centering around of the proposed high-speed rail stations. Therefore, the results of this research indicate as follows; 1) The spatial structures of population is showed a trend of continual concentration toward Ulsan city area, and also the spatial structures of employment is showed a trend of continual dispersion over time. 2) The forecast of three93) scenarios supposed after opening of the Seoul-Pusan high-speed rail in 2006 show a change of the spatial structures with both population concentration and employment dispersion. In the meantime, the rapid increase of population and wide dispersion of employment is reform with centering around HSR stations which builted in the southeast region after opening of high-speed rail. 3) It shall furnish valuable data to establish the development strategy of urban and local region, and also forecast the change of spatial structures about population and employment in influential area which passed on high-speed rail line & stations by method of mean center and standard distance among of centrographic measures as analytical tools.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.8-20
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• 2011

Atmospheric visibility is one of the indicators used to evaluate the status of air quality. Based on a conceptual definition of visibility as the maximum distance at which the outline of the selected target can be recognized, an image analysis technique is introduced here and an algorithm is developed for visibility monitoring. Although there are various measurement techniques, ranging from bulk and precise instruments to naked eye observation techniques, each has their own limitations. In this study, a series of image analysis techniques were introduced and examined for in-situ application. An imaging system was built up using a digital camera and was installed on the study sites in Incheon and Seoul separately. Visual range was also monitored by using a dual technology visibility sensor in Incheon and transmissometer in Seoul simultaneously. The Sobel mask filter was applied to detect the edge lines of objects by extracting the high frequency from the digital image. The root mean square (RMS) index of variation among the pixels in the image was substantially correlated with the visual ranges in Incheon and Seoul with correlations of $R^2$=0.88 and $R^2$=0.71, respectively. The regression line equations between the visual range and the RMS index in Incheon and Seoul were VR=$2.36e^{0.46{\times}(RMS)}$ and VR=$3.18e^{0.15{\times}(RMS)}$, respectively. It was also confirmed that the fine particles ($PM_{2.5}$) have more impacts to the impairment of visibility than coarse particles.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.47-58
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to investigate an influence of the change of central panoramic curves on the image reconstruction in the dental implant CT. The author designed three experimental groups according to the location of central panoramic curve. In group A, central panoramic curve was determined as the curve connecting the center of roots from the first premolar to the first molar. In group B, central panoramic curve was determined as the line connecting the lingual cortical plate at the level of the mesial aspect of the first premolar with the buccal cortical plate at the level of the mesial aspect of the first molar. In Group C, central panoramic curve was determined as the line connecting the buccal cortical plate at the level of the mesial aspect of the first premolar with the lingual cortical plate at the level of the mesial aspect of the first molar. Twenty four reformatted CT images was acquired from four mandibles embedded in the resin block and twenty four contact radiographs of dog specimens were acquired. Each Image was processed under Adobe Photoshop program analysed by MSPA(mandible/maxilla shape pattern analysis) variables such as MXVD, MXHD, UHD, MHD, and LHD. The obtained results were as follows ; 1. The mean of MXVD variable was 19.9, 20.2, and 20.0 in group A, B, and C, respectively, which were smaller than actual value 20.5. But, there was no significant difference among 3 groups (p>0.05). 2. The mean of MXHD, UHD, MHD, and LHD variables in group A, B, and C was 11.9, 12.2, and 12.3; 9.3, 9.5, and 9.6; 10.0, 10.3, and 10.3; 9.2, 9.3, and 9.4 respectively which were equal to or greater than the actual value 11.8, 9.3, 10.0, and 9.2. But, there was no significant difference among 3 groups (p>0.05). 3. The number of noneffective observations with difference over or under 1 mm with comparison to the actual value was 24(20％), 58(48.3％), and 52(43.3％), respectively, in group A, B, and C. 4. In group A, the number of observations over 1 mm and under 1 mm was 9 and 15, respectively, but in group Band C, the number of observations over 1 mm was more than under 1 mm.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.419-423
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• 2015

Background Orthognathic surgery is required in 25% to 35% of patients with a cleft lip and palate, for whom functional recovery and aesthetic improvement after surgery are important. The aim of this study was to examine maxillary and mandibular changes, along with concomitant soft tissue changes, in cleft patients who underwent LeFort I osteotomy and sagittal split ramus osteotomy (two-jaw surgery). Methods Twenty-eight cleft patients who underwent two-jaw surgery between August 2008 and November 2013 were included. Cephalometric analysis was conducted before and after surgery. Preoperative and postoperative measurements of the bone and soft tissue were compared. Results The mean horizontal advancement of the maxilla (point A) was 6.12 mm, while that of the mandible (point B) was -5.19 mm. The mean point A-nasion-point B angle was $-4.1^{\circ}$ before surgery, and increased to $2.5^{\circ}$ after surgery. The mean nasolabial angle was $72.7^{\circ}$ before surgery, and increased to $88.7^{\circ}$ after surgery. The mean minimal distance between Rickett's E-line and the upper lip was 6.52 mm before surgery and 1.81 mm after surgery. The ratio of soft tissue change to bone change was 0.55 between point A and point A' and 0.93 between point B and point B'. Conclusions Patients with cleft lip and palate who underwent two-jaw surgery showed optimal soft tissue changes. The position of the soft tissue (point A') was shifted by a distance equal to 55% of the change in the maxillary bone. Therefore, bone surgery without soft tissue correction can achieve good aesthetic results.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.134-139
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• 2004

In this study, an immunoactivity of panaxtriol ginsenosides Re and Rg1 against infection due to Candida albicans was investigated. The ginsenosides were extracted from Red Ginseng with 85% ethanol and heat-treatment and were analyzed by HPLC on water-acetonitrile as a mobile phase. The HPLC analysis revealed that the extract contained ginsenosides Re and Rg1, which were eluted as a combined peak. By agar diffusion susceptibility, the mixture of Re and Rg1 had no growth-inhibitory activity on C. albicans yeast cells. However, in animal tests BALB/c mice given the mixture of Re and Rg1 intraperitoneally (Lp.) before intravenous (Lv.) infection with live C. albicans yeast cells had longer mean survival times (MST) than MST of control mice groups that received only buffer solution instead of Re and Rg1. In experiments 60% of the ginsenosides-treated mice survived the entire duration of the 50-day observation. The Re and Rg1 mixture induced production of nitric oxide when interacted with RAW 264.7 macrophage cell line. In addition, the mixture caused morphological change of the macrophages. These data indicate that immunostimulation by the Re and Rg1 may be responsible for the protection of mice against disseminated candidiasis.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.195-204
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• 2004

In this study, the concentrations of major reduced sulfur compounds (H$_2$S, $CH_3$SH, DMS, and DMDS) were determined from ambient air in a monitoring station located in the mid-eastern area of Seoul. Measurements of sulfur species were conducted by the combination of on -line air sampling, thermal desorption, and capillary GC/PFPD analysis. A total number of 143 hourly samples were collected in the two time periods set between June and July 2003. The mean concentrations of four sulfur species measured in the whole study period were found on the order: DMS (535$\pm$183) > H$_2$S (47$\pm$10) > DMDS (35$\pm$22) > $CH_3$SH (6.19$\pm$29.4 pptv). The results of this study show that the concentrations of DMS at the study area are generally higher than those reported previously in the oceanic environments, while those of other sulfur species are not easy to compare with due to the lack of data. The H$_2$S concentrations were generally higher during the daytime than the nighttime, whereas those of others generally exhibited a reversed diurnal pattern. The overall results of our study suggest that the distribution of major reduced S compounds should be controlled by diverse processes in the urban area.