• Korean Parent-Child Health Journal
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.18-24
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• 2000

The purpose of this research is to investigate Sleep/Activity pattern of normal neonate in Kangwon area. The subjects of this research were 23 normal neonate who visited pediatric clinic of kangneung general hospital from Jun 15, 1999 to August 10, 2000. The instrument of this research was the NCASA. The results of this research were as follows: 1. The mean time of daytime sleep was 8.21 hours. The mean time of nighttime sleep was 5.70 hours. The mean time of total daily sleep was 13.92 hours. The mean time of longest sleep period was 5.02 hours. The mean time of regularity of sleep were daytime 46.59%, nighttime 74.43%, total daily sleep 55.88%. The mean frequency of nighttime wakening was 2.03 times. 2. The each mean time of activity were daytime 7.72 hours, nighttime 2.28 hours, daily total activity 9.99 hours. The mean time of the longest activity period was 6.16 hours. The mean times of feeding frequency were daytime feeding 4.53, nighttime feeding 1.92, total daily feeding 6.45. The mean of regularity of feeding frequency was 65.71%.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.26-32
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• 2010

Concentrations of carbon monoxide (CO) in air were analyzed from seven urban roadside (U-RS) stations in Seoul, Korea over an 11-year period (1998-2008). As noticeable changes in CO levels coincided with the Natural Gas Vehicle Supply (NGVS) program in the year 2000, its concentration data were examined between 1998-2000 (period I) and 2001-2008 (period II). The mean values of CO from all 7 stations for the whole study period were recorded as $1.19{\pm}0.22$ ppm with large drops in its mean from $1.83{\pm}0.43$ ppm in period I to $0.94{\pm}0.21$ ppm in period II. As such, CO levels between the two periods undertook the mean reduction rate of $46.9{\pm}16.2%$ (range of 18.3 to 59.9%). According to the analysis of longterm trends of CO, its concentrations in the U-RS stations decreased very rapidly with the annual mean reduction rate of 9.5% $yr^{-1}$. A line of evidence collected in this study suggests that the implementation of the NGVS program has been quite effective to induce the alterations in CO levels in all urban roadside locations throughout the city of Seoul.

• Proceedings of the IEEK Conference
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• 2009.05a
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• pp.193-195
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• 2009

In this paper, we propose an effective compression method for electrocardiogram(ECG) signals. 1-D ECG signals are reconstructed to 2-D ECG data by period and complexity sorting schemes with image compression techniques to Increase inter and intra-beat correlation. The proposed method added block division and mean-period normalization techniques on top of conventional 2-D data ECG compression methods. JPEG 2000 is chosen for compression of 2-D ECG data. Standard MIT-BIH arrhythmia database is used for evaluation and experiment. The results show that the proposed method outperforms compared to the most recent literature especially in case of high compression rate.

• The Korean Journal of Quaternary Research
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.21-32
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• 1992

The paleoclimate of the Chungbu Mountainous Region, Mts. Seorak and Sobaek, was estimated by means of dendroclimatic methodology, The annual growth value of tree-rings is deeply interrelated with the mean temperature of April-May and July-August. The mean temperature of April-May of the reconstruction period(1635-1911), observation period(1912-1989), and the whole period(1635-1989) is 13.58$^{\circ}C$, 13.69$^{\circ}C$, and 13.6$0^{\circ}C$, respectively. That of July-August is $24.50^{\circ}C$, $24.62^{\circ}C$, and $24.58^{\circ}C$ respectively. The reconstructed mean temperature data for April-May and for July-August reveal 13.2 and 12.9 year cycles.

• International Journal of Reliability and Applications
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.241-251
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• 2001

In this paper, optimal bum-in time to minimize the total mean cost, which is the sum of manufacturing cost with burn-in and cumulative warranty-related cost, is obtained. When the products with cumulative pro-rata warranty have high failure rate in the early period (infant mortality period), a burn-in procedure is adopted to eliminate early product failures. After burn-in, the posterior product life distribution and the warranty-related cost are dependent on burn-in time; long burn-in period may reduce the warranty-related cost, but it increases the manufacturing cost. The paper provides a methodology to obtain total mean cost under burn-in and cumulative pro-rata warranty. Property of the optimal burn-in time is analyzed, and numerical examples and sensitivity analysis are studied.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.33-39
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• 1998

This paper is related to economic design of tool-resetting period in NC machining. In NC lathe machining, the mean and variance of components dimension fluctuate in slow time and we should reset tool program to compensate the variation from the fluctuation. In this paper. we propose the procedure determining the optimal resetting period based on the total expected operating cost which consists of resetting cost and the quality cost related to dimension variation. As a case study, using experimental data about dimension changes of a lathe machining, we obtain the regression equations of mean and variance of the dimension fluctuation, total expected operating cost, and optimal resetting period.

• The Korean Journal of Financial Management
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.85-107
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• 2006

This paper investigates whether the futures market responds to the news more sensitively and uses more diverse information than the spot market. The sensitivity to the news is measured by the coefficients of the model which regresses the daily changes in the futures prices to the daily changes in the theoretical prices computed from spot prices using the spot-futures parity. The diversity of news is measured by the mean range differences ($\overline{RD}$), mean hi-price differences($\overline{HD}$) and mean low-price differences. The data in this paper is the closing prices of the nearest-to-maturity and the second-nearest-to-maturity contracts of the KOSPI 200 index futures. As the estimates of the relative sensitivity of the futures prices($^{\beta}$) for the whole-period sample are not significantly different from 1, the sensitivity of two markets to the news are not different. However, $\hat{\beta}$ of the most recent period(Nov. 2002 to Dec. 2005) are strongly different from 1. And, in the most recent period, the futures price changes for the good news, which is defined as the price increase of KOSPI of more than 1.5% in a day, show additional sensitivity. Since the mean range different which measures the relative diversity of information used, are not significantly different from 0 for the whole-period and subperiod samples, and this can be interpreted that the futures market does not use more diverse information than the spot market. However, the mean high-price difference, which measures the relative diversity of good news, are significantly different from 0 for the nearest-maturity contracts in the whole-period and subperiod samples. This evidence supports that the futures prices reflects more diverse good news which brings price increase in the market.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.83-89
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• 2008

Eighty-four Holstein cows were used to evaluate effects of feeding two diets that differed in dietary cation-anion difference (cationic; +28 or anionic; -138 mEq/kg DM) on prepartum and postpartum dry matter intake (DMI), body weight (BW), body condition score (BCS), serum Ca concentrations and on subsequent milk production and composition. Treatments were in a $2{\times}3{\times}2$ factorial arrangement that included prepartum diet, dry period length (30 d dry, 30 d dry+estradiol cypionate (ECP), and 60 d dry), and prepartum and postpartum bST ($POSILAC^{(R)}$ 10.2 mg/d). No interaction of prepartum diet with dry period length or bST supplementation was detected for any measure evaluated either prepartum or postpartum. No significant effects of prepartum diet on prepartum DMI, BW or BCS were observed. Mean DMI during the first 28 d postpartum were similar for cows fed the cationic or anionic diets prepartum (25.5 vs. 26.1 kg/d). During postpartum wk 1 to 14, no differences in mean BW or BCS were detected due to prepartum diet fed but decreases for both groups were observed during the first 6 wk postpartum. No differences due to prepartum diet were observed for mean milk or 3.5% FCM yields or for milk composition during the first 10 wk of lactation. Similarly, mean milk yield of cows during the first 21 wk did not differ significantly due to prepartum diet fed (38.5 vs. 38.6 kg/d). Overall, cows fed the prepartum cationic or anionic diets had similar mean postpartum serum concentrations of Ca (9.34 vs. 9.35 mg/dl). Subsequent milk production, milk composition and concentrations of Ca did not differ. Importantly, the two prepartum diets were equally satisfactory in minimizing incidence of milk fever and in supporting initiation of lactation, irrespective of dry period length and supplemental ECP and bST.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.613-620
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• 2005

Tests of ventilatory function including pulmonary diffusing capacity were made in 18, the last period pregnant women and 20 non pregnant women. During the study was from May 22 to June 4, the subject of study refered 38 women (20 student and the staff of Physical Therapy at Masan college and 18 women who were examined at Masan OO obstetrics Hospital). All the studied subjects had no clinical abnormalities of the cardiorespiratory system. Mean FVC and FEV1.0 were significantly decreased in the last pregnant women compare with that of non pregnant women. All the Other Measurements were not differ from those of non pregnant women. The results of this study were as follows. l. Pregnancy was associated with decrease in mean FVC and FEVl.0, Which at the last period pregnant women were $2.70{\pm}0.58{\iota},\;2.31{\pm}0.53{\iota}$ below the non pregnant women mean $3.03{\pm}0.33,\;2.64{\pm}0.44{\iota}$ : Both changes were statistically significant.(P<0.05) 2. The mean VC, which at the last period pregnant women was $3.15{\pm}0.45{\iota}$ below the non pregnant women mean $3.28{\pm}0.33{\iota}$ and the mean IC $2.21{\pm}0.53{\iota}$ below the non pregnant women mean $2.22{\pm}0.54{\iota}$, but the difference were not statistically significant. 3. The mean ERV, IRV were not statistically significant between non pregnant women and pregnant women. 4. The mean TV were not statistically significant between non pregnant women and pregnant women. 5. The mean FEVl.0(G) were not statistically significant between non pregnant women and pregnant women.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.583-590
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• 1995

The three hundred and sixty nine patients who underwent either isolated or concomitant coronary artery bypass graft surgery since May, 1977 till December, 1993 at the Yonsei University Cardiovascular center were studied with respects to the incidence of operative risk factors, surgical methodology and consequent results. The patients were classified into two periods, according to the time of the surgery in relation to the date of the opening of the Yonsei cardiovascular center. Period I[1977 to 1990 , consisting of the patients who underwent surgery prior to the opening date, harboured a total of 189 patients with the mean age of 55 years, and the second, Period II[1991 to 1993 , those who underwent after the opening, of 180 patients with the mean age of 60 years. The Period II patients were involved in more operative risk factors, compared to the ones in Period I. The anatomy of the coronary arteries of the patients of Period II were more likely to have multilesional and left main disease. The patients in Period I were older, had more prominent left ventricular dysfunction and were more likely to be exposed to the risk factors. The number of implanted grafts were greater period II[average of 2.5 grafts per patient in Period I VS 3.2 in Period II and the frequency which the used left internal mammary artery was also significantly higher in Period II[49 and 104 cases in Period I and Period II . The incidence of perioperative myocardial infarction was 20 patients[10.6% in Period I, 14 patients[7.8% in period II. And the operative mortality was 20 patients[10.6% in period I, 8 patients[4.4% in period II. In conclusion we think that the operative results have improved in Period II, compared to that of Period I, in spite of the higher risks, due to accumulation of surgical experiences, improved surgical techniques and myocardial protection, specialized teamwork, application of the intraoperative TEE and appropriate pharmacological interventions by anesthesiologist.