• Atmosphere
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.525-537
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• 2021

Black ices on road surfaces in winter tend to cause severe and terrible accidents. It is very difficult to detect black ice events in advance due to their localities as well as sensitivities to surface and upper meteorological variables. This study develops a methodology to detect the road sections vulnerable to black ice with the use of road surface temperature data obtained from a mobile road weather observation vehicle. The 7 experiments were conducted on the route from Nam-Wonju IC to Nam-Andong IC (132.5 km) on the Jungang Expressway during the period from December 2020 to February 2021. Firstly, temporal road surface temperature data were converted to the spatial data with a 50 m resolution. Then, the spatial road surface temperature was normalized with zero mean and one standard deviation using a simple normalization, a linear de-trend and normalization, and a low-pass filter and normalization. The resulting road thermal map was calculated in terms of road surface temperature differences. A road ice index was suggested using the normalized road temperatures and their horizontal differences. Road sections vulnerable to black ice were derived from road ice indices and verified with respect to road geometry and sky view, etc. It was found that black ice could occur not only over bridges, but also roads with a low sky view factor. These results are expected to be applicable to the alarm service for black ice to drivers.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.5
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• pp.107-119
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• 1984

In this article we reviewed the phenomena and processes of normalizing children through documentary records with interest in the aim of Montessori's education methods. The Montessori education method is based on the theory that all children should be respected and their works prized. The normalization of children does not mean only to turn abnormal children into normal ones, but to make normal characteristics - calmness, self-confidence, happiness or patience, etc.- which are latent in themselves, appear on the surface and remold them as new children. To achieve normalization some prerequisites are necessary. They are as follows: 1) The principle of freedom. The freedom in Montessori's education has some limits in prepared environments suitable for developing children as whole persons through their spontaneous activities. 2) Development of the phenomenon of children's attention. Arousal of their attention in the children's primitive inner impulse and sense of spiritual hunger. To satisfy their hunger children divert their interest to certain objects and come to repeated exercise of intelligence. 3) Concentration and repetitive phenomena. Repetition through children's concentration phenomenon is a natural and important fundamental behavior which controls their mental power. Repetitive behavior will form serious discipline and promote development of their intelligence.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.424-430
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• 2012

Objective: The purpose of this study was to present the standard deviation of the elemental normalization of concentration of selected heavy metals in the surface sediment of Lake Paldang. Methods: Grain size dependency of selected heavy metal concentrations in the surface sediments of Lake Paldang was analyzed by the extrapolation method. The heavy metal concentrations were the sum of all fractions. Results: Cd and Cu showed an increase of the coefficient of determination($r^2$) in the fractional content of particle size, from <256 ${\mu}m$ to <20 ${\mu}m$, and a decrease from <20 ${\mu}m$ to <1 ${\mu}m$. The normalized concentration of Cd and Cu by extrapolation at 50% <20 ${\mu}m$ were 0.8 mg/kg, 37.0 mg/kg, 57.6 mg/kg and 201.7 mg/kg respectively. Conclusions: The normalized concentrations in the sediment of Lake Paldang are 1.5-2.0 times higher than mean average concentration. We concluded that in interpretation of heavy metal concentration in the sediment of Lake Paldang, normalization of grain size dependency should be considered.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.155-165
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to compare the muscle activities of Double Legged Jump (DLJ) and Single Legged Jump (SLJ) by the normalization of muscle activity. Eight college students without the lower extremity injuries were selected as subjects for collecting EMG data of vastus medialis and gastrocnemius. The entire section of motion was established as eccentric and concentric contractions, and each of the contractions was divided into three sections with equal timing intervals, which becomes a total of 6 phases. The EMG data of each phase was integrated and normalized. The muscle activities of the vastus medialis for both eccentric and concentric contractions were significantly different between DLJ and SLJ(p<.05). The increase in overall muscle activity of SLJ was 33.6%. Approximately, there was an increase of 25.9% in eccentric contraction and 40% in concentric contraction. Moreover, the data of the muscle activity of gastrocnemius was similar to the data of the muscle activity of vastus medialis. In conclusion, this research suggests muscle activity of a certain motion can be normalized for an analysis of another motion.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2017

The maximum zero error probability (MZEP) algorithm outperforms MSE (mean squared error)-based algorithms in impulsive noise environment. The magnitude controlled input (MCI) which is inherent in that algorithm is known to plays the role in keeping the algorithm undisturbed from impulsive noise. In this paper, a new approach to normalize the step size of the MZEP with average power of the MCI is proposed. In the simulation under impulsive noise with the impulse incident rate of 0.03, the performance enhancement in steady state MSE of the proposed algorithm, compared to the MZEP, is shown to be by about 2 dB.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.413-420
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• 2012

Spectroscopic measurement method based on visible and near-infrared wavelengths was prominent technology for rapid and non-destructive evaluation of internal quality of fruits. Reflectance measurement was performed to evaluate firmness, soluble solid content, and acid content of truss tomatoes by hyperspectral reflectance imaging system. The Vis/NIR reflectance spectra was acquired from truss tomatoes sorted by 6 ripening stages. The multivariable analysis based on partial least square (PLS) was used to develop regression models with several preporcessing methods, such as smoothing, normalization, multiplicative scatter correction (MSC), and standard normal variate (SNV). The best model was selected in terms of coefficient of determination of calibration ($R_c^2$) and full cross validation ($R_{cv}^2$), and root mean standard error of calibration (RMSEC) and full cross validation (RMSECV). The results of selected models were 0.8976 ($R_p^2$), 6.0207 kgf (RMSEP) with gaussian filter of smoothing, 0.8379 ($R_p^2$), $0.2674^{\circ}Bx$ (RMSEP) with the mean of normalization, and 0.7779 ($R_p^2$), 0.1033% (RMSEP) with median filter of smoothing for firmness, soluble solid content (SSC), and acid content, respectively. Results show that Vis / NIR hyperspectral reflectance imaging technique has good potential for the measurement of internal quality of truss tomato.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SC
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.23-27
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• 2009

In this paper, we propose an effective compression method for electrocardiogram (ECG) signals. 1-D ECG signals are reconstructed to 2-D ECG data by period and complexity sorting schemes with image compression techniques to increase inter and intra-beat correlation. The proposed method added block division and mean-period normalization techniques on top of conventional 2-D data ECG compression methods. JPEG 2000 is chosen for compression of 2-D ECG data. Standard MIT-BIH arrhythmia database is used for evaluation and experiment. The results show that the proposed method outperforms compared to the most recent literature especially in case of high compression rate.

• Journal of Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.280-291
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• 2019

Potential utility of 14 candidate housekeeping genes as normalization reference for RT-qPCR analysis with developmental samples (fertilized eggs to late veliger larvae) in Pacific abalone Haliotis discus hannai was evaluated using four different statistical algorithms (geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper and comparative ΔCT method). Different algorithms identified different genes as the best candidates, and geometric mean-based final ranking from the most to the least stable expression was as follow: RPL5, RPL4, RPS18, RPL8, RPL7, UBE2, RPL7A, GAPDH, RPL36, PPIB, EF1A, ACTB and B-TU. The findings were further validated via relative quantification of metallothionein (MT) transcripts using the stable and unstable reference genes, and expression levels of MT were greatly influenced according to the choice of reference genes. In overall, our data suggest that RPL5 and RPS18, either singly or in combination, are appropriate for normalizing gene expression in developmental samples of this abalone species, whereas ACTB, B-TU and EF1A are less stable and not recommended. In addition, our findings propose that standard deviations in geometric ranking as well as geometric mean itself should also be taken into account for the final selection of reference gene(s). This study could be a useful basis to facilitate the generation of accurate and reliable RT-qPCR data with developmental samples in this abalone species.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.1150-1169
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• 2023

Edible insects are gaining popularity as a potential future food source because of their high protein content and efficient use of space. Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) are noteworthy because they can be used as feed for various animals including reptiles, dogs, fish, chickens, and pigs. However, if the edible insect industry is to advance, we should use automation to reduce labor and increase production. Consequently, there is a growing demand for sensing technologies that can automate the evaluation of insect quality. This study used short-wave infrared (SWIR) hyperspectral imaging to predict the proximate composition of dried BSFL, including moisture, crude protein, crude fat, crude fiber, and crude ash content. The larvae were dried at various temperatures and times, and images were captured using an SWIR camera. A partial least-squares regression (PLSR) model was developed to predict the proximate content. The SWIR-based hyperspectral camera accurately predicted the proximate composition of BSFL from the best preprocessing model; moisture, crude protein, crude fat, crude fiber, and crude ash content were predicted with high accuracy, with R² values of 0.89 or more, and root mean square error of prediction values were within 2%. Among preprocessing methods, mean normalization and max normalization methods were effective in proximate prediction models. Therefore, SWIR-based hyperspectral cameras can be used to create automated quality management systems for BSFL.

• Proceedings of the KSPS conference
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• 2005.04a
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• pp.49-52
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• 2005

Cepstral Mean Subtraction (CMS) makes effectively compensation for a channel distortion, but there are some shortcomings such as distortions of feature parameters, waiting for the whole speech sentence. By assuming that the silence parts have the channel characteristics, we consider the channel normalization using subtraction of cepstral means which are only obtained in the silence areas. If the considered techniques are successfully used for the channel compensation, the proposed method can be used for real time processing environments or time important areas. In the experiment result, however, the performance of our method is not good as CMS technique. From the analysis of the results, we found potentiality of the proposed method and will try to find the technique reducing the gap between CMS and ours method.