• Journal of Energy Engineering
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.137-148
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• 2015

So far, the phenomenon of "electrification" has been deepened in Korean industry and especially direct heating energy which accounted for 44.0%(2010) of total energy consumed in Korean manufacturing has been significantly electrified. This paper decomposed electricity consumption for direct heating in Korean manufacturing from 1992 to 2012 using LMDI(Log Mean Divisia Index). This paper includes 4 different factors such as electricity proportion effect, direct heating proportion effect, energy intensity effect and added value effect. And this paper compared the consumption pattern by business type. As results, electricity proportion effect had contributed the most to the increase of electricity consumption for direct heating in Korean manufacturing. And Petrol-Chemical and Iron & Steel had the most electrification of direct heating.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.47-52
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• 2010

The wave energy absorption efficiency and the first-order and the time-mean second-order wave loads of a three-dimensional bottom-mounted oscillating water column (OWC) chamber structure are studied. The potential problem is solved by making use of a hybrid Green integral equation associated with the finite-waterdepth free-surface Green function outside a twin chamber and the Rankine Green function inside taking account of the fluctuating air pressure inside the chamber. Numerical results of the primary wave energy converting efficiency and the oscillating and steady wave loads of a three-dimensional bottom-mounted OWC pilot plant have been presented.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.233-247
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• 1992

The changes in human milk composition from 2-5 days to 12 weeks postpartum were investigated. Milk from 62 mothers was anlyzed for total nitrogen(semimicro kjeldahl) lipid(utilizing a modified Folch) and lactose(enzymatic hydrolysis) Energy was calculated by frac-tional analysis. And the daily milk intakes and major nutrients and energy intakes of 18 exclusi-vely breast-fed infant were determined by the test-weighing procedure and the direct analysis of milk samples at 6 or 7 weeks postpartum. All samples were from well-defined subjects and uniform collection procedures were used. Total nitrogen content decreased significantly from 392 to 211 mg/dl lipid and lactose content increased from 1.94 to 3.06g/dl and 6.90 to 7.50g/dl respectively. And energy content increased 55.6 to 64.5 kcal/dl but was not statistically significant. The amount of milk ingested ranged from 432 to 1266 ml/day and the mean intake was 764 ml/day. Daily mean intakes for protein and energy were 10.0g and 450kcal in 6 or 7 weeks postpartum respectively.

• Journal of the Architectural Institute of Korea Structure & Construction
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• v.34 no.10
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• pp.37-44
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• 2018

In this study, the effects of considering hourly metabolic rate variations for predicted mean vote (PMV) control on the heating and cooling energy and greenhouse gas emission were investigated. The case adopting PMV control taking the hourly metabolic rate into account was comparatively analyzed against the conventional dry-bulb air temperature control, using a detailed simulation technique. Under the assumption that all the apartments in Korea adopt the PMV control incorporating real-time metabolic rate measurements, nationwide reductions of primary energy and greenhouse gas emission were analyzed. As a result, PMV control considering hourly metabolic rate variations is expected to reduce national primary energy by 6.2% compared to conventional dry-bulb air temperature control, corresponding to reduction of 10,342 GWh. In addition, it turned out that 6.6% of tCO2 emission can be reduced by adopting PMV control, corresponding to nationwide reduction of greenhouse gas emission by approximately 1,720,000 tCO2.

• Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.121-129
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• 2005

Food neophobia, unwillingness to try novel foods, is a personality trait that can influence children's food preferences and consequently their food acceptance and consumption. The purpose of this study was to determine whether children with food neophobia have poor dietary and growth outcomes compared to non-neophobic children. Subjects were 332 primary school children from 6 randomly selected schools in the district of Hulu Selangor, Selangor. Parents and children were interviewed to obtain demographic, socio-economic, food neophobia and dietary intake information. The children were also measured for weights and heights. One-way ANOVA and Chi-square procedures were utilized for statistical data analysis. Children with food neophobia had higher intakes of energy and most nutrients than average and neophilic children. However, only the mean intakes of protein (p < 0.05) , fat (p < 0.05), vitamin A (p < 0.01) and iron (p < 0.01) were significantly higher in neophobic than average or neophilic children. Compared to neophilic and average groups, a higher percentage of neophobic children met 2/3 of the RNIs for energy $(85.2\%)$, protein $(98.4\%)$ and vitamin A $(72.1\%)$. Mean percentage of carbohydrate energy was lowest$(54.8\pm6.6\%)$ while fat energy $(31.8\pm6.2\%)$ was highest among neophobic children. Neophobic group had the lowest percentage of children $(49.2\%)$ with carbohydrate energy > $55\%$ but highest percentage $(50.8\%)$ with fat energy > $30\%$. For the three study groups, the mean number of servings for all food groups, except grain and cereal, did not meet the Food Pyramid recommendations. Neophobic children consumed significantly more numbers of servings from the meat group than average and neophilic groups (p < 0.01). All study groups had relatively low mean dietary diversity scores but neophobic children had the lowest score $(0.67\pm0.73)$ compared to the average $(0.97\pm0.72)$ and neophilic $(1.98\pm0.81)$ groups. Significant difference in mean dietary diversity scores were only observed between neophobic and neophilic children (p<0.05). Higher percentages of neo-phobic children had low weight-for-height and were at-risk of overweight(p < 0.05). Nutrition practitioners need to understand children's food preferences in their efforts to promote healthful diets for children. To improve children's eating behaviors, parents may need the guidance and support from nutritionists and dietitians that are specific to their needs and their child's situation.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.20 no.7
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• pp.1039-1048
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• 2007

Two experiments were conducted to determine whether leptin is a metabolic signal for gonadotropin secretion in ewes. In the first experiment, twenty-eight cyclic Chal ewes were assigned randomly to an energy restricted, no leptin group (ERNL) (60% of maintenance; n = 14) and an energy normal, no leptin group (ENNL) (100% of maintenance; n = 14) for 71 days (6 estrous cycles). Estrus was synchronized with seven consecutive injections of $PGF_{2{\alpha}}$ Biweekly, body weight (BW) and body condition score (BCS) were determined and blood samples were collected to measure plasma leptin concentration. Blood samples were also taken to determine plasma progesterone concentration twice weekly. After each PG injection from the second injection to the end of experiment, four ewes were selected and blood samples were collected at 20 minutes and at hourly intervals for 3 h to detect plasma LH and FSH concentration. In the second experiment, after the ceasing of the estrous cycle caused by energy restriction, six acyclic ewes were selected and randomly allotted to two groups (n = 3) and received the following treatment for four days. Ewes in an energy restricted, leptin group (ERL) were fed with a ration which provided 60% of maintenance energy requirements and intravenously injected with $4{\mu}g$ leptin/kg BW daily. Ewes in an energy excess, no leptin group (EENL) were fed with a ration that provided 180% (120%+60%) of maintenance energy requirements and intravenously injected with 1 ml saline daily. In both groups, blood samples were collected at 20 minutes and at hourly intervals for 3 h before feeding on d 0 and d 5, and for 3 h before and after injections as above on d 2 and d 4 to detect plasma LH and FSH concentration. In the first experiment, BW and BCS from the $2^{nd}$ estrous cycle, and leptin from the $3^{rd}$ estrous cycle to the end of the experiment significantly (p<0.05) decreased. In ERNL ewes, mean plasma concentrations of FSH significantly (p<0.01) decreased from the $4^{th}$ estrous cycle to d 71 and LH pulsatile secretion was suppressed on d 71, so that, mean plasma concentrations of LH (p<0.05), LH pulse frequency (p<0.01) and LH pulse amplitude (p<0.05) significantly decreased. In the second experiment, injection of leptin significantly increased mean circulating concentrations of LH (p<0.05), LH pulse frequency (p<0.01), LH pulse amplitude (p<0.05) and mean circulating concentrations of FSH (p<0.01) and leptin (p<0.01). High energy intake significantly (p<0.05) stimulated pulsatile secretion of LH and leptin secretion (p<0.01), but non-significantly increased plasma FSH concentration. The results of this study indicate that leptin is a metabolic signal for the GnRH-LH/FSH axis in feed-restricted fat-tailed ewes.

• Atmosphere
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.1-18
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• 2015

The most objective way to overcome the limitation of numerical weather prediction model is to represent the uncertainty of prediction by introducing probabilistic forecast. The uncertainty of the numerical weather prediction system developed due to the parameterization of unresolved scale motions and the energy losses from the sub-scale physical processes. In this study, we focused on the growth of model errors. We performed ensemble forecast to represent model uncertainty. By employing the multi-physics scheme (PHYS) and the stochastic kinetic energy backscatter scheme (SKEBS) in simulating typhoon Rusa (2002), we assessed the performance level of the two schemes. The both schemes produced better results than the control run did in the ensemble mean forecast of the track. The results using PHYS improved by 28% and those based on SKEBS did by 7%. Both of the ensemble mean errors of the both schemes increased rapidly at the forecast time 84 hrs. The both ensemble spreads increased gradually during integration. The results based on SKEBS represented model errors very well during the forecast time of 96 hrs. After the period, it produced an under-dispersive pattern. The simulation based on PHYS overestimated the ensemble mean error during integration and represented the real situation well at the forecast time of 120 hrs. The displacement speed of the typhoon based on PHYS was closest to the best track, especially after landfall. In the sensitivity tests of the model uncertainty of SKEBS, ensemble mean forecast was sensitive to the physics parameterization. By adjusting the forcing parameter of SKEBS, the default experiment improved in the ensemble spread, ensemble mean errors, and moving speed.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.10 no.12
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• pp.2243-2250
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• 2006

When a patient is positioned at insulated bed and practitioner is positioned at insulated floor, that condition could be a cause of lessening effect in acupuncture practice. We investigated how Ground connection and Insulation could influence on the electrical meridian potential between practitioner and patient during acupuncture practice. We treated 30 normal healthy subjects with acupuncture and measured changes in the electrical potential between the stomach meridian points ST-39 and ST-37 in response to light touch after insertion of a needle at ST-36. At first, we stimulated non-insulated needle and measured electrical potentials for non ground, patient ground only, practitioner ground only, all ground respectively. Then we used insulated needles and measured same as above. Non-insulated all ground subject elicited positive mean potential $44.6{\pm}19.2{\mu}V$ and showed $181.4{\pm}59.7{\mu}V$ peak to peak potential. Practitioner ground only showed negative mean potential of $51.5{\pm}9.3{\mu}V$ and $367.4{\pm}27.8{\mu}V$ of peak to peak potential. Patient ground only revealed no mean potential of $2.9{\pm}1.3{\mu}V$, $16.4{\pm}11.9{\mu}V$ of peak to peak potential. All ground showed no mean potential of $1.6{\pm}0.7{\mu}V$, $3.3{\pm}1.9{\mu}V$ of peak to peak potential. In case of Insulated condition, there elicited no mean potential. Non ground and Practitioner only showed weak value of peak to peak potential as $7.8{\pm}2.6{\mu}V$ and $8.4{\pm}2.5{\mu}V$ each. But patient only and all ground showed no potential as $4.7{\pm}2.2{\mu}V$, $3.4{\pm}2.2{\mu}V$, respectively. Therefore, Ground connection modulate the energy transfer course between practitioner and patient. Insulation block energy transfer but static electrical impulse between practitioner and patient.

• Solar Energy
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.51-60
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• 1994

The fluidization characteristics of the furan foundry sand fluidized bed and the heat transfer characteristics on a single spiral coil tube in the bed have been investigated. In the paper, the heat transfer coefficients for a single spiral coil tube are measured in the furan foundry sand bed as a function of the ratio of heated coil tube pitch to diameter(p/Do) and the ratio of heated coil tube pitch to particle size(p/dp). The experimental results are as follows. 1) Mean heat transfer coefficients increases according to the increasing ratio of heated coil tube pitch to diameter(p/Do). 2) The Increasing rates of mean Nusselt numbers are more greater in the case of p/Do=1.58 than p/Do=4.75. 3) Mean Nusselt number can be expressed by the following equation, $Nu_{mean}=C\;Re^m\;Pr_g^{0.4}(p/dp)^n$.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.70-83
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• 1989

A nutrition survey of 209 children, 6 to 13 years old, in the namgok elemetnary school at Namsamyun, Yongin-gun, Kyonggi province, was undertaken in July of 1987, to investigate dietary and nutritional status. Mean value of hight was 98% of the Korean standard established by the Korean Standards Research Institute. However, in these terms, 7.7% of the subjects were proven to be short, mean value of weight was 94.5 of the Korean standard. However, in these terms, 9.3% of the subjects were proven to be moderatly underweight ; whereas 10.4% of the subjects were proven to be over weight. By the WHO criterion, 18.4% of the subjects showed lower figures of hemoglobin than anemic level of 12gm%/이. Mean urinary urea nitogen/creatinine ratio was 9.1$\pm$5.0 Carbohyudrate provided 68% of total energy intake ; protein accunted for 13% ; fat provided 19%. Energy intake was divided among breakfast, lunch, dinner and snacks in a percentage ratio of 22 : 44 : 24 : 13. The survey clarified that the elementary school feeding largely supplemented the inadequate intake of these chidren at home.