• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.747-754
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• 2003

The actual clothing conditions were surveyed to diagnose clothing condition of Korean female in the view point of the adaptation to the thermal environment according to seasonal changes. Then, clothing microclimate, physiological responses, and subjective sensation were investigated through wearing trials on human body in climatic chamber based on the results from the survey. Factors to evaluate validity of clothing condition were clothing weight, clothing microclimate, physiological response of human body, and subjective sensation. The results were as follows: 1. Clothing weight per body surface area of the season was $856g/m^{2}$, $439g/m^{2}$ in summer, $630g/m^{2}$ in fall, and $1184g/m^{2}$ in winter. Cold - resistance of Korean female in office was superior to Japanese, inferior to residents of rural areas of Korea, and similar to male in office. However, in heat - resistance, female in office was inferior to residents of rural areas of Korea. 2. In spring, fall, winter, clothing microclimate temperature was a little higher than that in summer. Therefore, it was not a desirable wearing condition even though the clothing microclimate was comfortable zone. 3. Mean skin temperature of female in office was including within the range of Winslow's comfortable zone, but the range of comfortable zone in mean skin temperature of female was more narrow than Winslow's. Thus, it has problem for female to adaptation to thermal environment.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.1340-1350
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• 1995

The effects of thermal stratification on the flow past a heated circular cylinder with various heating rates were examined in a wind tunnel. Turbulent intensities, r.m.s.values of temperature and turbulent convective heat flux distributions in the cylinder wakes with and without thermal stratification were measured by using a hot-wire and cold-wire combination probe. The phase averaging method was also used to estimate coherent contributions to the turbulent flow field in the near wake. The results show that the scalar mixing process is very different according to the mean temperature fields especially in the upper part of the wake. The coherent structure of the temperature field makes a large contribution to the time mean value like velocity components. However, the coherency of the temperature fluctuation is very different with the change of mean temperature fields, though the velocity coherent motions are quite similar in all experimental conditions.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.589-595
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• 2015

This study examines how exercise habits affect human thermoregulatory responses. A total of 14 healthy male college students participated in this study as subjects: 8 students who exercised regularly (REG) and 6 students who did not (IREG). First, there were no significant differences between REG and IREG in rectal and mean skin temperatures. Second, the general thermal sensation was "slightly warm" at the equilibrium state and "cool" during body cooling in both groups with no significant differences between the two groups. This implies that exercise habits did not affect the subjective thermal sensation under this study's environmental conditions. Third, there were no significant correlations between the preferred temperature and related variables such as rectal and mean skin temperature changes, oxygen uptake, and the general thermal sensation in REG. However, there were significant correlations between the preferred temperature and the mean skin temperature change (p<0.05) and oxygen uptake(p<0.01) in IREG. In sum, these results suggest weak effects of exercise habits on daily life at the individual level. Therefore, future research should verify this study's results under controlled conditions such as cooling intensity and durations.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.20 no.11
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• pp.711-717
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• 2008

Despite the fact that UFAD(Under Floor Air Distribution) systems have many benefits and are being applied in the field in increasing numbers, there is a strong need for an improved fundamental understanding of several key performance features of these systems. This study numerically investigates the effect of supplied air temperature and supplied flow rate on the performance of UFAD, especially focused on thermal comfort. Also this study has compared UFAD with conventional overhead air distribution system. In contrast to the well-mixed room air conditions of the conventional overheat system, UFAD system produces an overall floor-to-ceiling airflow pattern that takes advantage of the natural buoyancy produced by heat sources in the occupied zone and more efficiently removes heat loads and contaminants from the space. Thermal comfort parameters were evaluated by CFD approach and then PMV was computed to detect the occupants' thermal sensation. Results show that radiative mean temperature plays crucial role on the evaluating PMV. Until now, the radiative temperature has been the missing link between CFD and thermal comfort, but the present study paves the way for overcoming this weakness.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.424-433
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• 2012

Purpose: To investigate the accuracy, precision and validity of fever detection of tympanic membrane (TM), temporal artery (TA) and axillary temperature (AT) compared with pulmonary artery temperature (PA). Methods: Repeated-measures design was conducted for one year on 83 adult cardiac care unit patients with pulmonary artery catheters after open heart surgery. Sequential temperature measurements were taken three times at 20-minute intervals. Accuracy, precision, repeatability, and validity of fever detection were analyzed. Results: Mean pulmonary artery temperature was $37.04^{\circ}C$ (SD $0.70^{\circ}C$). The mean (SD) offsets from PA, with the mean reflecting accuracy and SD reflecting precision, were $-1.31^{\circ}C$ ($0.75^{\circ}C$) for TA, $-0.20^{\circ}C$ ($0.24^{\circ}C$) for TM, and $-0.97^{\circ}C$ ($0.64^{\circ}C$) for AT. Percentage of pairs with differences within ${\pm}0.5^{\circ}C$ was 9.6% for TA, 19.7% for AT, and 91.6% for TM. Repeated measurements with all three methods had mean SD values within $0.04^{\circ}C$. Sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of tympanic measurements were 0.76, 1.0, and 1.0, and 0.90, respectively. Conclusion: Results show that TM best reflects PA, and is most consistent, accurate, and precise. AT tends to underestimate PA, and TA is least accurate and precise. Therefore tympanic membrane measurement is a reliable alternative to other non-invasive methods of measuring temperatures.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.19
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• pp.100-131
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• 1975

To obtain basic information on the improvement of naked barley production. and to clarify the relation-ships between yield or yield components and some meteorogical factors for yield prediction were the objectives of this study. The basic data used in this study were obtained from the experiments carried out for 16 years from 1958 to 1974 at the Chon-nam Provincial Office of Rural development. The simple correlation coefficients and multiple regression coefficients among the yield or yield components and meteorogical factors were calculated for the study. Days to emergence ranged from 8 to 26 days were reduced under conditions of mean minimum air temperature were high. The early emergence contributed to increasing plant height and number of tillers as well as to earlier maximum tillering and heading date. The plant height before wintering showed positive correlations with the hours of sunshine. On the other hand, plant height measured on march 1st and March 20th showed positive correlation with the amount of precipitation and negative correlation with the hours of sunshine during the wintering or regrowth stage. Kernel weights were affected by the hours of sunshine and rainfall after heading, and kernel weights were less variable when the hours of sunshine were relatively long and rainfalls in May were around 80 to 10mm. It seemed that grain yields were mostly affected by the climatic condition in March. showing the negative correlation between yield and mean air temperature, minimum air temperature during the period. In the other hand, the yield was shown to have positive correlation with hours of sunshine. Some yield prediction equations were obtained from the data of mean air temperature, mean minimum temperature and accumulated air temperature in March. Yield prediction was also possible by using multiple regression equations, which were derived from yield data and the number of spikes and plant height as observed at May 20th.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.229-236
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• 2010

A study was conducted to investigate the effect of water temperature and photoperiod on the oxygen consumption of the fasting juvenile Pacific cod Gadus macrocephalus (mean body weight 79.9${\pm}$2.0 g) in order to quantify metabolic response of the species under given conditions. The oxygen consumption rate (OCR) of G. macrocephalus was measured under a combination of four different water temperatures (7, 10, 13 and $16^{\circ}C$) and three different photoperiods (24L:0D, 12L:12D and 0L:24D) with an interval of 5 minutes over a 24-hour period using a closed recirculating respirometer. Three replicates were set up in each treatment. OCRs increased with increased water temperatures under all photoperiod conditions (P<0.001). Mean OCRs at 7, 10, 13 and 16oC ranged from 793.7~1108.4, 1145.7~1570.3, 1352.8~1742.5 and 1458.2~1818.6 mg $O_2$ $kg^{-1}$ $h^{-1}$, respectively. Under all water temperature conditions except $7^{\circ}C$ (P<0.001), mean OCRs of G. macrocephalus were the highest in continuous light (24L:0D) followed by 12L:12D and 0L:24D photoperiods. Mean OCRs of fish exposed to the 12L:12D photoperiod were significantly higher during the light phase than during the dark phase under all temperature conditions (P<0.001). $Q_{10}$ values ranged from 3.19~5.13 between 7 and $10^{\circ}C$, 1.41~1.74 between 10 and $13^{\circ}C$ and 1.15~1.35 between 13 and $16^{\circ}C$, respectively. Based on overall results, water temperature, photoperiod and their combinations exerted a significant influence on the metabolic rate of juvenile cod. This study provides empirical data for estimating the amount of oxygen demand and managing the culture of cod under the given water temperatures and photoperiods.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.201-215
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• 2010

This paper aimed to analyze the impact of temperature rising on the change of cultivation area and yields of apple. This study used apple data from statistical year book and climate data from Daegu, Uiseong, and Jangsu weather station. It was investigated whether temperature rising have had significant impact on apple. In the 1970s, the apple grew mostly in the southern part of Gyeongsangbuk-do between regions in and around Daegu and Gyeongsan. Recently, the cultivation area and yields of apple were concentrated on northern part of Gyeongsangbuk-do between regions in and around Uiseong and Mungyeong. The mean temperature from April to October is good in Uiseong and Jangsu. But the mean temperature from April to October is higher than optimal condition in Daegu. It means that temperature rising have a bad influence in apple cultivation. The daily temperature range is decreasing in Daegu and Jangsu, but it is increasing in Uiseong.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.497-502
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• 2000

For the analysis of geothermal energy utilization in agriculture the relations between soil temperature and geographical variables such as latitude longitude and sea level in Korea were analyzed and the regression equations were suggested among them. The measured soil temperature data for four years in eighteen cities were used to get the soil temperature fitting equation depending on the soil depth and the time of year in each city. The mean correlation coefficient for those data fitting was 0.980. the correlation coefficient of regression analysis for the mean soil temperature($T_{m}$) on the geographical variables such as latitude longitude and height above sea level was 0.958 and those for soil surface temperature amplitude(Tss) and phase constant(tp) were 0.889, 0.835, respectively. The relation between the apparent thermal diffusivity of the soil and the three geographical variables was not significant. The regression equations for the mean soil temperature($T_{m}$) soil surface temperature amplitude(Tss) and phase constant(tp) adopting latitude($X_{1}$) longitude($X_2$) height above sea level($X_3$) were as follows : $T_{m}$=50.049 - $0.849X_1$-$0.03131X_2$-$0.00622X_3$Tss=-6.970 +$0.584X_1$+$0.00530X_2$-$0.00214X_3$tp=70.353 - $1.404X_1$+ $0.02098X_2$+ $0.00312X_3$

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.381-388
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• 1998

Hot and humid weather in summer generally brings about discomfort. Experiments on which relative humidity makes effects on the comfort sensation were performed to the young and the aged using sensation vote. From July to October 1996, seven college students and eleven aged people were exposed for 2 hours under six different conditions in the Pukyong National University test chamber so as to determine the effects of relative humidity on thermal and comfort sensations. Subjects were wearing same clothes, and the mean clo value was 0.5. The mean radiant temperature was equal to the air temperature and air velocity in the occupied zone around 0.lm/s. In the experiments, it was found that discomfort could be largely reduced when the humidity is controlled to low values in the settled high temperature.