• 콘크리트학회논문집
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.473-480
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• 2016

본 연구에서는 550 MPa급 고강도 철근을 사용한 낮은 형상비를 갖는 철근콘크리트 전단벽체의 벽체-기초 접합부에서의 전단마찰 파괴거동을 평가하기 위한 해석적 방안을 마련하는 것을 목표로 한다. 형상비, 경계면에서의 마찰계수, 배근상세, 각 방향으로의 철근비, 재료물성 등의 다양한 변수를 갖는 총 16개의 실험체를 검증 대상으로 선정하여 저자 등에 의해 개발된 비선형 유한요소해석 프로그램(RCAHEST)에 콘크리트 구조설계기준(2012)과 CEB-FIP Model code 2010을 바탕으로 경계면에서 수정된 전단마찰 구성관계식을 적용하여 해석을 수행하였다. 최대 하중에 대한 실험과 해석으로부터의 결과는 평균과 변동계수가 각각 1.04와 17% 정도로 예측하였고 일부 실험체를 제외하고 파괴모드와 파괴시까지의 전반적인 거동 특성을 적절히 평가하였다. 결과를 종합해 볼 때, 수정된 전단마찰 구성관계식을 적용한 해석프로그램은 해석 결과에 비교적 높은 신뢰도를 확보하고 있는 것으로 판단된다.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.148-169
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• 1994

The concept of biologic attachment of load-bearing implants has developed over the past decades as an alternative to the difficulties associated with long term implantation using mechanical fixation and bone cement. The choice of implant material is also as critical an element as site preparation or insertion procedure. The properties of implants that affect host tissue responses are not limited to chemical composition alone, but also include shape, surface characteristics, site of implantation, and mechanical interaction with host tissues. Initial mechanical interlocking prevents micromotion and may be a prerequisite for direct bone apposition. A hard tightening of screws does not necessarily mean a stronger fixation and final tightening of the fixtures is dependent on the experience of the operator. Removal torque is lower than insertion torque. The purpose of this study was to investigate differences in the removal torques at the bone-implant interface of polished and sandblasted Titanium. This experiment will give insight into important factors that must be considered when interpreting in vivo screwing forces on implants during the connection of the transmucosal abutments. We evaluated the significance of different surface textures by comparison of the withdrawal forces necessary for removal of otherwise identical rough and polished implants of Titanium and also evaluated interfacial response on the light microscopic level to implant surface. And the priority of the area of insertion on osseointegration were evaluated. 9 Titanium implants - among them, 3 were for the developmental - of either a smooth or rough surface finish were inserted in the dog mandible in the right side. 3 months later Kanon Torque Gauge was used to unscrew the implants. The results were as follows : 1. No significant difference was seen in the removal torque due to variation in surface treatment, 23 Ncm for the sandblasted and 23.33 Ncm for the polished surface (p>0.05). 2. Implants in the anterior (25 Ncm) mandible showed better resistance to unscrewing in comparison to ones in the posterior (18 Ncm) region (p<0.05). 3. Developmental fixtures (22 Ncm) had similar pullout strength to the control group (p>0.05).

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.453-464
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• 2013

본 연구에서는 FSM 축과 코스레 맹그로브 퇴적물 내 7개 중금속(Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd 및 Pb)의 오염도를 평가하였다. 맹그로브 퇴적물 내 중금속의 평균농도는 Cr 642 ${\mu}g/g$, Ni 125 ${\mu}g/g$, Cu 46.9 ${\mu}g/g$, Zn 149 ${\mu}g/g$, As 15.6 ${\mu}g/g$, Cd 0.14 ${\mu}g/g$ 및 Pb 8.55 ${\mu}g/g$으로 Cr의 농도가 가장 높았으며 Cd이 가장 낮은 농도로 존재하고 있었다. 축과 코스레 지역을 비교하면 코스레 맹그로브 퇴적물은 Cr과 Ni의 농도가 축에 비해 높았으며, 나머지 원소인 Cu, Zn, As, Cd 및 Pb는 축 맹그로브 퇴적물에서의 농도가 코스레에 비해 높은 것으로 나타났다. 세계의 맹그로브 지역의 퇴적물 내 중금속의 농도와 비교한 축과 코스레 지역에서 채취한 맹그로브 퇴적물 Cr, Ni 및 As의 농도는 인간활동에 의한 인위적인 오염이 존재하는 다른 지역보다 높은 수준으로 나타났으며, Cu, Zn, Cd 및 Pb은 오염되지 않은 지역과 유사한 농도를 나타내었다. EF와 PLI를 이용하여 농축도(오염도) 평가결과에 의하면, As의 농축도는 높으나 나머지 원소는 오히려 배경농도에 비해 결핍된 것을 알 수 있었다.

• 환경영향평가
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.252-271
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• 2020

본 연구에서는 대불산업단지 내 14개 지점에서 채취한 도로먼지의 입도, 중금속 성분, 자기특성 등 물리 화학적 특성을 파악하고, 오염도 평가를 통해 주변 환경에 미치는 영향에 대한 고찰을 시행하였다. 도로먼지 내 금속농도는 Fe>Zn>Cu>Pb>Cr>Ni>As>Cd>Hg 순이었으며, 중금속류 오염은 연구지역의 주요 산업 및 교통 활동에 영향을 받은 것으로 나타났다. 도로먼지 내 중금속 원소와 입도와의 상관관계 분석결과는 Fe 및 모든 분석된 원소가 서로 유의한 상관관계를 가지며, 입자크기와는 유의한 음의 상관성을 가짐을 보여주었다(p<0.05). 그러나 큰 금속 입자들의 노면 유입으로 인해 일부 금속의 경우 >1000 ㎛의 입자의 중금속류 농도가 가장 높았으며, 이 분율의 단위면적당 오염부하량이 다른 입도분율보다 높았다. 도로먼지에서 자성입자의 분리 후 Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb의 농도 수준이 전체의 85(As)-22(Ni)%로 감소함을 알 수 있었다. 연구지역 도로먼지의 평균 중금속 오염도는 3지역 토양환경 우려기준을 초과하지 않아 우려할 수준은 아닌 것으로 나타났으나, 일부 지점의 경우 Zn 농도 기준을 초과해 재 비산이나 비점오염유출 등을 통해 도로먼지가 주변 환경에 미치는 영향과 효과적 관리방법에 대한 더욱 자세한 연구가 필요한 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.460-473
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• 2017

In order to certificate the contamination assessment of heavy metals in surface sediments from the Nakdong river. Surface sediments were collected of 24 sampling sites (main 14st., tributary 10st.) and analyzed for grain size heavy metals contents. Study area mainly composed of sand (avg. 94.1%) and mean grain size was $1.46{\Phi}$ on average. Heavy metals contents (avg. Al: 12.5%, Zn; 74.4, Cr: 45.3, Li: 26.0, Pb: 17.1, Ni: 10.5, Cu: 7.8, Cd: 0.22 mg/kg) were relatively high contents in the composed of fine sediments. In addition, the results of pearson's correlation coefficient showed that most heavy metals and grain size (silt and clay) were highly correlated. The contents of Zn (6st.) and Ni (1st.) evaluated as moderately polluted, Zn (6st.) evaluated as LEL when compared with sediment quality standard of USEPA and Ontario sediment quality guidelines. Most heavy metals contents were I levels that dose not affected the benthos when compared with sediment pollution evaluation standard of NIER. The results of EX, EF, Igeo and CF showed the contents of Zn, Pb and Cd exceed the background contents and distributing of anthropogenic pollution and evaluated as moderately polluted level. And Nm-08 were relatively high level of contamination in the study area. However as results of PLI (less than 1), all sampling sites were evaluated unpolluted level.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제2권3호
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• pp.87-99
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• 1982

R.C.도로교(道路橋) 상부구조(上部構造)의 신뢰성(信賴性) 설계(設計) 기준(基準) 제안(提案)는 것이 본(本) 연구(硏究)의 주요 내요(內容)이다. T형 및 4각형 단면(斷面)의 저항(抵抗) 불확실량(不確實量)과 교량사하중(橋梁死荷重) 및 교통활하중(交通活荷重)에 대한 불확실량(不確實量) 우리의 현실(現實)을 반영하는 적절(適切)한 값으로 제안(提案)하였다. Cornell의 MFOSM과 Lind Hasofer의 AFOSM을 포함하는 주요 2차(次)모멘트 신뢰성(信賴性) 이론(理論)을 비교(比較) 분석(分析)하므로서 Elllngwood의 반복시행(反復試行) 알고리즘과 대수정규형(對數正規型) 근사공식(近似公式)을 본(本) 연구(硏究)에서 제안(提案)하는 신뢰성(信賴性) 해석(解析) 및 설계기준(設計基準)의 유도에 사용함이 적절(適切)하다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 현행(現行) 도로교(道路橋) 설계규준(設計規準)에 따라 Calibration 하므로서 목표신뢰성지수(目標信賴性指數) ${\beta}_0=3.5$를 우리의 현실(現實)을 반영하는 최적치(最適値)로 선택(選擇)하였다. 상기(上記)한 불확실량(不確實量) 해석(解析) 이론(理論)에 의해 ${\beta}_0=3.5$에 대응(對應)하는 하중(荷重) 및 저항계수(抵抗係數)를 유도하였다. 그리고 현행(現行) WSD 도로교(道路橋) 설계(設計) 규준(規準)을 위해 신뢰성(信賴性) 이론(理論)에 의한 공칭안전율(公稱安全率)과 허용응력(許容應力)을 제안(提案)하였다. 본(本) 연구(硏究)에서 제안(提案)하는 R.C.도로교(道路橋)의 LRFD 신뢰성(信賴性) 설계기준(設計基準) 현행(現行) R.C.표준설계(標準設計) 시방서(示方書)의 규준(規準)에 대응(對應)하는 설계기준(設計基準)으로 도입(導入)함이 바람직하다는 사실(事實) 확인(確認)할 수 있었다.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.165-179
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• 1993

Dicor has not been prescribed routinely, in spite of many advantages, because of esthetic limitations by excessive translucency and external shading. In an attempt to solve these problems, the technique of veneering Dicor by aluminous poreclain has been used and recently Dicor Plus system was developed. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the compatibility between Dicor and several veneering porcelains by measuring the shear bond strength and observing the failure mode and interface appearance with SEM. Total 55 Dicor disks(10.0mm diam. X 3.0mm thickness) were fabricated by lost wax technique and divided into five groups of 11. Veneering porcelains such as Dicor Plus, Vitadur Alpha, Vitadur N, Vivodent, and Ceramco II were built up over the center of the treated Dicor surface using paper tube(5.0mm diam. X 4.0mm height) and fired according to the manufacturesr’instructions. A representative sample from each group was completely embedded in epoxy resin and crosssectioned, and remaining 50 samples were embedded in epoxy resin with the bonded area perpendicular to table base. The shear bond strengths were measured by applying the shear load parallel to Dicor surface close to the bonded area. Failure modes and interface appearances were observed using SEM at 15 and 1000 magnification respectively. The obtained results were as follows : 1. The mean shear bond strengths showed Dicor-Dicor Plus(10.53 MPa); Dicor-Vitadur Alpha(8.84 MPa); Dicor-Vitadur N(7.37 MPa); Dicor-Vivodent(4.28 MPa); Dicor-Ceramco II(0.89 MPa). 2. The shear bond strength of Dicor-CeramcoII was significantly decreased compared with Dicor-Dicor Plus(p<0.01), but had no significant difference compared with Dicor-Vivodent(p>0.01). 3. The shear bond strengths of Dicor-Vitadur Alpha and Dicor-Vitadur N were not significantly different compared with Dicor-Dicor Plus(p>0.01). 4. SEM examination of bond failure modes revealed that Dicor-Dicor plus, Dicor-Vitadur Alpha, Dicor-Vitadur N exhibited cohesive failure within Dicor and Dicor-Vivodent exhibited adhesive failure. And Dicor-Ceramco III exhibited adhesive failure and cohesive failure within CeramcoIII together. 5. SEM examination of interfaces revealed that Dicor-Dicor Plus exhibited the most tight contact and Dicor-Vitadur Alpha, Dicor-Vitadur N exhibited acceptible contacts. But Vivodent exhibited discontinuous gap and Ceramco II exhibited large continuous gap.

• 한국통신학회논문지
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• 제34권6B호
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• pp.595-604
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• 2009

IEEE 802.lie에서 HCCA(Hybrid Coordination Function Controlled Channel Access)는 평균 전송률로 고정된 무선 자원을 예약하기 때문에 MPEG(Moving Picture Experts Group)을 이용한 스트리밍 서비스와 같이 프레임의 크기가 급격히 변화하는 경우 무선 자원을 낭비하는 문제가 발생하고 MAC(Medium Access Control) 계층의 전송 지연이 증가하는 문제가 발생할 수 있다. 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위하여 HCCA에서는 가변하는 패킷의 크기에 적응적으로 자원을 할당하는 연구가 활발히 진행 중이다. 그러나 가변적으로 자원을 할당하는 패킷 스케줄러는 요구자원이 달라지기 때문에 가용한 자원을 계산하기 어려워 승인제어를 수행하기 어려워진다. 본 논문에서는 기존의 EDCA(Enhanced Distributed Channel Access)를 사용할 경우 트래픽 증가에 의해 QoS(Quality of Service)를 만족시키지 못하는 문제를 해결하기 위한 CAC(Connection Admission Control) 기술을 제안한다. 제안하는 CAC 기술은 응용계층에서 발생하는 트래픽 정보와 무선 채널 환경을 고려하여 EB(Effective Bandwidth)를 계산하며 이를 통하여 승인제어를 수행한다. 시뮬레이션 결과 제안하는 CAC 기술은 스트리밍 서비스의 지연 한계를 만족하는 망 부하 이내에서 승인제어를 효과적으로 수행하여 스트리밍 서비스의 QoS를 만족하는 것을 확인할 수 있었다.

• 한국표면공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국표면공학회 2017년도 춘계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.77-77
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• 2017

Titanium and its alloys offer attractive properties in a variety of applications. These are widely used for the field of biomedical implants because of its good biocompatibility and high corrosion resistance. Titanium anodizing is often used in the metal finishing of products, especially those can be used in the medical devices with dense oxide surface. Based on SAE/AMS (Society of Automotive Engineers/Aerospace Material Specification) 2488D, it has the specification for industrial titanium anodizing that have three different types of titanium anodization as following: Type I is used as a coating for elevated temperature forming; Type II is used as an anti-galling coating without additional lubrication or as a pre-treatment for improving adherence of film lubricants; Type III is used as a treatment to produce a spectrum of surface colours on titanium. In this study, we have focused on Type II anodization for the medical (dental and orthopedic) application, the anodized surface was modified with gray color under alkaline electrolyte. The surface characteristics were analyzed with Focused Ion Beam (FIB), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), surface roughness, Vickers hardness, three point bending test, biocompatibility, and corrosion (potentiodynamic) test. The Ti-6Al-4V alloy was used for specimen, the anodizing procedure was conducted in alkaline solution (NaOH based, pH>13). Applied voltage was range between 20 V to 40 V until the ampere to be zero. As results, the surface characteristics of anodic oxide layer were analyzed with SEM, the dissecting layer was fabricated with FIB method prior to analyze surface. The surface roughness was measured by arithmetic mean deviation of the roughness profile (Ra). The Vickers hardness was obtained with Vickers hardness tester, indentation was repeated for 5 times on each sample, and the three point bending property was verified by yield load values. In order to determine the corrosion resistance for the corrosion rate, the potentiodynamic test was performed for each specimen. The biological safety assessment was analyzed by cytotoxic and pyrogen test. Through FIB feature of anodic surfaces, the thickness of oxide layer was 1.1 um. The surface roughness, Vickers hardness, bending yield, and corrosion resistance of the anodized specimen were shown higher value than those of non-treated specimen. Also we could verify that there was no significant issues from cytotoxicity and pyrogen test.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제45권6호
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• pp.561-569
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• 2012

To evaluate the bacteriological water quality in Yongnam-Gwangdo, located in western Jinhae Bay, seawater samples were analyzed using sanitary indicator bacteria at 57 sampling stations. According to survey results from January 2007 to December 2009, the range of the geometric mean and the estimated 90th percentile for coliforms and fecal coliforms in the samples were <1.8-16.5 and 1.8-246.8 MPN/100 mL and <1.8-7.1 and 1.8-74.8 MPN/100 mL, respectively. The samples, including those taken from stations located in Wonmunman, Gwangdo, and Dangdong, showed high levels of microbial contamination caused by the climate and weather patterns in the marine environment. The bacteriological water quality in the area met Korean criteria for a designated shellfish growing area for export and National Shellfish Sanitation Program criteria for an approved shellfish growing area, except at station #49. A total of 24 direct pollution sources were discharged into the shellfish growing area. The radius of impact was calculated for each pollution source to assess the effect on the shellfish growing area. The calculated radius of impact for most of the pollution sources was below 300 m. However, the radius of impact for the combined pollution sources in Kyeonnaeryang was 93-1973 m. There were significant differences between the calculated closed sea area and actual monitoring results. The closed sea area values calculated from the fecal coliform load in drainage water tended to be higher than the actual monitoring results. Tidal currents and environmental factors such as salinity, water temperature, sunlight, and microbiological factors affect the survival of fecal indicator bacteria in seawater.