• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제47권5호
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• pp.644-654
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• 2019

참오동나무의 섬유방향기체투과성(gas permeability), 횡단방향 흡음율(sound absorption coefficient)과 음향투과손실(sound transmission loss)을 평가하고 열처리의 영향을 파악하고자 참오동나무 원반을 100, 160, $200^{\circ}C$로 열처리하고 기체투과성, 흡음율, 음향투과손실을 각각 측정하여 무처리 원반의 결과와 비교하였다. 그 결과, 두께 20 mm 참오동나무 원반의 섬유방향 기체투과성(specific permeability)은 무처리, 100, 160, $200^{\circ}C$ 열처리의 경우 각각 0.254, 0.279, 0.314, 0.452로 열처리에 의해 기체투과성이 약간 증가하였다. 두께 20 mm 무처리 참오동나무 원반의 50-6400 Hz 평균흡음율은 0.101이었으며 온도 100, 160, $200^{\circ}C$로 열처리한 목재의 50-6400 Hz 평균흡음율은 0.109, 0.096 그리고 0.106이었다. NRC (noise reduction coefficient) 는 각각 0.060, 0.067, 0.062 그리고 0.071 이었다. 두께 20 mm 무처리 참오동나무 원반의 50-6400 Hz 주파수범위에서 음향투과손실은 평균 36.93 dB이었다. 열처리에 의해 참오동나무 원반의 기체투과성과 흡음율은 열처리에 의해 그리고 열처리 온도 증가에 의해 약간 증가하였으나 증가정도는 미미하였다.

• 대한기계학회논문집B
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• 제23권10호
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• pp.1327-1339
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• 1999

Characteristics of two-phase flow and heat transfer were numerically investigated in a submerged gas Injection system. Effects of both the gas flow rate and bubble size were investigated. In addition, heat transfer characteristic and effects of heat transfer were investigated when temperature of the injected gas was different from that of the liquid. The Eulerian approach was used for the formulation of both the continuous and the dispersed phases. The turbulence in the liquid phase was modeled by the use of the standard $k-{\varepsilon}$ turbulence model. The interphase friction and heat transfer coefficient were calculated by means of correlations available in the literature. The turbulent dispersion of the phases was modeled by introducing a "dispersion Prandtl number". The plume region and the axial velocities are increased with increases in the gas flow rate and with decreases in the bubble diameter. The turbulent flow field grows stronger with the increases in the gas flow rate and with the decreases in the bubble diameter. In case that the heat transfer between the liquid and the gas is considered, the axial and the radial velocities are decreased in comparison with the case that there is no temperature difference between the liquid and the gas when the temperature of the injected gas is higher than the mean liquid temperature. The results in the present research are of interest in the design and the operation of a wide variety of material and chemical processes.

• Wind and Structures
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.127-142
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• 2021

Wind load acting on a standalone structure is different from that acting on a similar structure which is surrounded by other structures in close proximity. The presence of other structures in the surrounding can change the wind flow regime around the principal structure and thus causing variation in wind loads compared to a standalone case. This variation on wind loads termed as interference effect depends on several factors like terrain category, geometry of the structure, orientation, wind incident angle, interfering distances etc., In the present study, a three building configuration is considered and the mean pressure coefficients on each face of principle building are determined in presence of two interfering buildings. Generally, wind loads on interfering buildings are determined from wind tunnel experiments. Computational fluid dynamic studies are being increasingly used to determine the wind loads recently. Whereas, wind tunnel tests are very expensive, the CFD simulation requires high computational cost and time. In this scenario, Artificial Neural Network (ANN) technique and Support Vector Regression (SVR) can be explored as alternative tools to study wind loads on structures. The present study uses these data-driven approaches to predict mean pressure coefficients on each face of principle building. Three typical arrangements of three building configuration viz. L shape, V shape and mirror of L shape arrangement are considered with varying interfering distances and wind incidence angles. Mean pressure coefficients (Cp mean) are predicted for 45 degrees wind incidence angle through ANN and SVR. Further, the critical faces of principal building, critical interfering distances and building arrangement which are more prone to wind loads are identified through this study. Among three types of building arrangements considered, a maximum of 3.9 times reduction in Cp mean values are noticed under Case B (V shape) building arrangement with 2.5B interfering distance. Effect of interfering distance and building arrangement on suction pressure on building faces has also been studied. Accordingly, Case C (mirror of L shape) building arrangement at a wind angle of 45º shows less suction pressure. Through this study, it was also observed that the increase of interfering distance may increase the suction pressure for all the cases of building configurations considered.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.317-323
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• 2020

본 연구에서는 수막설비에 사용되는 워터커튼 노즐의 형상 인자 변화에 따른 분사압력과 방사유량 그리고 액적의 평균크기의 상관관계를 분석하였다. 이를 위해서 노즐의 내부 직경과 폭을 변화한 총 5개(D5W3, D5W6, D5W8, D4W6 그리고 D7W6) 각각의 노즐을 제작하였으며, 액적 측정 실험 장치를 구성하여 노즐의 수력직경 변화에 따른 유량 계수와 액적의 분포 상수를 반복실험을 통하여 산출하였다. 그 결과 유량계수는 노즐의 직경과 폭이 증가함에 따라 수력직경의 0.79 지수승과 62.8의 상수값에 비례하여 증가하는 것으로 나타났으며, 평균 액적의 크기는 분사 압력의 -0.235 지수승의 크기로 감소하였다. 특히, 본 연구에서 정의한 액적의 분포상수는 수력 직경의 0.258 지수승과 244.21의 크기에 비례하여 증가하는 것으로 나타났으며, 동일 워터커튼 노즐에 대해서 분사압력의 크기가 증가할수록 평균 액적의 크기가 감소하는 것을 검증하였다. 본 연구 결과는 수막설비용 노즐의 형상 설계에 따른 유동 특성을 예측하기 위한 노즐의 분사압력, 방사유량 그리고 평균 액적크기의 설계 자료로 활용이 유용할 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국수자원학회논문집
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• 제44권7호
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• pp.553-563
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• 2011

분포형 유출모형에 대하여는 컴퓨터의 발달과 지리정보시스템의 구축 및 관련정보의 제공이 활성화되면서 최근 많은 연구가 진행되고 있다. 이러한 분포형 유출모형은 대상유역을 보다 세분 요소화하여 계산하는 이론적이고 물리적인 기반의 모형이다. 본 연구에서는 토지피복 상태에 따라 결정되는 매개변수와 2차원 확산파 방정식에 기초하여 지표면에서의 유출량을 계산하는 모형을 개발하였다. 기존에 연구되었거나 개발 중인 유출모형은 대부분 Manning-Strickler의 평균 유속공식과 Manning 조도계수를 이용하여 유속과 유량을 산정하고 있다. Manning 조도계수는 사용상의 편의성 때문에 보편적으로 사용하고 있으나, 차원이 일치하지 않고 추정 시 모호한 문제점이 있다. 이러한 문제를 개선하기 위해 본 연구에서는 Manning-Strickler식뿐만 아니라 차원이 일치하는 Chezy의 평균유속공식을 적용하여 유출모형을 개발하였다. 또한, Chezy의 마찰계수를 적용하기 위하여 조고의 함수로 표현되는 지수형 마찰계수 산정식을 도입하였다. 따라서 모호한 조도계수의 개념을이용하지 않고 거친 정도를수치화하여 물리적인 의미를 가진마찰계수를 산정하고 적용 가능성을 검토하였다. 본 연구에서는 개발된 모형을 부채꼴 실험유역과 장방형 실험유역 및 실제유역인 안성천유역을 대상으로 6개의 사상을 적용하여 그 적용성을 확인하였다.

• 대한기계학회논문집B
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.298-305
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• 2000

The flow characteristics and the heat transfer rate on a surface by interaction of a pair of vortices were studied experimentally. The test facility consisted of a boundary-layer wind tunnel with a vortex introduced into the flow by half-delta wings protruding from the surface. In order to control the strength of the longitudinal vortices, the angles of attack of the vortex generators were varied from - 20 degree to - 45 degree, but spacings between the vortex generators were fixed to 4 cm. The 3-dimensional mean velocity measurements were made using a five-hole pressure probe. Heat transfer measurements were made using the thermochromatic liquid to provide the local distribution of the heat transfer coefficient. Unlike common flow down, common flow up vortices moved toward the centerline as they developed and interacted strongly with each other but not with the boundary layer. Spanwise profiles of Stanton number were similar for ${\beta}=-20^{\circ}\;and\;-35^{\circ}$, but not similar for ${\beta}=-45^{\circ}$. The case of ${\beta}=-20^{\circ}\;and\;-35^{\circ}$ showed the two peak Stanton number, but the case of ${\beta}=-45^{\circ}$ showed the only one peak Stanton number.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제25권6호
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• pp.949-957
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• 2011

This aim of study was to investigate the characteristics of discharge of pollutants as well as the correlation between flow rate and water quality constituents in a combined sewer system according to the characteristics of rainfall. For the loading rates for each pollutant, the median concentrations of all pollutants except T-N was increased when a CSO took place. The loading rates of BOD, COD, SS, T-N, T-P, Cu and Zn at the CSOs were 328-1255, 25-129, 83-2009, 4-12, 14-51, 5-11 and 5-13 times higher than the DWF (Dry Whether Flow), respectively. Especially, SS loading rate was found to be highest in all pollutants. On the other hand, the range of the first flush coefficient, b for water quality constituents such as BOD, COD, SS, T-N, T-P, Cu and Zn were 0.537-0.878, 0.589-0.888, 0.516-1.062, 0.852-1.031, 0.649-0.954, 0.975-1.015 and 0.900-1.114, respectively. In term of correlation between flow rate and pollutant concentrations, SS concentration was highly correlated to flow rate. However, there was an inverse correlation between EC (Electrical Conductivity) and flow rate because of the high dilution of flow rate. In case of correlation between pollutants, there was a high correlation between SS and T-P.

• 대한기계학회논문집B
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• 제30권5호
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• pp.446-456
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• 2006

The effect of relative position of the stationary turbine blade for the fixed vane has been investigated on blade tip and shroud heat transfer. The local mass transfer coefficients were measured on the tip and shroud fur the blade fixed at six different positions within a pitch. A low speed stationary annular cascade with a single turbine stage was used. The chord length of the tested blade is 150 mm and the mean tip clearance of the blade having flat tip is 2.5% of the blade chord. A naphthalene sublimation technique was used for the detailed mass transfer measurements on the tip and the shroud. The inlet flow Reynolds number based on chord length and incoming flow velocity is fixed to $1.5{\times}10^5$. The results show that the incoming flow condition and heat transfer characteristics significantly change when the relative position of the blade changes. On the tip, the size of high heat/mass transfer region along the pressure side varies in the axial direction and the difference of heat transfer coefficient is up to 40% in the upstream region of the tip because the position of flow reattachment changes. On shroud, the effect of tip leakage vortex on the shroud as well as tip gap entering flow changes as the blade position changes. Thus, significantly different heat transfer patterns are observed with various blade positions and the periodic variation of heat transfer is expected with the blade rotation.

• 대한기계학회논문집B
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.495-503
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• 2005

Experiments were conducted in a low speed stationary annular cascade to investigate local heat transfer characteristics on the tip and shroud and the effect of inlet Reynolds number on the tip and shroud heat transfer. Detailed mass transfer coefficients on the blade tip and the shroud were obtained using a naphthalene sublimation technique. The turbine test section has a single stage composed of sixteen guide vanes and blades. The chord length and the height of the tested blade are 150 mm and about 125 mm, respectively. The blade has flat tip geometry and the mean tip clearance is about $2.5{\%}$of the blade chord. The inlet flow Reynolds number based on chord length and incoming flow velocity is changed from $1.0{\times}10^{5}\;to\;2.3{\times}10^{5}.$ to investigate the effect of Reynolds number. Flow reattachment after the recirculation near the pressure side edge dominates the heat transfer on the tip surface. Shroud surface has very intricate heat/mass transfer distributions due to complex flow patterns such as acceleration, relaminarization, transition to turbulent flow and tip leakage vortex. Heat/mass transfer coefficient on the blade tip is about 1.7 times as high as that on the shroud or blade surface. Overall averaged heat/mass transfer coefficients on the tip and shroud are proportional to $Re_{c}^{0.65}\;and\;Re_{c}^{0.71},$ respectively.

• 한국해양학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.141-152
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• 1984

금강 하구의 6개 정점에서 대.소조기때 순간물리장 측정기법으로 25시 동시 관측된 300개의 유속장을 분석하여 흐름에 대한 유체역학적 제특성을 규명했다. 본 연구결과, 마찰속도, 저면마찰응력, 저면마찰계수 및 거칠기 높이 등이 크기의 차수 이상의 범위로 변하며 분산됨이 밝혀졌다. 저면마찰계수는 6.78$\times$$10^{-5}$ ~1.15$\times$$10^{-1}$의 변화폭을 나타내고 전 관측치의 평균은 1.6$\times$$10^{-2}$ 이다. 마찰속도와 저면마찰계수 사이에도 분산이 나타나고 있다. 두 조석 주기에 대해 평균을 취한 값에서는 U* 1cm/s이면 $C_{100}$은 그 값을 예측하기 어렵게 변하지만, U* 1cm/s이면 $C_{100}$은 U*의 비례하여 증가됨이 밝혀졌다. 또한 Re$_{100}$ 3.6$\times$$10^{5}$구간에서는 $C_{100}$은 예측 불가이지만 Re$_{100}$ 3.6$\times$$10^{5}$구간에서는 1.4$\times$$10^{-2}$를 나타냈다. 본 연구에서 밝혀진 유체역학적 제특성에 근거하여 금강 하구의 흐름을 규정한다면 이는 완전 난류 상태의 상류임이 밝혀졌다.혀졌다.