• 대한수학회지
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• 제43권4호
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• pp.783-801
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• 2006

Let A be the mod p Steenrod algebra for p an arbitrary odd prime and S the sphere spectrum localized at p. In this paper, some useful propositions about the May spectral sequence are first given, and then, two new nontrivial homotopy elements ${\alpha}_1{\jmath}{\xi}_n\;(p{\geq}5,n\;{\geq}\;3)\;and\;{\gamma}_s{\alpha}_1{\jmath}{\xi}_n\;(p\;{\geq}\;7,\;n\;{\geq}\;4)$ are detected in the stable homotopy groups of spheres, where ${\xi}_n\;{\in}\;{\pi}_{p^nq+pq-2}M$ is obtained in [2]. The new ones are of degree 2(p - 1)($p^n+p+1$) - 4 and 2(p - 1)($p^n+sp^2$ + sp + (s - 1)) - 7 and are represented up to nonzero scalar by $b_0h_0h_n,\;b_0h_0h_n\tilde{\gamma}_s\;{\neq}\;0\;{\in}\;Ext^{*,*}_A^(Z_p,\;Z_p)$ in the Adams spectral sequence respectively, where $3\;{\leq}\;s\;<\;p-2$.

• 한국전자파학회논문지
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• 제14권12호
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• pp.1239-1247
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• 2003

OFDM(orthogonal frequency division multiplexing) 통신 방식은 무선 고속 데이터 전송에 적합한 방식이다. 하지만 높은 PAPR(peak-to-average power ratio)의 발생으로 HPA(high power amplifier)에서 비선형 왜곡된다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 일정량의 부반송파를 PAPR 저감을 위해 사용하지만 별도의 부가정보 전송이 필요하지 않는 DSI(dummy sequence insertion) OFDM을 제안한다. DSI 방식은 기존 PTS(partial transmit sequence)나 SLM(selected mapping) 방식에서의 부가 정보와 달리 단지 PAPR 감소에만 사용되는 특정한 더미 데이터 시퀀스(dummy data sequence)를 전송한다. 더미 시퀀스로 상보 시퀀스(complementary sequence)와 상관 시퀀스(correlation sequence)를 사용하고 좀더 효과적 인 PAPR 저감을 위해 플리핑(flipping) 방법을 사용한다. 또한 DSI 방식은 기존의 블록코딩 방식보다 나은 전송 효율(spectral efficiency)을 갖는다. 그리고 DSI 방식은 처리시간 및 계산량을 줄이기 위해 threshold 기법을 적용한다. 하지만 PAPR 저감 성능은 기존 방식보다 떨어진다. 하지만 제안한 DSI 방식의 중요한 장점은 더미 데이터 시퀀스의 손상에 의해 BER특성이 영향을 받지 않는다는 것이다. 결론적으로 DSI 방식은 OFDM 보다 낮은 PAPR을 갖고 기존의 PIS나 SLM에 비해 처리시간을 감소시키고 BER성능 개선이 이루어진다.

• BMB Reports
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• 제46권3호
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• pp.151-156
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• 2013

Phylogenetic and amino acid sequence analysis indicated that rice allene oxide synthase-1 (OsAOS1) is CYP74, and is clearly distinct from CYP74B, C and D subfamilies. Regio- and stereo-chemical analysis revealed the dual substrate specificity of OsAOS1 for (cis,trans)-configurational isomers of 13(S)- and 9(S)-hydroperoxyoctadecadienoic acid. GC-MS analysis showed that OsAOS1 converts 13(S)- and 9(S)-hydroperoxyoctadecadi(tri)enoic acid into their corresponding allene oxide. UV-Visible spectral analysis of native OsAOS1 revealed a Soret maximum at 393 nm, which shifted to 424 nm with several clean isobestic points upon binding of OsAOS1 to imidazole. The spectral shift induced by imidazole correlated with inhibition of OsAOS1 activity, implying that imidazole may coordinate to ferric heme iron, triggering a heme-iron transition from high spin state to low spin state. The implications and significance of a putative type II ligand-induced spin state transition in OsAOS1 are discussed.

• 천문학회보
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• 제38권2호
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• pp.71.1-71.1
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• 2013

Among quadruples or higher multiplicity stars, only a few binary systems have been discovered. They are important targets to understand the formation and evolution of multiple stellar systems because we can obtain accurate stellar parameters from photometric and spectroscopic studies. We present the observational results of this kind of rare object 1SWASP J093010.78+533859.5, for which the doubly eclipsing feature had been detected previously from the SuperWASP photometric archive. Individual PSF photometry for two objects with a separation of about 1.9 arcsec was performed for the first time in this study. Our time-series photometric data show that the brighter object A is an Algol-type detached eclipsing binary with an orbital period of 1.3 days and the fainter B is a W UMa-type contact eclipsing binary with a period of 0.23 days. Using the high-resolution optical spectra, we obtained well-defined radial velocity variations of the system A. Furthermore, stationary spectral lines were detected and should have originated from the other stellar component, which was confirmed by the third object contribution from the light curve analysis. No spectral feature of the system B was detected, probably due to its faintness. We obtained the binary parameters and the absolute dimensions from each light curve synthesis. The primary and secondary components of the system A have a spectral type of K1 and K5 main sequences, respectively. Two components of system B have nearly the same type of K3 main sequence. Light variations at out of eclipses were appeared in both systems, interpreting as the effect of stellar spots on these late spectral type stars. We estimated the distances to the systems A and B individually. They may have similar distances of about 70 pc and seem to be gravitationally bound with a separation of about 130 AU. In conclusion, we suggest that 1SWASP J093010.78+533859.5 is a quintuple stellar system with a hierarchical structure of a triple system A(ab)c and a binary system B(ab).

• 천문학논총
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.269-270
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• 2015

We carried out near-IR photometric and optical spectroscopic observations of V582 Aur, which is a FU Orionis type object, to investigate any periodic and/or aperiodic variations. We obtained light curves on the scale of a night and a year, in J, H and Ks bands with KASINICS (KASI Near Infrared Camera System) attached to the BOAO (Bohyun-san Optical Astronomy Observatory) 1.8-m reflector in Youngcheon, South Korea and examined photometric variations on the two time scales. So far we have not found any periodic brightness variations on the scale of a night. On the other hand, we have found that there seems to be a periodic brightness variation with a period of approximately 45 days. In addition, high-resolution optical spectroscopic observations of V582 Aur were performed from February 2013 to May 2014 with the high-resolution echelle spectrograph BOES attached to the BOAO 1.8-m reflector. We analyzed several spectral lines to understand the physical state of V582 Aur. The P Cyg profiles are clearly shown in the $H{\alpha}$ line and Na I D line.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제16권9호
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• pp.864-869
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• 1995

Investigation of the structures of the gangliosides has proven to be very important in the understanding of their biological roles such as regulation of differentiation and growth of cells. We used nuclear magnetic resonance spectros-copy in order to investigate the structure of GA1. In order to do this, the assignment of spectra is a prerequisite. Since GA1 does not have polar sialic acid, the spectral overlap is severe. In order to solve this problem, we use 2D NMR spectroscopy and heteronuclear 1H/13C correlated spectroscopy in this study. Here, we report the complete assignment of the proton and the carbon spectra of the GA1 in DMSO-d6-D20 (98:2, v/v). These assignments will be useful for interpreting 1H and 13C NMR data from uncharacterized oligosaccharides and for determining the linkage position, the number of sugar rings, and the sequence of new ganglioside. Amide proton in ring Ⅲ shows many interring nOes and has intramolecular hydrogen bonding. This appears to be an important factor in tertiary folding of GA1. Based on this assignment, determination of three dimensional structure of GA1 will be carried out. Studies on the conformational properties of GA1 may lead to a better understanding of the molecular basis of its functions.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.185-201
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• 2023

Grant-free random access (GFRA) can reduce the access delay and signaling cost, and satisfy the short transmission packet and strict delay constraints requirement in internet of things (IoT). IoT is a major trend in the future, which is characterized by the variety of applications and devices. However, most existing studies on GFRA only consider a single type of device and omit the effect of access delay. In this paper, we study GFRA in multicell massive multipleinput multiple-output (MIMO) systems where different types of devices with various configurations and requirements co-exist. By introducing the backoff mechanism, each device is randomly activated according to the backoff parameter, and active devices randomly select an orthogonal pilot sequence from a predefined pilot pool. An analytical approximation of the average spectral efficiency for each type of device is derived. Based on it, we obtain the optimal backoff parameter for each type of devices under their delay constraints. It is found that the optimal backoff parameters are closely related to the device number and delay constraint. In general, devices that have larger quantity should have more backoff time before they are allowed to access. However, as the delay constraint become stricter, the required backoff time reduces gradually, and the device with larger quantity may have less backoff time than that with smaller quantity when its delay constraint is extremely strict. When the pilot length is short, the effect of delay constraints mentioned above works more obviously.

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.81-87
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• 2016

Purpose: To analyze the feasibility of three-dimensional (3D) diffusion-weighted (DW) PSIF (reversed FISP [fast imaging with steady-state free precession]) sequence in order to evaluate peripheral nerves in the elbow. Materials and Methods: Ten normal, asymptomatic volunteers were enrolled (6 men, 4 women, mean age 27.9 years). The following sequences of magnetic resonance images (MRI) of the elbow were obtained using a 3.0-T machine: 3D DW PSIF, 3D T2 SPACE (sampling perfection with application optimized contrasts using different flip angle evolution) with SPAIR (spectral adiabatic inversion recovery) and 2D T2 TSE (turbo spin echo) with modified Dixon (m-Dixon) sequence. Two observers used a 5-point grading system to analyze the image quality of the ulnar, median, and radial nerves. The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) of each nerve were measured. We compared 3D DW PSIF images with other sequences using the Wilcoxon-signed rank test and Friedman test. Inter-observer agreement was measured using intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) analysis. Results: The mean 5-point scores of radial, median, and ulnar nerves in 3D DW PSIF (3.9/4.2/4.5, respectively) were higher than those in 3D T2 SPACE SPAIR (1.9/2.8/2.8) and 2D T2 TSE m-Dixon (1.7/2.8/2.9) sequences (P < 0.05). The mean SNR in 3D DW PSIF was lower than 3D T2 SPACE SPAIR, but there was no difference between 3D DW PSIF and 2D T2 TSE m-Dixon in all of the three nerves. The mean CNR in 3D DW PSIF was lower than 3D T2 SPACE SPAIR and 2D T2 TSE m-Dixon in the median and ulnar nerves, but no difference among the three sequences in the radial nerve. Conclusion: The three-dimensional DW PSIF sequence may be feasible to evaluate the peripheral nerves around the elbow in MR imaging. However, further optimization of the image quality (SNR, CNR) is required.

• 대한화학회지
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• 제53권6호
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• pp.693-703
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• 2009

소염제 piroxicam (PX, 4-hydroxy-2-methyl-N-2-pridyl-2H-1, 2-benzothiazine-3-carboxadiamide-1,1-dioxide)의 착물형성을 전이금속이온, Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II)과 함께 메탄올(MeOH)/물 이성분 혼합물에서 25$^{\circ}C$, 일정한 pH=5.0와 I=0.1 M에서 분광광도법으로 연구하였다. 컴퓨터 프로그램 SQUAD를 스팩트라 데이터로부터 원하는 정보를 얻는데 사용하였다. Fitting 과정의 output은 안정도 상수, 평가한 안정도 상수의 표준편차, 농도분포 다아그램, 모든 종의 스팩트럼 프로파일이다. Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II)의 PX 착체의 안정도 순서는 Cu(II) > Co(II) > Ni(II) ${\approx}$ Zn(II) 순서이다. 이것은 이들 금속이 온들이 기하학적 경향이 다른 이유일 것이다. PX의 산성도 상수는 다른 pH 값에서 흡수 스펙트럼으로 부터 위의 조건에서 역시 결정하였다. 컴퓨터 프로그램 DATAN을 PX의 산성도 상수의 결정하는 데 사용하였다. 산성도 상수의 validity는 잘 알려진 컴퓨터 프로그램 SPECFIT/32을 사용하였다. 안정 및 산성도 상수의 용매성질, 음이온과 같은 다른 인자의 효과에 관하여 자세하게 논의하였다.

• 한국통신학회논문지
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• 제28권10C호
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• pp.967-983
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• 2003

PN (pseudo noise) 수열을 사용하여 주파수대역 확산을 수행하는 대역확산 무선통신시스템에서는 무선 채널로부터 여러 간섭신호 들의 영향을 받게 되는데 협대역 간섭신호는 주파수대역이 겹쳐지는 기존의 통신신호로부터 발생되기도 하고 군사통신에서와 같이 의도적인 방해전파가 원인일 수도 있다. 그런데 PN 변조 및 복조 과정을 통해 협대역 간섭신호의 영향이 감소하기는 하지만, 불충분 한 경우에는 수신부에서 적응 제거기를 사용함으로써 간섭에 의한 신호왜곡을 상당히 감축 시킬 수 있음이 잘 알려져 있다. 여기에서 기존의 적응 제거기의 설계는 PN 복조하기 전에 생성되는 오차신호를 기반으로 하기 때문에 칩 속도로 동작하는 고속의 연산이 필요한 반면에, PN 복조 이후에 생성되는 심볼 오차신호를 설계에 사용하는 새로운 적응 간섭 제거기를 사용하게 되면 계산량을 감축할 수 있게 된다. 본 연구에서 구체적으로 가능한 간섭제거 구조에 대해 논의하였으며, 기존의 구조 및 새로운 구조 들의 성능 분석 및 비교에 공통으로 적용할 수 있는 PN 복조 이후에서의 데이터심볼 평균제곱오차를 이론적으로 고려하였다. 그리고 컴퓨터 모의 실험을 통하여 이론적인 결과들의 타당성을 검증하였다. 비교 결과 성능을 유지하거나 개선하면서 계산량 감축이 가능함을 보였다.