• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• v.21 no.4
• /
• pp.430-437
• /
• 2011

The effects of the agitation and aeration rates on the production of serratiopeptidase (SRP) in a 5-L fermentor (working volume 2-l) were systematically investigated using Serratia marcescens NRRL B-23112. The dissolved oxygen concentration, pH, biomass, SRP yield, and maltose utilization were all continuously measured during the course of the fermentation runs. The efficiencies of the aeration and agitation were evaluated based on the volumetric mass transfer coefficient ($K_La$). The maximum SRP production of 11,580 EU/ml with a specific SRP productivity of 78.8 EU/g/h was obtained with an agitation of 400 rpm and aeration of 0.075 vvm, which was 58% higher than the shake-flask level. The $K_La$ for the fermentation system supporting the maximum production (400 rpm, 0.075 vvm) was 11.3 $h^{-1}$. Under these fermentor optimized conditions, kinetic modeling was performed to understand the detailed course of the fermentation process. The resulting logistic and Luedeking-Piret models provided an effective description of the SRP fermentation, where the correlation coefficients for cell growth, SRP formation, and substrate consumption were 0.99, 0.94, and 0.84, respectively, revealing a good agreement between the model-predicted and experimental results. The kinetic analysis of the batch fermentation process for the production of SRP demonstrated the SRP production to be mixed growth associated.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
• /
• v.33 no.3
• /
• pp.213-218
• /
• 2000

Tolerance on temperature and salinity of Ruditapes philippinarum was investigated in five different salinity, $32.0,\;25.6,\;19.20,\;12.80,\;6.40,\;3.20{\%_{\circ}}$ with increasing continuously $1^{\circ}C/day 2^{\circ}C/day\;and\;3^{\circ}C/day$ water temperature. R. philippinarum was acclimated to $18^{\circ}C\;and 25^{\circ}C$ before the experiment. Oxygen consumption rates and filtration rates of R. philippinarum were estimated during the experiment. $LT_{50}$ of two stocks acclimated to $18^{\circ}C\;and\;25^{\circ}C$ were similar. However, the maximum tolerance temperature of a stock acclimated $18^{\circ}C\;was\;36^{\circ}C$ while a stock acclimated $25^{\circ}C\;was\;37^{\circ}C$. This suggested that the higher water temperature a stock acclimated, the higher tolerance a stock showed, The surival rates of R. philippina겨m with the changes in salinities decreased below $19,2\;{\%_{\circ}}\;at\;18^{\circ}C\;and\;25^{\circ}C$. Oxygen consumption rates in the experimental group acclimated at $18^{\circ}C$ reduced with decreasing of salinity concentrations, while those of the experimental group acclimated at $25^{\circ}C$ showed irregular trend. Filtration rates revealed the maximum at 24{\~}28^{\circ}C$ in the experimental group acclimated ai $18^{\circ}C\;and\;31{\~}33^{\circ}C\;in\;those\;at\;25{\circ}C$. Filtraton rates shanty decreased at the lower salinity concentrations.

• Ocean Science Journal
• /
• v.43 no.1
• /
• pp.39-48
• /
• 2008

Tritium ($^3H$ or T) has been produced mostly by atmospheric nuclear weapon tests, and entered the ocean in the form of water (HTO). As tritium exists as water itself, it has been regarded as an ideal tool to study the transport of water masses. In April 2001 we collected water samples in the western Japan Basin (WJB) for tritium and helium measurement. The timely sampling provided direct evidence of the bottom water formation, resulting in the drastic increase in tritium concentration from 0.3 TU in 2000 to 0.67 TU in 2001. Considering that the new bottom waters were found mostly in the WJB, it implies that maximum 1% of the whole bottom layer below 2600 m should be replaced with the surface water during the severely cold winter 2000 2001. $^3H-^3He$ age, showing the elapsed time since the water left from the surface, can be used to calculate oxygen utilization rate by dividing AOU by the age. Under the condition of 90% oxygen saturation in the surface water, the integration of OUR in the water column below 200 m yields net oxygen consumption of 12 mol $(O_2)m^{-2}yr^{-1}$, which corresponds to the export production of $99\;g\;C\;m^{-2}yr^{-1}$. This estimate is comparable to a previous estimate based on satellite data and implies that the ratio of export to primary production(f-ratio) is as high as 0.5 in the WJB.

• Journal of International Academy of Physical Therapy Research
• /
• v.9 no.4
• /
• pp.1571-1575
• /
• 2018

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of somatotype on the $VO_2max$ and hormone (adrenaline and noradrenaline) during treadmill walking. Forty healthy men participated and were randomized to four groups: Male 1 (M1) group, Male 2 (M2) group, Male 3 (M3) group, and Male 4 (M4) group. M4 group is the largest body type, and M1 group is the smaller the body type. Participants walked at a speed of 3.5 km/h for five minutes at an incline angle of $0^{\circ}$, $5^{\circ}$, and $10^{\circ}$ in the treadmill. Maximum oxygen consumption and hormone (adrenaline and noradrenaline) were measured. In the results, $VO_2max$ has significantly increased according to the degree of the treadmill inclination, and M4 group (larger body type) consumed more oxygen than the M1 group (smaller body type). In the hormone, there was a significant increase in adrenaline concentration after walking in all groups, and there was a significant difference in M1-M4, M2-M4 and M3-M4. The noradrenaline concentration significantly increased after treadmill gait in all groups, and there was no significant difference in noradrenaline between groups. This study suggests that the larger body type consumes more oxygen during walking, and treadmill walking contributes to an increase in the concentration of adrenaline and noradrenaline.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
• /
• v.17 no.3
• /
• pp.260-267
• /
• 1998

This experiment used the enclosed bench-scale reactors of 242 liters was conducted to obtain basic data on temporal and spatial variations in temperature, oxygen and moisture content, which were important factors of biological activities, during composting of mixture of dairy manure and rice straw. The reactors with thermocouples, oxygen sensor and datalogger were aerated at four different rates of 0.09, 0.18, 0.90 and 1.79 l $min^{-1}kg$ dry $solids^{-1}$. The higher aeration rates were, the faster the rates of increase and decrease in composting temperature were in both of initial and turnover stage, and the smaller the temperature difference between exhaust air and composting materials. Composting temperature of initial stage increased suddenly in all aeration rates, then stationary phase of temperature in materials and exhaust air showed at $50{\sim}53^{\circ}C$ for 5 hours and at $45^{\circ}C$ between 5 and 15 hours, respectively. In initial stage the maximum temperature was decreased with increasing aeration rates but in the stage after turnover it was the opposite except for 1.79 l $min^{-1}kg^{-1}$. Time arrived at the maximum temperature of composting materials was later in low-aeration rates than high-aeration rates at both stages. Time maintained high-temperature more than $45^{\circ}C$ was rapidly decreased with increasing aeration rates. In initial stage of composting maintaining time of $65^{\circ}C$ or more was the longest in the treatments of 0.09 and 0.18 l $min^{-1}kg{-1}$, while those of $55{\sim}65^{\circ}C$ and $45{\sim}55^{\circ}C$ was in 0.90 and 1.79 l $min^{-1}kg{-1}$, respectively. The minimum oxygen content and the maximum oxygen consumption rate in exhaust air through composting materials showed the increased trends with increasing aeration rates. In initial stage the minimum oxygen content was ranged from 0.9% to 7.4% for 32 to 59.5 hours and the maximum oxygen consumption rate was $1.89{\sim}6.48$ $gh^{-1}kgVS^{-1}$. In the stage after turnover their levels were $2.1{\sim}19.9%$ and $1.76{\sim}3.49 %$g/h-㎏ VS, respectively, for 16 to 49.5 hours.

• 한국연소학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 2005.10a
• /
• pp.170-178
• /
• 2005

Multi-hole type oxygen combustion burner was developed for industrial gasification and smelting furnace. We investigated characteristics of flame, radiation transfer, and soot emission in the convectional oxygen burner with respect to the feeding condition of fuel and oxygen. Regarding the results of the conventional burner, we designed new burners which have larger fuel consumption rate and radiation heat transfer. We changed the size and hole number and shape of the exit plane of the burner. In addition, the performance of the burner was tested with respect to the feeding condition of the fuel and air: Normal Diffusion flame(NDF) and Inverse Diffusion Flame(IDF). We investigated the flame configuration, radiation heat transfer, and soot formation by using a CCD camera, heat flux meter, and Laser Induced Incadescence(LII), respectively. The stable operating condition was obtained by the flame configuration and the flame of the burner which has dented exit plane was more stable in whole operating conditions. The characteristics of radiative heat transfer were sensitive to the feeding condition of reactants and the flame of 75% primary oxygen and 25% secondary oxygen of the IDF case shows maximum radiation heat transfer. The soot volume fraction of the flame was measured in the axial direction of the flame and the amount of soot volume fraction is proportion to the radiation heat transfer. As a result, we can get the optimal operating condition of the newly designed burner which enhances the characteristics of flame stabilization and radiation heat transfer.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
• /
• v.17 no.3
• /
• pp.173-177
• /
• 1989

Cell density was gradually decreased as the dilution rate was increased under chemostat cultivation of HeLa cells. Maxium cell density was maintained at the dilution rate of 0.020 (1/h) which was far less than the wash-out rate of 0.050 (1/h), Maxium cell productivity of 2 (mL of cells/L/h)was obtained at the dilution rate of 0.030 (1/h) by showing the culture also required maintenance period at low dilution rates, whose result meant the deviation of continuous culture theroy. Methods of indirectly measuring cell density have been introduced to represent mammalian cell growth, which are packed cell volume and oxygen uptake rate, and these values showed good linear relationship with actual cell density by having correlation factor of 0.90. Theoretical maximum oxygen yield, $Y_{O2}^{max}$ and maintenance oxygen consumption rate, m$_{O2}$, were estimated as 4.1$\times$10$^5$ (cells/mmole $O_2$) and 10.71$\times$10$^{-9}$ (mmole $O_2$/cells/h) by employing oxygen yield model.

• Fire Science and Engineering
• /
• v.24 no.1
• /
• pp.128-133
• /
• 2010

The aim of study intends to investigate effect of weight of fire fighting protective equipment for physical activity ability and to provide the base data for the safety of firefighter. The results of the study are as follows. The maximum all-out time is short about 18.8% in weight-jacket case which weight is same with fire-protective equipment than case of gym suit. The maximum oxygen consumption increased 17.6% in gym suit case than case of weight-jacket. The maximum heart rate is high 5.4% in gym suit case than case of weight-jacket.

• Journal of rehabilitation welfare engineering & assistive technology
• /
• v.10 no.4
• /
• pp.243-249
• /
• 2016

In this paper, we evaluate the effectiveness of mechanical horseback riding exercise training for cardiopulmonary responses in 26 healthy adults (male 14, female 12) and suggest its clinical applicability. Exercise was performed using a mechanical horseback riding machine, JOBA(R) (Panasonic Electric Works, Osaka, Japan) and riding movement speed was increased from level 2 (0.73Hz), to 4 (0.9Hz), to 6 (1.03Hz), to 8 (1.2Hz), to 9 (1.3Hz) and maintained 3minutes in each level. Heart rate, blood pressure, maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max) were measured by respiratory gas analysis system (TruOne 2400, Parvo Medics, USA) and exercise tolerance test system(Q Stress, Cardiac Science, USA). To measure exercise intensity, metabolic equivalent (MET) were measured and percent of Heart rate reserve (%HRR), percent of peak heart rate (%peak HR) and calorie consumption were calculated. The results were analysed by SPSS 18.0. We found that the exercise intensity of mechanical horseback riding exercise using JOBA(R) for 15 minutes is moderate in healthy adult who received pre-training.

• Journal of Life Science
• /
• v.18 no.11
• /
• pp.1612-1616
• /
• 2008

Aerobic capacity is an important health indicator which is related to the probability of disease, disability, and mortality. Typically, endurance exercise is known as the primary method of improving aerobic capacity. Although most of resistance exercises are not considered for a good method increasing aerobic capacity, low to moderate intensity resistance exercise with short rest periods may improve aerobic capacity, especially old adults and most low to moderate risk patients suffering from CAD. This review is to understand that a number of physiological changes occur during both aerobic and resistance exercise, and to support that resistance exercise has advantages for improving aerobic capacity.