• 한국전문물리치료학회지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.1-7
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• 2014

Lumbopelvic stabilization exercise has become the most popular treatment method in lumbar rehabilitation since its effectiveness was shown in some aspects of pain and disability. The abdominal drawing-in maneuver (ADIM) has been extensively implemented to promote lumbopelvic stability. However, performing ADIM correctly is difficult even for healthy subjects, and it is time consuming to train people in ADIM. Thus, the purpose of this study was to compare abdominal muscle [rectus abdominalis (RA), external oblique (EO), and transverse abdominis/internal oblique (TrA/IO)] activity during lumbopelvic stabilization exercises (ADIM only, ADIM with a ball, maximum exhalation only, and maximum exhalation with a ball) performed in a supine position with feet against a wall. Fifteen healthy subjects were recruited for this study. Surface electromyography was used to measure abdominal muscle activity during lumbopelvic stabilization exercises. A one-way repeated-measures analysis of variance was used to determine the statistical significance of RA, EO, and TrA/IO muscle activity during four lumbopelvic stabilization exercises. Both-side TrA/IO muscle activity was significantly greater with maximum exhalation with a ball than with ADIM only or ADIM with a ball (p<.008). The results of this study suggest that maximum exhalation with a ball can be used as an effective lumbopelvic stabilization exercise to increase TrA/IO muscle activity in healthy subjects.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제52권10호
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• pp.2370-2378
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• 2020

Building materials contribute significantly to the indoor radon and thoron levels. Therefore, parameters that influence the exhalation rates of radon and thoron from building material need to be analyzed closely. As a preliminary study, the effects of humidity on exhalation rates were measured using a system with an accumulation chamber and RAD7 detector for Korean brick, Korean soil, and Indonesian brick. Resulting doses to a person who resides in a room constructed from the building materials were assessed by UNSCEAR method for different air exchange rates. The measurements have revealed that Korean brick exhaled the highest radon and thoron while Indonesian brick exhaled the lowest thoron. Results showed that for a typical low dense material, radon and thoron exhalation rate will increase until reached its maximum at a certain value of humidity and will remain saturated above it. Analysis on concentration and effective dose showed that radon is strongly affected by air exchange rate (ACH). This is showed by about 66 times decrease of radon dose from 0.00 h^-1 to those of 0.50 h^-1 ACH and decrease by a factor of 2 from 0.50 h^-1 to those of 0.80 h^-1. In case of thoron, the ACH doesn't have significant effects on effective dose.

• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.438-443
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• 2021

Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the difference in mask filters on the respiration rate of healthy people. Design: A randomized cross-over design. Methods: A total of 15 subjects were selected for this study (n=15). After filling out the Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire, the selected participants abstained from caffeinated beverages and meals 30 minutes before and sat in a chair 10 minutes before stabilizing their breathing. Afterwards, the lung function test was performed 3 times for each mask, and the maximum value was used. The provided masks were Mask Free, Dental Mask, KF80, and KF94. Exhalation was measured for 6 seconds for each mask, and breathing was stabilized by repeating inhalation and exhalation until the next time. Results: In this study, the difference in respiratory function according to the mask type was statistically significant except for FEV1 and FVC (p<0.05). As a result of post-hoc analysis, FVC, FEV1, PEF, and FEF values were significantly lower than those of the control group not wearing a mask (p<0.05). When wearing KF94, FVC, FEV1, PEF25-25%, and FEF were significantly lower than when wearing a dental mask (p<0.05). When wearing a KF80 mask, it was significantly lower in FVC and FEV1 than when wearing a dental mask (p<0.05). In FEV1/FVC, the difference by mask type was not statistically significant (p<0.05), but it was lower than the spirometry standard of COPD patients (FEV1/FVC<0.7). Conclusions: As Now that wearing a mask is essential, it has been confirmed that the mask affects the respiratory rate.Therefore, in the case of healthy adults, it is recommended to rest after wearing a mask if attention deficit or headache occurs. People with low breathing capacity are recommended to have low-intensity activities and frequent rest periods after wearing a mask.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제44권4호
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• pp.626-638
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• 2020

In this study, protective masks were designed in varying internal volume and analyzed in regards to wearing effect. Masks were measured by surface temperature and subjective wear evaluation. Four experimental masks were created with an increasing distance between the mask center line and nose in increments. The distances were set at 0.0 cm (M0), 2.0 cm (M2), 4.0 cm (M4), and 6.0 cm (M6). The area and volume of each experimental mask was measured and both measurements had a positive correlation with the set distances. Among the experimental masks, M2 was the most breathable. The heat between the face and the mask created by exhalation was able to escape from the mask and provided the highest comfort sensation when worn. Conversely, an internal volume that is too large would decrease its comfort because repetitive breathing deforms the appearance of the mask and adversely affects its fit. Therefore, creating and maintaining the optimal internal volume of the M2 mask is important to achieve maximum thermal sensation and ease of wear.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제32권6호
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• pp.394-399
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• 2020

Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine the effects of lower rib cage lateral expansion limitation on the maximal inspiratory and expiratory pressures and on abdominal muscle activity during maximal respiratory breathing in healthy subjects. Methods: Fifteen healthy male subjects voluntarily participated in this cross-sectional study. During maximal breathing, maximal inspiratory and expiratory pressures were measured, and abdominal muscle activity was determined with using surface electromyography. Also, the measurement was repeated with using a non-elastic belt to the lower rib cage for limiting of lateral expansion. A Wilcoxon signed-rank test was performed for obtaining the statistical difference with a significance level of 0.05. Results: The findings of this study are as follows: 1) There were no significant differences in maximal inspiratory and expiratory pressure with and without lower rib cage lateral expansion (p>0.05), 2) There was no significant difference in abdominal muscle activity during the maximal inspiratory phase (p>0.05). However, right external oblique muscle activity decreased significantly during maximum exhalation with lower rib expansion limitation (p<0.05). Conclusion: The results of the current study indicate that a non-elastic belt was effective in decreasing right external oblique muscle activity during forced expiratory breathing in healthy subjects.

• 핵의학기술
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.34-38
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• 2017

PET/CT 검사 시 호흡으로 인한 내부장기의 움직임은 여러 호흡주기 동안 영상화되어 종양크기는 실제보다 증가하고 SUV에도 영향을 미치게 된다. 호흡 동조 시스템들을 이용하여 종양크기와 SUV 변화 유무를 평가해보고자 한다. 장비는 Biograph mCT 64를 사용하였고 호흡 동조 시스템은 RPM과 Anzai 시스템을 사용하였다. 실험을 위해 Point source와 Micro-phantom을 환자는 2016년 8월에서 9월까지 폐 기저부 또는 간 상부에 고형종양이 확인된 환자 12명을 대상으로 호기-호흡상태에서의 PET영상과 호기 후 멈춤 상태의 CT영상을 얻어 기존 Static, RPM, Anzai방식에서의 방사능 농도(kBq/mL), SUVmax, Cylinder diameter(mm), Tumor diameter (mm) 변화 유무를 평가하였다. Point source 방사능 농도 측정 결과 Static 대비 RPM 94%, Anzai 91% 상승하였고 Micro-phantom에서 방사능량을 달리한 2개의 Cylinder에서 SUVmax값은 Static 대비 RPM 61%, 78%, Anzai 58%, 77%로 각각 상승하였고 Cylinder diameter는 RPM -26%, -28%, Anzai -28%, -26% 감소하였다. 환자의 경우 SUVmax값은 Static 대비 RPM은 최소 8.2%에서 최대 94.4%, Anzai는 최소7.6%에서 최대 68.3% 상승하였고 Tumor diameter는 RPM은 최소 -7.6%에서 최대 -28.9%, Anzai는 최소 -9.6%에서 최대 -27.7% 감소하였다. 호흡 동조 시스템 RPM과 Anzai에서 phantom study는 별 차이가 없었지만 환자의 종양에서는 유의미한 차이가 있었다(P<0.05). 호흡 동조 시스템 RPM과 Anzai는 호흡이 일정한 주기로 이루어지는 phantom study에서 별 차이가 없었지만 환자의 경우 일정하지 않은 호흡주기와 시스템간 차이 때문에 유의미한 차이가 발생함을 알 수 있었다. 하지만 호흡 동조 시스템은 기존 Static 대비 종양의 크기는 감소하고 SUV는 증가하여 정확한 진단과 SUV측정에 유용할 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국항해항만학회지
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• 제31권10호
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• pp.845-852
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• 2007

OWE형 파력발전장치는 해수면의 승강운동을 공기실 내의 공기 흐름으로 전환하고 이를 터빈의 구동력으로 사용하는 발전장치이다. 파랑에너지가, 터빈으로 유입되는 공기에너지로 전환하도록 하는 공기실의 내부 수위의 주기적 변동은 상하대칭이 이루어지지 않고, 공기실 내 공기 유동의 압축과 팽창 과정에서 유량차가 발생하게 된다. 본 논문에서는 이를 이용하여 보다 많은 유량을 임펄스터빈의 압력면으로 유도하여 날개의 압력면과 흡입면의 압력차를 크게 하는 Staggered Blade의 적용에 대해 검토하고 그에 대한 성능 해석을 수행하였다. 터빈의 압력면으로의 공기 흐름을 제어하기 위해 Self-Pitched Blade(가변 피치 날개)를 제안하였고, 이러한 유량차를 토대로 동 조건에서 최대의 발전량과 최고 효율의 터빈을 설계하고자 하는데 그 목적이 있다.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.45-50
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• 1977

The maximum voluntary ventilation (MVV) is one of the most widely used pulmonary function test, but its measuring method was very difficult and unreliable. However, it is need to get more easy and simple measuring method of MVV. Therefore, this study was attempted to get more easy and simple measuring method of MVV by means of the forced expiratory volume $(FEV_{T})$. The young and healthy 1,000 Korean students(592 male and 408 female) were cheesed for this purpose and whose ages were from 8 to 20 years. A spirometer (9L, Collins Co.) was used for the MVV and FEV, and they were measured 3 times at standing position, and the highest value was used. In the measurements, the subjects for MVV were asked for the breath as fast and deeply as possible for 12 seconds, and for FEV were asked for the rapid and forceful exhalation after a maximal inhalation (forced expiratory curve). In the FEV measurements toward the end of the expiration, the subjects were exhaused to continue the effort until no further gas was expired. During these measurements, the investigator stood by the subject to give a constant encouragement. FEV were calculated in the volume exhaled during the one-half $(FEV_{0{\cdot}5,}\;ml)$, the first second $(FEV_{1{\cdot}0,}\;ml)$ and the percentage of the total vital capacity exhaled during the one-half second $(FEV_{0{\cdot}5,}\;%)$. The results are summarized as follows: 1) The values of MVV were increased linearly with ages until 20 in both sexes. The values of male at the age of 20 was $168.2{\pm}2.5L/min$, and female at the age of 17 was $112.3{\pm}3.0L/min$, respectively. 2) The values of FEV (ml) were increased linearly with ages until 20 in both sexes. The values of $FEV_{0{\cdot}5}$ were $2,797{\pm}65.7ml$ in the male of 20 years and were $2,088{\pm}54.6ml$ in the female of 17 years, and of $FEV_{1{\cdot}0$ were $4,119{\pm}68.2ml$ in the male of 20 years and were $2,897{\pm}65.9ml$ in the female of 17 years, respectively. 3) The correlation coefficients between MVV and $FEV_{0{\cdot}5}\;or\;FEV_{1{\cdot}0$ (ml) were 0.82 or 0.85 in the male, and 0.77 or 0.79 in the female, respectively. 4) The prediction formulae for MVV to be derived from above results were: For male: MVV (L/min) =7.19+$0.05{\times}FEV_{0\cdot5}(ml)$, MVV (L/min)=11.25+$0.04{\times}FEV_{1\cdot0}(ml)$ For female: MVV (L/min)=16.03+$0.05{\times}FEV_{0\cdot5}(ml)$, MVV (L/min)=9.47+$0.03{\times}FEV_{1\cdot0}(ml)$.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• 제44권3호
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• pp.103-109
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• 2019

Background: Four-dimensional computed tomographic (4DCT) images are increasingly used in clinic with the growing need to account for the respiratory motion of the patient during radiation treatment. One of the reason s that makes the dose evaluation using 4DCT inaccurate is a change of the patient respiration during the treatment session, i.e., intrafractional uncertainty. Especially, when the amplitude of the patient respiration is greater than the respiration range during the 4DCT acquisition, such an organ motion from the larger respiration is difficult to be represented with the 4DCT. In this paper, the method to generate images expecting the organ motion from a respiration with extended amplitude was proposed and examined. Materials and Methods: We propose a method to generate extra-phase images from a given set of the 4DCT images using deformable image registration (DIR) and linear extrapolation. Deformation vector fields (DVF) are calculated from the given set of images, then extrapolated according to respiratory surrogate. The extra-phase images are generated by applying the extrapolated DVFs to the existing 4DCT images. The proposed method was tested with the 4DCT of a physical 4D phantom. Results and Discussion: The tumor position in the generated extra-phase image was in a good agreement with that in the gold-standard image which is separately acquired, using the same 4DCT machine, with a larger range of respiration. It was also found that we can generate the best quality extra-phase image by using the maximum inhalation phase (T0) and maximum exhalation phase (T50) images for extrapolation. Conclusion: In the present study, a method to construct extra-phase images that represent expanded respiratory motion of the patient has been proposed and tested. The movement of organs from a larger respiration amplitude can be predicted by the proposed method. We believe the method may be utilized for realistic simulation of radiation therapy.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.126-136
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• 1984

식물생고지방식이(植物牲高脂肪食餌) (45%-corn oil 식이(食餌) : 45%C군(群))및 동물생고지방식이(動物牲高脂肪食餌)(45%-butter fat 식이(食餌) : 45%B군(群)) 와 저지방식이(低脂肪食餌) ( 3%-fat식이(食餌): 3%F군(群))를 자유섭식(自由攝食)으로, 사육(飼育)하면서 4, 8 및 12주에 각각 쥐를 사용하여 $acetate-1-^{14}C$를 주입(注入)한 후 간장(肝臟), 혈청(血淸) 및 지방조직(脂肪組織)등의 지질(脂質)에의 편입도(編入度)와 주입(注入)된 $acetate-1-^{14}C$이 호기(呼氣) 중(中)$^{14}CO_{2}$로의 배출(排出)등을 측정한 결과는 다음과 같다. 부고환지방조직중량(副睾丸脂肪組織重量)은 실험 4,8주에 45%C군(群) 및 45%B군(群)이 대조군에 비해 컸으나 12주에 와서는 차이가 없었다. 복부지방조직(腹部脂肪組織) 중량(重量)도 역시 부고환지방조직(副睾丸脂肪組織)과 비슷한 경향이었다. $Acetate-1-^{14}C$의 간지질(肝脂質)에의 편입도(編入度)를 보면 45 % C군(群) 및 45%B군(群)은 실험(實驗) 전기간(全期間) 동안 대조군 및 3%F군(群)에 비해 현저하게 낮았으며, 그중에서도 45%C군(群)이 더 현저하였다. 그러나 3%F군(群)은 대조군에 비해 높았다. 부고환지방조직(副睾丸脂肪組織)에서의 $acetate-1-^{14}C$의 편입도(編入度)는 실험 8주에 모든 군(群)이 4, 12주 때보다 현저히 높았고, 또 3군(群) 모두 대조군보다 유의적으로 높았다. 복부지방조직(腹部脂肪組織) 역시 부고환지방조직(副睾丸脂肪組織)에서의 편입도(編入度)와 비슷한 경향이었다.$Acetate-1-^{14}C$의 혈청지질(血淸脂質)에 의 편입도(編入度)는 실험 4, 8주에는 대조군에 비해 45%C군(群) 및 45%B군(群)이 현저히 낮았다. $Acetate-1-^{14}C$의 호기중(呼氣中)의 $^{14}CO_{2}$로의 배출(排出)을 $acetate-1-^{14}C$ 주입(注入)후 180분 동안 관찰한 결과 각군(各群) 공(共)히 5내지 10분 동안 최고치(最高値)에 달하였으며, 30분 이후부터는 급속히 감소하였다. 그리고 처음 5분간(分間)은 45% C군(群) 및 45%B군(群)이 대조군과 3%F군(群)에 비해 유의적으로 높았다.