• Exercise Science
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.373-384
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• 2012

The effects of inspiratory muscle training in conjunction with aerobic exercise on inspiratory muscle strength, pulmonary function, and maximal oxygen uptake(VO₂max) were examined. Twenty four healthy collegiate men were divided into three groups; respiratory muscle training group(RTG; n=8), running exercise group(REG; n=8), and both respiratory muscle training and running group(BTG; n=8). Their pulmonary function, maximal inspiratory pressures(PImax), and VO₂max were assessed before and after intervention. RTG underwent inspiratory muscle training(IMT) with load set to 50 % of PImax, 30 times per session, twice a day, 4 days a week REG ran on a treadmill at 70-75 % of VO₂max for 30 min a day, 4 days a week. BTG participated both IMT and the running exercise. Participant's anthropometric parameters and pulmonary function were not changed. VO₂max increased by 6.1±3.3 %, 5.9±6.6 %, and 10.0±8.3 % in RTG, REG, and BTG, respectively(p< .05), and PImax also increased by 21.7±14.3 %, 19.7±12.0 %, and 27.0±12.1 % in RTG, REG, and BTG, respectively, but no group differences were found. Based on the study, although statistically insignificant, BTG showed the biggest increase of VO₂max and PImax indicating a possible synergic effect of inspiratory muscle training and aerobic exercise on respiratory responses.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.28 no.9
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• pp.904-913
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• 1995

The purpose of this study is to determine the effects of exercise programs on the treatment of chronic diseases. For this purpose, nine middle-aged women suffering from such chronic diseases as obesity, hypertension and coronary heart disease(CHD) were sampled to perform a 4-month-long exercise program which required the lactate threshold(LT) level corresponding to 70% of maximal oxygen uptake(VO2max). Thereupon, their physiques, physical fitness, blood components and physiological varibles were compared pre and post of exercise program. The results were summarized as follows ; 1) After the 4-month-long exercise program, %fat was significantly decreased, while such variables as grip strength, side step, trunk flexion and leg balance were significantly increased. 2) Blood components such as TG, TC, HDL-C, LDL-C, hemoglobin and hematocrit did not show and change in after exercise program. 3) Physiological varables such as HR, SBP, DBP, HR/LT, SBP/LT, DBP/LT, RPE/LT, VE/LT, VO2/LT and VO2 max showed significant increase after 4-month exercise program. These results suggest that regular aerobic exercise in a long period might help to decrease % fat and to increase aerobic capacity in middle-aged women suffering from chronic diseases.

• Korean Journal of Exercise Nutrition
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2021

[Purpose] We determined the effect of partial sleep deprivation (PSD) after an exercise session on exercise performance on the following morning. [Methods] Eleven male athletes performed either a normal sleep trial (CON) or a PSD trial. On the first day (day 1), all subjects performed an exercise session consisting of 90 min of running (at 75% ${\dot{V}}O_{2max}$) followed by 100 drop jumps. Maximal strength (MVC) was evaluated before and after exercise. In the CON trial, the sleep duration was 23:00-7:00, while in the PSD trial, the sleep duration was shortened to 40% of the regular sleep duration. On the following morning (day 2), MVC, the metabolic responses during 20 min of running (at 75% ${\dot{V}}O_{2max}$), and time to exhaustion (TTE) at 85% ${\dot{V}}O_{2max}$ were evaluated. [Results] On day 2, neither the MVC nor ${\dot{V}}O_2$ during 20 min of running differed significantly between the two trials. However, the respiratory exchange ratio was significantly lower in the PSD trial than in the CON trial (p = 0.01). Moreover, the TTE was significantly shorter in the PSD trial than in the CON trial (p = 0.01). [Conclusion] A single night of PSD after an exercise session significantly decreased endurance performance without significantly changing muscle strength or cardiopulmonary response.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.256-262
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• 2015

Background: Heart attack is the most common cause of line-of-duty death in the fire service. Daily aspirin therapy is a preventative measure used to reduce the morbidity of heart attacks but may decrease the ability to dissipate heat by reducing skin blood flow. Methods: In this double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study, firefighters were randomized to receive 14 days of therapy (81-mg aspirin or placebo) before performing treadmill exercise in thermal-protective clothing in a hot room [$38.8{\pm}2.1^{\circ}C$, $24.9{\pm}9.1%$ relative humidity (RH)]. Three weeks without therapy was provided before crossing to the other arm. Firefighters completed a baseline skin blood-flow assessment via laser Doppler flowmetry; skin was heated to $44^{\circ}C$ to achieve maximal cutaneous vasodilation. Skin blood flow was measured before and after exercise in a hot room, and at 0 minutes, 10 minutes, 20 minutes, and 30 minutes of recovery under temperature conditions ($25.3{\pm}1.2^{\circ}C$, $40.3{\pm}13.7%\;RH$). Platelet clotting time was assessed before drug administration, and before and after exercise. Results: Fifteen firefighters completed the study. Aspirin increased clotting time before and after exercise compared with placebo (p = 0.003). There were no differences in absolute skin blood flow between groups (p = 0.35). Following exercise, cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC) was $85{\pm}42%$ of maximum in the aspirin and $76{\pm}37%$ in the placebo groups. The percentage of maximal CVC did not differ by treatment before or after recovery. Neither maximal core body temperature nor heart rate responses to exercise differed between trials. Conclusion: There were no differences in skin blood flow during uncompensable heat stress following exercise after aspirin or placebo therapy.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.105-117
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• 1988

To evaluate training effect, aerobic dance was performed by eight female collegestudents for 8 weeks. Body composition, cardiopulmonary function at rest and during maximal exercise, blood cholesterol concentration at rest were determined before and after 8weeks of aerobic dance training. Maximal exercise was performed on the treadmill according of Bruce protocol. Pre to post training differences were evaluated. The results obtained were as follows : 1. After the training, skinfold thickness and total body fat decreased significantly(p＜0.1) while lean body mass increased with significance (p＜0.1). 2. Heart rate and arterial blood pressure at rest decreased without sinificance after the training. 3. As a result of training, forced vital capacity and forced expiratory volume for a second increased significantly (p＜0.01, p＜0.1). 4. After the training period, heart rate at 3, 6, and 9 min. during treadmill exercise was significantly lower than those of pretraining (p＜0.05). 5. After the training, systolic and diastolic blood pressure at 6 and 9 min during the exercise was significantly lower than those of pretraining (p＜0.025, p＜0.1). 6. After the training, oxygen uptake at 3 and 6 min during the exercise was significantly greater than those of pretraining (p＜0.05). 7. As a result of training, the maximal oxygen uptake increased significantly during the exercise (p＜0.1). 8. After the training, expired air volume for a minute at 3 and 6 min during the exercise was signigicantly grerter than those of pretraining (p＜0.1). 9. After the training, repiratory quotient during the exercise was lower than pretaining without significance. 10. After the training, blood HDL -cholesterol concentration incereased with significance, (p＜0.1) blood total cholesterol and triglycerids concentration decreasedsignificantly (p＜0.1). From these results, it may be concluded that 8 week aerobic dance training reduces skinfold thickness and body fat contents, improves the cardiopulmonary function and tissue oxygen utilization, reduces blood cholesterol and triglyceride concentration and brings about the increase of blood HDL-cholesterol concentriation.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Clinical Electrophysiology
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.17-29
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• 2003

This study was investigated the effects on functional recovery of eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage by phonophoresis transdermal permeation of piroxicam gel and observed the change of amplitude at muscle action potential. Through eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage, performed healthy men and women take eccentric resistance exercise and measured action, potentials. The subjects were divided into three groups of four men each 24 hour, 48 hour, 72 hour. The results of this were as follows: 1. Change of maximal action potential at maximal voluntary contraction : The phonophoresis group was increase more than control group and gel group. 2. Change of average action potential at maximal voluntary contraction : The gel group was increase more than control group and phonophoresis group. 3. Change of maximal action potential at pain subthreshold voluntary contraction : The phonophoresis group was increase more significantly than control group and gel group. 4. Change of average action potential at pain subthreshold voluntary contraction : The phonophoresis group was increase more significantly than control group and gel group. In conclusion, the change of muscle action potential amplitude by eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage showed that the phonophoresis by pulsed ultrasound of piroxicam gel was improved the recovery of muscle function.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.498-502
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• 2015

Yukmijihwang-tang (YM) is a well-known prescription to treat kidney inflammation on Korea. However, the effects of YM on maximal exercise performance (MEP) is not-well investigated. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effects of YM on MEP using forced swimming test (FST) model. Mice were largely divided into three group; a non-swimming group, saline treated-swimming load test group, and YM treated-swimming load group. Swimming load test groups were re-divided into swimming control group (Control), YM fed group (YM). YM was administrated orally for 2 weeks before FST. After FST, immobility time, oxygen consumption was measured by physiological test, and serum was collected for biochemical analysis. FST induced MEP identified by increased immobility, oxygen consumption, and biochemical factors. Immobility time was significantly reduced by YM treatment compared with control group. Oxygen consumption was also significantly reduced by YM treatment. The increase on lactic acid and lactate dehydrogenase after FST was inhibited by YM　treatment. In addition, consumption of energy source (free fatty acid, and triglyceride) and recovery of energy was enhanced by YM treatment after FST. In conclusion, YM inhibited the elevation of immobility time, oxygen consumption, and biochemical factors after FST. YM could be used as a beneficial agents to enhance maximal endurance exercise performance and an effective ergogenic aid in exercise training.

• Journal of International Academy of Physical Therapy Research
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.237-243
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• 2011

This study was to examine on the respiratory variables, heart rate and muscle activity between the static recovery and dynamic recovery after progressive resistance exercise to maximal point. Subjects were 15 students enrolled in N University. All were tested two times (static recovery and dynamic recovery) and were requested to perform a walking on a treadmill after progressive resistance exercise to maximal point. Electromyography(EMG) was used to monitor the muscle activity(TA: Tibialis Anterior, MG: Medial Gastrocnemius) during gait. CPEX-1 was used to measure the respiratory variables and heart rate. The dynamic recovery group was shown the significant lower heart rate than that of static recovery group at during gait. Respiratory rate showed statistically a significant difference. Electromyography(RMS, root mean square) showed a non-significant difference. But the dynamic recovery group of muscle activity was found highly in TA and MG. This study indicated that the dynamic recovery method evidenced more faster than the static recovery method. And this type of dynamic rest by walking can be a help of recovery after exercise.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.15 no.3 s.70
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• pp.352-358
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of various exercise intensity on Resting Metabolic Rate (RMR), excess post exercise energy expenditure (EPEE), and thyroid hormonal changes in trained (TR) and untrained (UT) people. The subject of the present study were divided into two groups and four periods: trained (TR; n=6) and untrained (UT; n=6) group. And the periods were divided as follows; Resting (R), Maximal (M), High intensity (H), and Low intensity (L). The percent body fat and RMR of all subjects were measured at every periods. The RMR was measured early in the morning following a 12-hour fast using MMX3B gas analyzer and blood sample were collected from the anticubital vein to investigate thyroid hormonal (T3, T4, Free T3, Free T4, & TSH) changes. All the RMR values were expressed as absolute value/BSA $(kcal/d/m^2)$. And We also analyzed mean energy expenditure for 30 minutes during and after different intensity exercise. There was significant difference in RMR among different intensity of exercise. in TR (p < .05) not in the UT group. however, there was no significant different percent body fat in TR and in UT group. In the energy expenditure, there was significant different between TR and UT in HEE (high intensity exercise energy expenditure), LEE (low intensity exercise energy expenditure), HEEPE (high intensity exercise energy expenditure post exercise) & LEEPE (low intensity exercise expenditure post exercise). In the hormonal level, there was significant different in T4 level in the TR group at H period and in T4, Free T3, & Free T4 levels in TR group at L period, however there was no significant different in the UT group. The present cross-sectional study was design to investigate the relationship between exercise intensity and RMR. The focus of this investigation was to compare RMR in aerobically trained (TR) and untrained (VI). The relationship among RMR, exercise intensity and percent body fat would best be investigated using MMX3B and body composition analyzer. Each subject completed measurement of percent body fat, RMR, hormone in the period of maximal oxygen uptake exercise (M), high intensity exercise (H), and low intensity exercise (L). From the results, Low intensity of exercise (L), there was a trend for an increased RMR (kcal/day) in the TR not for the UT. This is best explained not by the reduced percent body fat but by the highly induced energy expenditure (during exercise and post exercise energy expenditure) and increased T4, Free T3, and Free T4 hormonal levels in the low intensity exercise for the TR group.

• The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• v.61 no.9
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• pp.1340-1349
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• 2012

Increasing the oxidation of fat through exercise is the recommendable method for weight control. Preceding researches have proposed increase in the usage of fat during exercise in stabilized state and under maximum exertion through aerobic training. However, such researches require additional equipment for gas analysis in order to measure the caloric value or gas exchange of subjects during exercise. Such equipments become highly restrictive for those exercise and cause substantially higher cost. According to this, we have presented the method of estimating the maximal fat oxidation point through changes in LF & HF which reflects changes in heart rate and the autonomic nervous system in order to induce exercise for a less restrictive and efficient fat oxidation than existing methods. We have conducted exercise stress test on subject with similar exercise abilities, and have detected the changes in heart rate and changes in LF & HF by measuring changes in fat oxidation and measuring ECG signals at the same time through a gas analyzer. Changes in heart rate and HRV of the subjects during exercising was detected through only the electrocardiographic signals from exercising and detected the point of maximum fat oxidation that differs from person to person. The experiment was carried out 16 healthy males, and used Modified Bruce Protocol, which is one of the methods of exercise stress test methods that use treadmill. The fat oxidation amount during exercise of all the subjects showed fat oxidation of more than 4Fkcal/min in the exercise intensity from about 5 minutes to 10 minutes. The correlation between the maximal fat oxidation point obtained through gas analysis and the point when 60% starts to be relevant in the range from -0.01 to 0.01 seconds for values of R-R interval from changes in heart rate had correlation coefficients of 0.855 in Kendall's method and in Spearman's rho, it showed significant results of it being p<0.01 with 0.950, respectively. Furthermore, in the changes in LF & HF, we have determined the point where the normalized area value starts to become the same as the maximal fat oxidation point, and the correlation here showed 0.620 in Kendall and 0.780 in Spearma of which both showed significant results as p<0.01.